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Grooming gang moral panic in the United Kingdom

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The Muslim grooming gang disgrace was the mass rape of white English girls by almost entirely Pakistani Muslim). Right-wing and far-right activists, as well as more mainstream individuals, helped reveal the horrors in the 2010s.[1][2][3][4]

Public concerns about South Asian grooming gangs began after multiple high-profile child sex abuse scandals perpetrated primarily by South Asian men, including the Rotherham child sexual abuse scandal in late 2010, in which 1,400 girls as young as 11 were found to have been raped, trafficked, abducted, beaten, and intimidated by men predominantly of Pakistani heritage over a period of 15 years with limited prosecution.[5] It was later exacerbated by the Rochdale child sex abuse case and the Telford child sexual exploitation scandal.[6][3]

A report from the Home Office was unable to prove any link between sexual assault and South Asian ethnicity. White perpetrators, who make up the majority race in the UK, have been shown to be more represented in sexual assault and group-based sexual abuse crimes than any other ethnicity in the United Kingdom.[4][7][8] The report suggests there is likely no connection between ethnic groups and child sexual abuse.[9] Despite the lack of evidence, British media outlets have reinforced the stereotype by disproportionately reporting on South Asian group-based sexual assault crimes at the expense of other similar cases involving White abusers.[3]

Origins

Jay in 2016

Public concerns for South Asian "grooming gangs" began in the United Kingdom following the conviction and imprisonment of five Asian men for child sex crimes in November 2010 in Rotherham, South Yorkshire.[10] While other similar crimes have been reported by the British media in previous years, past reports of Asian crimes were comparatively low-profile and less focused on the race of the suspects.[6][2]

The Rotherham incident was labelled the "Asian grooming case" by The Yorkshire Post in 2010, with the Conservative broadsheet The Times further using the term "on-street grooming" in a 2011 article about the scandal.[2][4][6] The case was brought back into public attention in 2012 after The Times reported, based on confidential sources, that public authorities were reluctant to investigate the mostly South Asian suspects in the case due to concerns that doing so would exacerbate community tensions. The report led a growing number of people to believe that there was a widespread trend of sexual abuse of girls in the UK and contributed to a growth of British right-wing groups such as the British National Party and UKIP in later years. Public outrage was further exacerbated when professor Alexis Jay published a report in 2014 which stated that at least 1,400 children were sexually abused in Rotherham between 1997 and 2013. The report, which partially focused on issues related of race, especially in its section titled "Issues of Ethnicity", led the general public to debate the role of race, ethnicity, gender and institutional failures in the facilitation of child sexual abuse.[2][6]

Following Jay's report, The Daily Express railed against alleged "Muslim gangs" that operated in Rotherham. In an article published by The Telegraph, Allison Pearson criticised the Muslim and Pakistani community for their alleged roles in sexual abuse crimes. In her article, Pearson stated that the "leaders of the Pakistani Muslim community – essentially a Victorian society that has landed like Doctor Who's Tardis on a liberal, permissive planet it despises – are at pains to deny that the grooming gang's behavior has anything to do with ethnic origin or contemptible attitudes towards women". Another article by The Daily Mail criticised BBC News for not bringing enough attention to the fact that the Rotherham suspects were Asian. Ultimately, both tabloid and broadsheet outlets have focused on the ethnic aspect of Jay's 2014 report, the Rotherham scandal grew to receive international attention and the controversy contributed to the racialisation of child sexual abuse in Britain, with South Asian and Pakistani men being perceived as a threat to White and South Asian girls.[6][2]

Aside from the Rotherham case, other crimes involving group-based sexual assault have also contributed to public concerns about South Asian grooming gangs, such as the Rochdale child sex abuse case[6] and the Telford child sexual exploitation scandal.[3]

Analysis

Media coverage

British media has previously been accused of perpetuating Islamophobia by "conflating the faith of Islam with criminality, such as the headlines 'Muslim sex grooming'", as well as pursuing sensationalist coverage.[11] In one academic paper, media outlets, including The Times, The Daily Mail's Mail Online, The Guardian and The Telegraph, were accused of boosting the moral panic by creating "Folk devils" from a perceived masculine threat in young South Asian men, especially in the wake of various high profile sex abuse scandals.[3]

Statistics

A study published by the Home Office in 2020 stated that "research has found that group-based child sexual exploitation offenders are most commonly white". The report cited a study conducted by CEOP in 2013 which found that considering the ethnicity of offenders across all groups, of the 306 offenders for which data was made available by police forces, 75% were Asian, but cautioned that this data could be unreliable due to a large volume of missing data.[12] The study also said that it was "difficult to draw conclusions about the ethnicity of offenders as existing research is limited and data collection is poor", and that, "based on the existing evidence, and our understanding of the flaws in the existing data, it seems most likely that the ethnicity of group-based child sexual exploitation offenders is in line with child sexual abuse more generally and with the general population, with the majority of offenders being white."

