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High heeled leather boots
A pair of women's heeled knee-high boots
A pair of knee-high leather boots from Tory Burch LLC.

A fashion boot is a boot worn for reasons of style or fashion (rather than for utilitarian purposes – e.g. not hiking boots, riding boots, rain boots, etc.). The term is usually applied to women's boots. Fashion boots come in a wide variety of styles, from ankle to thigh-length, and are used for casual, formal, and business attire. Although boots were a popular style of women's footwear in the 19th century, they were not recognized as a high fashion item until the 1960s. They became widely popular in the 1970s and have remained a staple of women's winter wardrobes since then.

History

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Pre-1960s

[edit]
A woman sitting down, wearing Russian boots
Woman wearing calf-length "Russian boots", 1922

In the 19th and early 20th centuries, ankle and calf-length boots were common footwear for women. Rising hemlines made longer styles of boots popular. In 1913, Denise Poiret, the wife of celebrated French couturier Paul Poiret, caused a sensation in Paris and New York by wearing knee-length boots in wrinkled Morocco leather. Designed by her husband, made by the bottier Favereau, and styled with a low heel and a square toe, she had versions in red, white, green, and yellow.[1][2] By 1915 The New York Times was reporting that, inspired by Mme Poiret, women had adopted these "Russian boots" as an acceptable alternative to baring ankles and calves.[3] By the 1920s Russian boots were available in a variety of styles, calf- or knee-length, with a Cuban or Louis heel,[4][5] which could be pull-on, or zip-fastened for a closer fit.[6] Worn with knee-length skirts, they often featured decorative features such as elaborate stitching or fur trims.[7][8][9]

Russian boots were popular during the 1920s[10] and the emergence of these tall boots for women was interpreted by some contemporary writers as a consequence of women's transition from the "leisure class" to the world of business.[11] But as their popularity grew, concerns over quality[12][13] meant that where protection from the elements was needed, Russian boots were increasingly replaced by fashionable variants of the rubber Wellington boot.[14] As roads were surfaced and horse-drawn transport gave way to the motor engine, the additional protection provided by boots was no longer needed. Boots were seen as restrictive and uncomfortable when compared with the new styles of fashionable shoe that complimented a more streamlined and simplified look for women's clothing.[15] Although they were still popular as late as the beginning of the 1930s,[16] within a few years Russian boots had fallen out of favor.

1960s

[edit]

Though Perugia had briefly produced couture-quality, fitted, high-heeled, upper-calf-height boots in 1948 to be paired with Dior and Schiaparelli ensembles,[17][18][19][20] American designer Beth Levine is widely credited as the first person to introduce boots into Haute Couture.[21][22] As early as 1953, Beth Levine introduced under the Herbert Levine label a calf-length boot in white kidskin,[23] which sold poorly. Most retailers saw boots as a separate category of footwear from shoes, to be worn for protection from bad weather or for work. By contrast, Levine argued that boots were shoes and could be an integral part of a woman's outfit. In 1957, Herbert Levine produced an entire collection of based around fashion boots,[24] and despite widespread skepticism on the part of other designers and manufacturers,[25] calf-high, kitten-heeled fashion boots for women[26] began to grow in popularity in the late 1950s and early 1960s.[27] In 1962 Balenciaga's fall collection featured a tall boot by Mancini that just covered the knee;[28][29] the following year Yves Saint Laurent's couture collection included thigh-length alligator skin boots by designer Roger Vivier[30][31][32] and Vogue was able to announce that boots of all lengths were the look of the moment.[33][34] The re-emergence of boots as a fashion item in the 1960s has been interpreted as an antidote to the femininity of Dior's post war "New Look".[35]

Rising hemlines and the availability of new, brightly colored artificial materials such as PVC[36] combined to make boots an attractive fashion option for younger women. In 1963–64, André Courrèges released the first of his iconic white leather calf-length boots[37][38][39][40] and designers such as Mary Quant, who launched her own "Quant Afoot" line of footwear in 1967,[41] produced inexpensive, machine-molded plastic boots in a variety of different colors to be worn in tandem with miniskirts. The rising price of leather during the 1960s made these plastic and vinyl boots[42][43] a popular alternative to more traditional footwear.[44] As skirts became even shorter in the late 1960s, there was a resurgence of interest in thigh-length boots or cuissardes.[45][46] Pierre Cardin featured shiny black PVC thighboots as part of his futuristic 1968 couture collection[47] and Beth Levine designed seamless, stretch vinyl and nylon stocking boots tall enough to do double duty as hosiery.[48][49][50] The tallest boots from this period were so high that they were equipped with suspenders to hold them up.[51][52] Leather pants with their own attached foot piece and sole, essentially forming a waist-high boot, were also seen.[53] High laced boots, similar to those worn in Edwardian times, were also popular.[54]

