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Changhe Z-10

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Z-10
A Z-10 displaying at the 2012 China International Aviation & Aerospace Exhibition.
General information
TypeAttack helicopter
ManufacturerChanghe Aircraft Industries Corporation (CAIC)
Designer602nd Aircraft Design Institute[1]
Kamov Design Bureau[1]
StatusIn service[2]
Primary userPeople's Liberation Army Ground Force
Pakistan Army Aviation Corps
History
Manufactured2003-present
Introduction dateDecember 2012
First flight29 April 2003

The Changhe Z-10 (lit. 'helicopter-10') is a Chinese medium-weight, twin-turboshaft attack helicopter developed by the 602nd Aircraft Design Institute and Kamov Design Bureau for the People's Liberation Army Ground Force.[1] It is designed primarily for anti-tank warfare missions with secondary air-to-air combat capability.

The plan to develop a medium-weight helicopter program was initiated in 1994 with the attack helicopter program formally beginning in 1998. The preliminary design of the aircraft was provided by Kamov, while prototyping was conducted by the 602nd Aircraft Design Institute of Aviation Industry Corporation of China (AVIC).[3][4][5][6] The Z-10 entered Chinese Army Aviation service in 2010.[7]

Nicknames of characters in the Chinese classic novel Water Margin have been used to name Z-10 and its light-weight counterpart, the Harbin Z-19: Z-10 is called Fierce Thunderbolt (Pi Li Huo, 霹雳火), the nickname of Qin Ming, while Z-19 is called Black Whirlwind (Hei Xuan Feng, 黑旋风), the nickname of Li Kui.[8][9]

In September 2016, the PLA announced that all of its army aviation units had been equipped with the Z-10.[10]

Development and history

Background

The People's Liberation Army Ground Force (PLAGF) established its army aviation units in January 1988. The unit used helicopters transferred from People's Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF), including Mil Mi-4, Harbin Z-5, Mil Mi-8, and Aérospatiale Gazelle. By the mid-1980s, the Chinese decided to field dedicated attack helicopters. The brief honeymoon period between China and the West provided China opportunities to evaluate Agusta A129 Mangusta, AH-1 Cobra, and BGM-71 TOW missiles. However, the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre and the proceeding arms embargo prevented many deals from going through. Nevertheless, China successfully imported or licensed aircraft types such as Changhe Z-8, Harbin Z-9, Sikorsky S-70, Mi-17, and Aerospatiale AS332 Super Puma.[7]

There was also debate in China about whether the PLAGF or PLAAF should operate attack helicopters. Eventually, PLAGF won and began to induct armed helicopters based on Harbin Z-9 design. The usage of Z-9WA modification helped China realize the requirement for a dedicated attack helicopter platform.[7]

Development programs

Changhe Z-10 showcased at Airshow China 2012

China began to develop the 6-ton class China Helicopter Medium (CHM) program in 1994, headed by the 602nd and 608th Research Institutes.[11] This program was later developed into Harbin Z-20.[7] In 1995, China commissioned Kamov to develop a preliminary design for the 6-ton helicopter, known as Project 941 internally. Project 941 was a large departure from traditional Soviet design, focusing entirely on the Chinese requirement. The concept was then handed to China for further development, which Kamov did not participate in.[3] Based on the concept, Chinese engineers developed prototypes[3] and iterated designs based on the testing results. The changes include modification on the airframe shapes to optimize radar cross section (RCS), changes on the engine bay shape to accommodate domestic engines, and the engine nozzle layout.[12]

China also secured assistance from Eurocopter France for the rotor system and AgustaWestland in 1997 for the transmission system in 1998.[4] Pratt & Whitney Canada and Hamilton Sundstrand secretly provided PT6C-67C engines and digital engine control systems to aid the programs, leading to their investigations and penalties from the American government.[5][6][13] In 1998, the 602nd Research Institute proposed a Special Armed Project to develop the final design, which became the Z-10.[7] During the development in 2000, Denel also provided technical assistance to the project in the area of flight stability.[4] After the US government cut off engine sources from Pratt & Whitney, China turned to domestic replacements with lower thrust-rating, leading to further weight-saving design changes.[5] The intended Indigenous engine was the WZ-9 turboshaft.[4]