One report from the Independent Inquiry into Child Sexual Abuse argued that the lack of good-quality data into the ethnicity of sex abusers prevented concrete conclusions.[13] The report found "a misplaced sense of political correctness or the sheer complexity of the problem" were likely preventing high quality data on the ethnicity of the abusers from being well characterized.[13]

Suella Braverman wrote in a 2023 opinion piece that "grooming gang" members in the United Kingdom were "groups of men, almost all British-Pakistani, who hold cultural attitudes completely incompatible with British values". In response, the Independent Press Standards Organisation issued a correction stating that Braverman's article was "misleading", since it did not make it explicit that she was talking about the Rotherham, Rochdale and Telford child sexual abuse scandals in particular.[8]

Political reactions

The Muslim Council of Britain has called on investigations to "adhere to the facts of the matter, rather than deploying deeply divisive, racially charged rhetoric that amplifies far-right narratives and demonises an entire community."[14]

Rishi Sunak has called arguments against using the term "grooming gangs" as political correctness that fails victims.[15] Other Conservative Party politicians, such as Home Secretary Suella Braverman, argue that use of the phrase "grooming gang" is simply "unfashionable facts."[14] In response, many organisations called on her to withdraw her comments due to amplifying far-right ideologies.[14]

In response, researchers and organisations, including the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (NSPCC) have argued that focusing primarily on South Asian men simply fuels "misinformation, racism and division.”[14][16] NSPCC argues that "a singular focus on groups of male abusers of British-Pakistani origin draws attention away from so many other sources of harm".[16]

Etymology

The word "grooming" is loosely used to describe "the tactics used by child sex offenders in their efforts to sexually abuse children", although it has no universal definition.[1] The term "grooming gang" is a media construct and does not correspond to any legal or scientific concept. It is most often used in a "racially loaded" manner to describe groups of child sexual abusers.[17]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Gill, Aisha K.; Day, Aviah Sarah (30 November 2020). Ramon, Shulamit; Lloyd, Michele; Penhale, Bridget (eds.). "Moral Panic in the Media: Scapegoating South Asian Men in Cases of Sexual Exploitation and Grooming". Gendered Domestic Violence and Abuse in Popular Culture. Emerald Publishing Limited. pp. 171–197. doi:10.1108/978-1-83867-781-720201011. ISBN 978-1-83867-782-4. Retrieved 27 June 2024.
  2. ^ a b c d e Cockbain, Ella (2013). "Grooming and the 'Asian sex gang predator': the construction of a racial crime threat". Race & Class. 54 (4): 22–32. doi:10.1177/0306396813475983. ISSN 0306-3968.
  3. ^ a b c d e Gill, Aisha K; Harrison, Karen (1 July 2015). "Child Grooming and Sexual Exploitation: Are South Asian Men the UK Media's New Folk Devils?". International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy. 4 (2): 34–49. doi:10.5204/ijcjsd.v4i2.214. ISSN 2202-8005. The British media's construction of a specifically South Asian notion of hegemonic masculinity began long before the recent spate of high-profile cases of child sexual exploitation and grooming. The Ouseley report on the Bradford race riots (Ouseley 2001),and the Cantle Report on the Oldham, Burnley and Bradford riots (Cantle 2001), focused on cultural difference as the primary causal factor for these events, maintaining that British South Asians and white Britons led 'parallel lives'. Media coverage of the riots described angry young men who were alienated from society and their own communities, and had become entangled in a life of crime and violence, a vision that provided the bedrock for the construction of what Claire Alexander calls the 'new Asian folk devil' (2000).
  4. ^ a b c Cockbain, Ella; Tufail, Waqas (19 December 2020). "A new Home Office report admits grooming gangs are not a 'Muslim problem'". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077.
  5. ^ "Rotherham abuse scandal: How we got here". 22 June 2022. Retrieved 8 October 2024.
  6. ^ a b c d e f Tufail, Waqas (5 October 2015). "Rotherham, Rochdale, and the Racialised Threat of the 'Muslim Grooming Gang'". International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy. 4 (3): 30–43. doi:10.5204/ijcjsd.v4i3.249. ISSN 2202-8005.
  7. ^ "Grooming gangs come from 'diverse backgrounds', says Home Office as review finally published". The Independent. 15 December 2020.
  8. ^ a b "Suella Braverman UK-Pakistani grooming claim misleading, says press regulator". BBC News. 29 September 2023.
  9. ^ Symonds, Tom (4 April 2023). "Grooming gangs and ethnicity: What does the evidence say?". BBC. Retrieved 31 August 2024. it is likely that no one community or culture is uniquely predisposed to offending
  10. ^ "Five men guilty in Rotherham Asian grooming case". The Yorkshire Post. 4 November 2010. Archived from the original on 20 September 2015. Retrieved 27 August 2014.
  11. ^ "Why the British media is responsible for the rise in Islamophobia in Britain". The Independent. 4 April 2016. Retrieved 3 September 2024.
  12. ^ "Home Office - Group-based Child Sexual Exploitation - Characteristics of Offending" (PDF). Home Office - Gov.uk. December 2020. Retrieved 8 October 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  13. ^ a b Dearden, Lizzie (6 February 2022). "Fight against grooming gangs hindered by fear of being branded racist, says official". The Independent. Retrieved 7 September 2024.
  14. ^ a b c d "Suella Braverman describes grooming gang comments as 'unfashionable facts' after backlash". Sky News. 20 April 2023. Retrieved 31 August 2024.
  15. ^ "Rishi Sunak criticises political correctness over grooming gangs". 3 April 2023. Retrieved 31 August 2024.
  16. ^ a b Walker, Peter (25 May 2023). "'Inaccurate' grooming gang claims putting children at risk, Sunak and Braverman told". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 31 August 2024.
  17. ^ Cockbain, Ella; Tufail, Waqas (2020). "Failing victims, fuelling hate: challenging the harms of the 'Muslim grooming gangs' narrative". Race & Class. 61 (3): 3–32. doi:10.1177/0306396819895727. ISSN 0306-3968.
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