1970s and 1980s

[edit]
see caption
Pair of 1970s platform-soled women's fashion boots in black leather. Northampton Museum #1979.123.1
a pair of floral print Pan-T-Boots
Pan-T-Boots, c. 1971, combined tights and boots

Although fashion boots and particularly "go-go boots" are often described as "typical" of 1960s fashion, it wasn't until the 1970s that boots became a mainstream fashion staple for women;[55] for many women in the 1960s, boots were seen as "a superfluous accessory" more suitable for teenagers and college girls than a grown woman[56] while, in 1968, 75% of office managers surveyed by The New York Times disapproved of their female staff wearing boots to work.[57] By contrast, in 1977, boots made up 20 percent of all women's shoe sales in the United States[58] and the end of the decade saw fashion boots occupying multiple pages of mainstream mail-order catalogs by companies such as Sears,[59] Wards,[60] and Kays.[61]

The early 1970s were typified by tight-fitting, vinyl boots rising to the knee or higher.[62][63][64] These sometimes had mock lacing on the front and zipped up at the rear; they could be worn under the new maxi dresses, which had slits in them to show the leg.[65] An even higher combination was the Pan-T-Boot, a single garment combining stretch tights with boots.[66] In summer, pale, high-legged boots in printed or open weave fabric were teamed with summery dresses;[67] these often had extensive cut-outs, so that they were more like high-legged sandals than conventional boots.[68][69][70] Platform-soled styles[71] were also popular. The multi-colored suede and canvas over-the-knee boots produced by the London store Biba[72] were so sought-after that queues would form outside the store when a delivery was due.[73] By the late 1970s, form-fitting, shaped-leg boots were being replaced with straight-legged designs,[74][75][76] frequently worn over jeans or other pants, which were often pulled-on rather than zip-fastened.[77] As well as high-heeled dress boots, more rugged designs, by companies such as Frye, were widely worn.[78][79][80] The end of the decade saw a growth in popularity of shorter, calf-length boots,[81] often worn layered with socks and tights,[82][83] and a revival of interest in over-the-knee and thigh-length boots,[84][85][86][87] which were popularized by punk and new wave performers such as Blondie's Debbie Harry.

In contrast to the preceding decade, the 1980s saw a sharp decline in the popularity of high-legged boots, a direction that began with the introduction of shoulder-padded 1980s styles in fall of 1978.[88] Instead, ankle boots in a variety of styles were particularly popular, as were low-heeled, calf-length, pull-on styles.[89][90] Knee length boots, if worn at all, tended to be low-heeled, pull-on styles, sometimes referred to as "riding boots", that were combined with long skirts. In the late 1980s, over-the-knee boots made a reappearance; these were loose-fitting, low-heeled styles in suede,[91] often brightly colored or decorated with brocade.[92] In 1990, Karl Lagerfeld included thigh-length satin boots in his Fall/Winter Couture collection for Chanel, using the boots as an alternative to leggings,[93] but it was not until the following decade that the inherent elegance of classic dress boot styles was rediscovered.[94]

A woman wearing a contemporary pair of heeled boots under a black skirt
American television personality, Rachael Ray, in knee-length, black leather fashion boots, January 2009

1990s

[edit]

The early 1990s saw an explosion in dance club culture and its associated fashions, many of which looked back to the 1960s for inspiration, as well as drawing on fetish-themed elements. Knee-length go-go boots, platform-soled boots, and even thigh-length PVC boots were worn by clubbers, but although some designers flirted with these styles of footwear (e.g. Gianni Versace) mainstream take-up was limited. Nonetheless, by 1993 boots were popular enough for Vogue to declare that it was "The Year of the Boot",[95] with a wide range of styles from ankle-length to over-the-knee, designed to be worn at any time and with any hem length.[96] Knee-length boots became commonplace again, initially as lace-up styles[97] which were subsequently replaced by zip-fastened boots in the second half of the decade. In 1995, Versace's Fall/Winter collection featured slim-fitting, spike heeled boots, rising to just below the knee,[98] which were a precursor of the commonest style of dress boot for the next 10 years. Just as boots in the 1960s were seen as an antidote to the femininity of the 'New Look',[35] this early nineties resurgence was linked to the development of lighter, more feminine clothing styles that were contrasted and complemented by wearing boots.[96]