David Donald of Aviation International News claimed the Z-10 had a universal engine bay capable of fitting various types of engines, including Ukrainian Motor Sich TV3-117.[4] However, Chinese sources indicated the TV3-117 is incompatible with the Z-10's engine bay due to the driveshaft shape and prototypes were fitted with either Pratt & Whitney PT6C-67C or Chinese-built Turbomeca Makila turboshaft engines, whereas the final version uses WZ-9 turboshaft engines due to its fully indigenous origin.[12]

The Z-10 entered service in 2010.[7]

Further development

In March 2014, the Z-10 helicopter began deck trials with a People's Liberation Army Navy Type 072A-class landing ship. The purpose may be to qualify the helicopter on ships to provide air support for landing parties launched from the ship. Type 072A-class ships have a helipad but no hangar or support facilities for the aircraft on board. The Z-10 may also be qualified on the larger Type 071 amphibious transport dock.[14]

Design

Overview

Z-10 at the Military Museum of the Chinese People's Revolution

The Z-10 features a tandem cockpit compartment at the front section.[12] The airframe bulges below the cockpit, extending backward and merging with the stub wings and tail boom, creating a distinctive ridge splitting the top and bottom parts of the fuselage, which are both tilted inward.[15] This rhombic configuration ensures structural strength, increases internal volumes for equipment, and reduces the projected profile and radar signature.[15][16] The radar-absorbent material is applied to the fuselage, reducing the radar cross section (RCS) and providing a certain degree of low observability.[12]

The rotor system consists of a single semirigid five-blade main rotor at the top and a four-blade tail rotor at the aft section.[12][15] The airfoil of the primary 95KT rotor blade[12] features a significant camber with swept tips, designed to reduce the blade length, vibration, and acoustic signature.[15] The tail rotor consists of four composite blades in an angled cruciform shape designed to reduce noise.[12][15] All blades are made with carbon fiber-wrapped spars with layered honeycomb composite for the skin, capable of sustaining damage against 12.7 mm (0.50 in) rounds.[12][15] The deicing device is fitted to the blades to increase flight safety in adverse weather.[15]

The fuselage is primarily made of aluminum alloy with 30 percent composite material.[12] The cockpit compartment is wrapped inside carbon fibers, while the canopy is protected by bulletproof glasses of 38 mm (1.5 in) in thickness.[12] Additional protection layers made of aluminum alloy and kevlar are applied to the bottom of the cockpit, side of the engine bays, and around the self-sealing fuel tank.[15] Due to engine limitations, the early model of Z-10 prioritizes protection in critical areas to reduce weight without sacrificing structural integrity, range, and payload. The honeycomb composite layer is applied to the fuselage bottom, while the landing gears and fuel tank are reinforced for improved crashworthiness.[15][16] In later serial production, graphene armor plates are mounted on the side of the cockpit and engine housing to further improve the protection level[15][17][18]

The Z-10's engine air intake is protected by a metal mesh to prevent foreign objects from being sucked in.[12] Newer variants can be installed with integrated inlet particle separators (IPS) for engine intake filtration, preventing harmful solid particulates such as sand and dust to damage the critical propulsion components.[19] The Z-10's engine system is fitted with the Hover Infrared Suppression System (HIRSS), mixing in the engine exhaust with cold air to reduce helicopter's the infrared characteristic.[15] Later serial production of Z-10 modified the engine nozzle from sideway-facing to the upward direction, further reducing the signature from heat radiation.[20][19][21]

Avionics

PLAAF Z-10K releasing countermeasures

Countermeasures

The helicopter is equipped with a YH-96 electronic warfare suite, including a set of radar warning receivers (RWR) and laser warning receivers (LWR), both are connected with the countermeasure dispensers to release flare and chaff when incoming missiles are detected.[15] The system was upgraded on later variants with addtional missile approach warning system (MAWS), radar warning receivers[19][21], and directional infrared countermeasure systems (DIRCM) to defend against infrared homing (IR) missiles.[22]

Cockpit and targeting

The stepped tandem cockpit houses two pilots. The front pilot primarily controls the flight maneuver, while the back pilot handles the weapon system.[23][24] Both pilots have identical flight instrumentation,[23] serving as backups to each other, and both are capable of flight control and weapons operation.[16] Inside the cockpit is the digital flight instrument,[15][16] with the fly-by-wire Hands-On Collective And Stick (HOCAS) flight control.[12] Each pilot has two LCD multi-function displays (MFD) and multiple small displays for other information.[15][16][25] An additional holographic heads-up display (HUD) is provided for the front pilot.[12]

The primary sensor suite of Z-10 is the WXG1006 eclectic optical package located at the nose section. The ball-shaped package contains a forward-looking infrared sensor, a TV camera, a laser rangefinder, and a laser designator.[26] The 218th Factory of China North Industries Group Corp developed the primary electro-optical fire control systems (FCS), which is inspired by French and Israeli systems but with locally programmed software.[12]

Each pilot also wears a helmet-mounted sight (HMS) developed by the 613th Research Institute, similar to the Integrated Helmet and Display Sighting System (IHADSS) on the AH-64 Apache.[12] The helmet sight is fully integrated with FCS to control guided and unguided munitions and display onboard navigation information.[27] The pilots can slave the sensor suite and 23 mm (0.91 in) autocannon to their helmets, controlling the sensors and autocannon direction by turning their heads.[15] For all-weather operation, the helmet visor can be attached to binocular-like night vision goggles (NVG),[28][27] which was later replaced with integrated NVGs that can display night-vision image directly inside the visor.[23][27]

Other navigation instruments of Z-10 include laser gyrocompass, radio altimeter, Doppler radar, inertial navigation and satellite navigation, and identification friend or foe (IFF) systems.[16][29]

Propulsion

Changhe Z-10

The Z-10 prototype was powered by two Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6C-67C turboshaft engines,[30] which is equipped with Full Authority Digital Engine Control (FADEC) system and sports a maximum continuous power of 1,142 kW (1,531 shp).[31] The early batches of Z-10 was powered by domestic Zhuzhou WZ-9 or WZ-9A turboshaft engine, providing 957–1,000 kW (1,283–1,341 shp) of power.[15][32] The reduced performance of WZ-9 turboshaft engines prevented Z-10 to carry its maximum payload of 16 anti-tank guided missiles.[1]

Multiple engines were developed to upgrade the propulsion of the Z-10. China and European partners reportedly developed WZ-16.[15][1] WZ-9 was upgraded to WZ-9C with 1,000–1,100 kW (1,300–1,500 shp) of maximum power. The engine was originally designed for export, but subsequently used to upgrade early Z-10s batches.[18] In 2018, the newer WZ-9 variant engine can develope 1,200 kW (1,600 shp) of maximum power, providing the Z-10 with enough lift for a variety of payload.[19]

The WZ-10 is designed with extended-range operation in mind. The original WZ-9A allows the aircraft to fly at a maximum speed of 290 km/h (160 kn) and cruise speed of 230 km/h (120 kn). The internal tank supports a range of 800 km (430 nmi; 500 mi).[15]

Weaponry

A Changhe Z-10 showing four underwing hardpoints

Due to its modular design concept, the Z-10 can be armed with a wide variety of weaponry. The adaptation of the Chinese GJV289A standard, the Chinese equivalent of the MIL-STD-1553B databus architecture, enables weaponry of both Soviet and Western origin to be adopted by the Z-10. Offensive weaponry consists of machine guns, cannons, rockets, and missiles. The stub wings have two hardpoints each for a total of four, each hardpoint being able to carry up to 4 missiles, for a total of up to 16.