2000s–2020s

[edit]

By the turn of the 21st century fashion boots in a variety of styles were back to the same level of ubiquity that they had enjoyed in the 1970s.[99] A pair of knee-length boots, often with metal accents, was widely regarded as a must-have wardrobe item for the clothes-conscious woman,[100][101] paired with knee length skirts and dresses for business and casual wear.[94][102][103] Ankle boots also remained very popular and in the latter part of the first decade knee-length styles worn over pants,[104] especially jeans,[105] were common. In 2009 thigh-length boots were a subject of major attention by the fashion press,[106][107][108][109][110][111] receiving guarded approval and a level of mainstream acceptance that they had never previously achieved; this trend continued in 2010[112][113][114] and by the following year over-the-knee styles had become commonplace. Also in 2011, ankle boots were being promoted as a popular summer alternative to sandals.[115]

Design

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diagram of a typical knee-length fashion boot showing shoemaker's terminology

Fashion boots generally employ the same range of soles and heels as are found in shoes. The defining character of the boot is the length of the shaft. Ankle boots generally have a shaft height of less than 8 inches (20 cm), calf-length boots 8–15 inches (20–38 cm), knee-length boots 15–19 inches (38–48 cm), while over-the knee boots have shaft lengths of 19 inches (38 cm) or more; however these divisions are arbitrary and at the boundaries the decision as to whether a boot is, for example, calf-length or knee-length is largely subjective.

The shaft of a fashion boot can be fitted (i.e. following the curve of the wearer's calf), straight-legged, or loose-fitting (or "slouchy"). In close-fitting boots, flexibility is achieved by the use of gussets; slits in the material either at the top of the shaft (in knee-length boots), or wider panels at the sides of the shaft (in ankle boots), which are backed with elasticized fabric. Compression folds around the ankle allow for movement of the foot. In over-the-knee boots, flexion of the knee is usually attained by a vent at the back of the boot, running from the top of the shaft to the back of the knee. This may be closed with laces, elasticized, or left open. Where a vent is not used, freedom of movement is achieved either by having the top of the shaft flare outwards above the knee, or making all or part of the shaft out of a stretchable material.

A variety of fasteners are seen in fashion boots. Laces are commonly used in ankle boots, but are too time-consuming for longer styles. Zip fasteners are widely employed in all styles of boot – they may run the entire length of the shaft, or just the ankle and lower calf – these partial-length zips make it easier to insert the foot into the toe of the boot by relaxing the fit around the ankle. Pull-on boots have no fasteners and tend to have a looser fit than zip or lace-up boots; they sometimes have a loop of leather at the top of the shaft, called a boot-strap, to assist with pulling the boot on. Finally, button-fastened boots were common at the beginning of the last century but are rarely seen today. If present, buttons are usually employed as design accents on boots; other decorative features include straps, buckles, studs, and decorative stitching.

Ankle boot

[edit]

These are the most widely worn style of fashion boots, usually under pants.[116] Ankle boots are also the only type of fashion boot commonly worn by both men and women, and the only one to have remained popular without a break since the 19th century. They vary in length from booties or shoe boots (effectively a shoe that skims the ankle[117]) to boots that cover the lower part of the calf.

Calf-length boot

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Because the top of this boot hits the curve of the leg at the widest point of the calf it is regarded by stylists as particularly challenging to wear; even average legs can look fat.[116] For this reason, calf-length boots are usually worn under pants or with long skirts that cover the top of the boot.[116]

Knee-length boot

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See also: Knee-high boots

These come in a wide variety of colors and materials (e.g. leather, suede, fabric) and can be worn with skirts or dresses of any length, under or over pants, or with leggings. A boot that hits the leg just below the knee is thought to be particularly stylish.[118]

Over-the-knee boot

[edit]
See also: Over-the-knee boot

Also known as thighboots or cuissardes, these boots were originally worn by men in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries to protect the legs while riding[119][120] before being adapted as a fashion item for women in the 1960s. In this context they have sometimes been considered provocative or daring because of past association with fetishism and the sex industry[121] and so have had patchy mainstream acceptance. Even when popular, a combination of one or more features such as lower heels, softer materials (e.g. suede), muted colors, and avoidance of skin exposure (by wearing over pants, leggings, or opaque hose)[108][114][122][123][124] is usually employed to avoid the so-called "Vivian" effect (a reference to Julia Roberts' character in the 1990 movie Pretty Woman).