Internal armament consists of a gun mount installed on the chin of the aircraft with 180° of horizontal traverse.[15] Two stub wings provide attachment points for external ordnance or gun pods.[33] The autocannon on the serial production Z-10 is the 23 mm (0.91 in) PX-10A automatic chain gun,[15][34][35] but the aircraft can also mount 20 mm (0.79 in),[21] 25 mm (0.98 in),[12] and 30 mm (1.2 in) autocannons, with some of them marketed for export customers.[1]

The air-to-surface missiles deployed by the Z-10 include the domestic HJ-8 and AKD-10 anti-tank missiles. The AKD-10 is similar in capability to the AGM-114 Hellfire and it has an anti-helicopter capability in addition to an anti-tank capability. The Z-10 can also fire BA-21 long-range anti-tank missiles, which can be fired from 11 miles away, and homing onto target with the data-linked millimeter wave radar.[26]

The main air-to-air missile deployed by the Z-10 is the TY-90, a missile specifically designed for use by helicopters in aerial combat. The TY-90 is much heavier than the MANPAD missiles usually carried by helicopters, providing better lethality and range.[36] The Chinese FN-6 and QW series missiles can also be deployed, as with other non-Chinese MANPADs. TY-90 and MANPADs are often carried in missile racks, with a total of 4 missiles carried per hardpoint.

When using larger air-to-air missiles such as the PL-9 or similar missiles such as AIM-9 Sidewinder, the total number is reduced to 2. The Z-10 fired its first air-to-air missile in mid-August 2013 during a live-fire drill and successfully intercepted low-altitude targets.[37]

The Z-10 can be armed with a wide variety of unguided rockets, ranging from 20 mm to 130 mm caliber. The largest rockets tested were a type of 130 mm rocket that were carried on the hardpoints just as missiles are carried, while smaller caliber rockets were mounted in conventional rocket pods. The most frequently used rockets are those ranging from 57 mm to 90 mm and a total of 4 pods can be carried under the stub wings, one under each hardpoint. A family of guided 90 mm rockets produced by a subsidiary of Norinco,[38] the Harbin Jiancheng Group (哈尔滨建成集团有限公司), was first revealed in the 9th Zhuhai Airshow held in November 2012, designated as Sky Arrow 90 (Tianjian 90 or Tian Jian 90, Chinese: 天箭 90).

Strategic implications

In June 2012, the United States charged United Technologies and two of its subsidiaries, Pratt & Whitney Canada and Hamilton Sundstrand, of selling engine control software to China which aided in the development of the Changhe Z-10.[39] While the Chinese defense ministry denied that China bought or used the software, Pratt & Whitney Canada and Hamilton Sundstrand agreed to pay more than $75 million to the U.S. government to settle the charges.[40]

Orders and exports

The Z-10 was one of the contenders to replace Pakistan's Bell AH-1F Cobra attack helicopters. Three Z-10s were acquired for trials in 2015[41] and rejected due to the inadequate WZ-9 engine, Pakistan then chose Turkey's AH-1Z; however, contracts to acquire the AH-1Z and then the TAI/AgustaWestland T129 ATAK (which uses the American LHTEC CTS800–4A engine) fell through because of worsening relations with the United States.[42] In January 2022, negotiations to acquire the Z-10ME were underway;[43] the Z-10ME had been identified as a fallback option by February 2020.[42] In June 2022, Pakistan's deal with T129 ATAK was reportedly canceled, and the Pakistan government was seeking the acquisition of Z-10ME.[44] Pakistan military reportedly received the first batch of Z-10ME in 2023.[22]

Variants

Z-10K Variant
Z-10ME-02 with avionics and armaments displayed at Singapore Airshow 2024
Z-10 Prototype
Prototype for basic tests. Not all had the same layout in that some had a fenestron configuration while others had a traditional tail rotor configuration; some had a chin gun turret while others had a chain gun; some had nose-mounted electro-optical systems while others had mast-mounted electro-optical systems.
Z-10H
Pre-production series powered by Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6C-76 turboshaft engine.[30]
Z-10
Equipped with the domestic Chinese WZ-9 engine, the Standard Z-10 initially launched without external armor panels due to the limitations of the engine. This model established the baseline for the Z-10 series' capabilities.
Z-10 Upgraded Variant
In 2018, older batches began to be upgraded alongside newly manufactured models with more powerful WZ-9C engines, facilitating key upgrades: new data-link enabled missiles, ceramic/graphene armor (on the engine covering and below the cockpit windows), MAWS, IRCM, and upward-facing exhaust nozzles (to lower infrared visibility). It also introduces an advanced IFF system and an enhanced BeiDou navigation system antenna, streamlining its operational capabilities.[20][1][18][45]
Z-10K
Z-10K is modified from the standard Z-10 at the request of the People's Liberation Army Air Force Airborne Corps.
Z-10M
3 samples built for Pakistan,[25] powered by the WZ-9C engine with maximum power around 1000-1100 kW. It was not selected by Pakistan after evaluation, but the design was used to upgrade Z-10s built earlier, when a more powerful engine became available.[18]
Z-10ME
Upgraded variant first unveiled in 2018 with active and passive countermeasures, missile approach warning system, radar warning receiver, new engine exhaust nozzle pointed upwards to reduce infrared signature, new intake filtration systems, a more powerful WZ-9 turboshaft with 1,200 kW (1,600 shp) engine, larger ammunition magazine, appliqué graphene-based armor panels, infrared jammer, and a new IFF interrogator.[19][21]
Z-10ME-02
Z-10ME variant showcased in 2024 Singapore Airshow. It's fitted with an over-the-rotor mast-mounted Yu Huo millimeter wave fire control radar,[46] a missile approach warning system, and directional infrared countermeasure systems (DIRCM) against infrared homing (IR) missiles.[22][47]

Operators

 People's Republic of China

Pakistan Islamic Republic of Pakistan

Specifications (estimated)

Data from jczs[49]

General characteristics

  • Crew: 2
  • Length: 14.15 m (46 ft 5 in) [citation needed]
  • Height: 3.85 m (12 ft 8 in) [citation needed]
  • Empty weight: 5,100 kg (11,244 lb)
  • Gross weight: 5,540 kg (12,214 lb)
  • Max takeoff weight: 7,000 kg (15,432 lb)
  • Powerplant: 2 × WZ-9C turboshaft engines, 1,200[35] kW (1,600 hp) each
  • Main rotor diameter: 13 m (42 ft 8 in)

Performance

  • Maximum speed: 290 km/h (180 mph, 160 kn)
  • Cruise speed: 230 km/h (140 mph, 120 kn)
  • Range: 800 km (500 mi, 430 nmi)
  • Service ceiling: 6,400 m (21,000 ft)
  • g limits: +3
  • Rate of climb: 12 m/s (2,400 ft/min)

Armament

  • Guns: 1x 23 mm (0.906 in) PX-10A revolver cannon[35]
  • Hardpoints: 4 with a capacity of 1,500 kg (3,307 lb) useful load[46], with provisions to carry combinations of:
    • Rockets: on each hard point with
      • 57 mm (2.244 in) rocket pod (19-tube)[50]
      • 70 mm (2.756 in) unguided rocket pod (7-tube)[51]
      • 70 mm (2.756 in) FS70 guided rocket pod (7-tube)[35] with FS70A (GR-5) 70 mm (2.756 in) guided rocket[50][22] or FS70B 70 mm (2.756 in) air burst fragmentation rocket[52][53]
      • 70 mm (2.756 in) unguided rocket pod (19-tube)[35]
      • 90 mm (3.543 in) rocket pod (7-tube)[50][54] with FS90A 90 mm (3.543 in) guided rocket[50] or Tianjian 90 mm (3.543 in) rockets[55]
    • Missiles: on each hard point with
      • 4× HJ-8, HJ-9 laser-guided air-to-surface missiles[29]
      • 4× AKD-10 (BA-7) laser-guided air-to-surface missiles
      • 4× AKD-9 (BA-9) laser-guided air-to-surface missiles
      • 4× AKD-21 (BA-21) millimetre-wave air-to-surface missiles
      • 4× AG300M or AG300L laser-guided air-to-surface missiles
      • 4× CM-502KG or CM-502V NLOS air-to-surface missiles[56][22]
      • 2× CM-501GA NLOS air-to-surface missiles[57]
      • 1× CM-501XA loitering munition
      • 4× TY-90 air-to-air missiles[22]
    • Other:
  • Missiles: For each hardpoint:

Avionics

See also

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Related lists

References

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  56. ^ "国产武直两款新弹亮相？25km射程堪称国产长钉，体积大只能双联装". NetEase News. 30 June 2022.
  57. ^ "China Shows Off". 15 December 2016.
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