See also

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References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Poiret: king of fashion". Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 17 July 2010.
  2. ^ "inventory #2005.45.1: boots by Paul Poiret, c. 1916". Museum at FIT. Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 17 July 2010.
  3. ^ "Short skirts, higher boots", The New York Times, 11 April 1915, archived from the original on 10 November 2012, retrieved 17 July 2010
  4. ^ Cox, Caroline (2008). Vintage Shoes. New York: HarperCollins. p. 45. ISBN 978-0-06-166576-9.
  5. ^ anon (n.d.). "black leather Russian boot, 1925". London College of Fashion Shoe Collection. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 10 July 2010.
  6. ^ Steele, Valerie (2005). Encyclopedia of Clothing and Fashion. Vol. 1. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 175. ISBN 978-0-684-31394-8.
  7. ^ "Russian Boots With Fur Collars", The Manchester Guardian, 9 September 1926
  8. ^ "Russian Boots: New Fashions With Laced Tops", The Irish Times, 15 February 1926
  9. ^ anon. (1920). "Boots, boots, boots; latest Russian boot styles for Eve". British Pathe News. Archived from the original on 30 September 2022. Retrieved 17 July 2010.
  10. ^ "High Boots The Style For British Women", The New York Times, 26 September 1925
  11. ^ "Boots for Women Sign of Changes", Los Angeles Times, 30 December 1927
  12. ^ "Russian Boots: The Question of Cost", The Manchester Guardian, 20 February 1926
  13. ^ ""Russian Boots:" Trade Criticism Shoddy Footwear and Ill Health", The Scotsman, 18 February 1926
  14. ^ "Rubber Boots", The Manchester Guardian, 29 October 1928
  15. ^ Quinn, Bradley (2010). The Boot. London: Laurence King Publishing Ltd. p. 25. ISBN 978-1-85669-663-0.
  16. ^ "Puss in Boots Again", The Manchester Guardian, 14 January 1930
  17. ^ Howell, Georgina (1978). "1948-49". In Vogue: Sixty Years of Celebrities and Fashion from British Vogue. Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England: Penguin Books. p. 221. ISBN 0-14-004955-X. The dress of the moment is a tailored shirtwaister ... worn with ... boot-shoes from Perugia.
  18. ^ Howell, Georgina (1978). "1948-49". In Vogue: Sixty Years of Celebrities and Fashion from British Vogue. Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England: Penguin Books. p. 222. ISBN 0-14-004955-X. Christian Dior: 'Pencil slim' black wool dress with a check envol jacket ... Perugia's check wool and patent leather boots.
  19. ^ Mulvagh, Jane (1988). "1948". Vogue History of 20th Century Fashion. London, England: Viking, The Penguin Group. p. 203. ISBN 0-670-80172-0. Dior's pencil-slim black wool dress topped with a black-and-white ... checked wool 'envol' jacket. ... and Perugia's check wool and patent-leather boots.
  20. ^ Howell, Georgina (1978). "1948-49". In Vogue: Sixty Years of Celebrities and Fashion from British Vogue. Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England: Penguin Books. p. 222. ISBN 0-14-004955-X. Schiaparelli's slim silhouette with jutting collar and peg-top skirt. Perugia's boots, fitting like a stocking at the [calf-length] hemline.
  21. ^ Verin, Helene (2009). Beth Levine Shoes. New York: Stewart, Tabori & Chang. p. 43. ISBN 978-1-58479-759-3.
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  24. ^ "Accession # 1976.166.12a, b: Beth Levine fashion boots, 1958–60". Metropolitan Museum of Art. Archived from the original on 28 June 2011. Retrieved 10 July 2010.
  25. ^ Sheppard, Eugenia (22 August 1967), "Shoes, Like Sundials, Tell Time", Hartford Courant
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  27. ^ Sloane, Leonard (12 May 1963), "Women's Boots Take Big Strides – Wide Variety Offered", The New York Times
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  30. ^ Cox, Caroline (2008). Vintage Shoes. New York: HarperCollins. p. 139. ISBN 978-0-06-166576-9.
  31. ^ "Accession # 1976.360.440a, b: Roger Vivier black alligator leather thighboots, 1963". Metropolitan Museum of Art. Archived from the original on 2 December 2021. Retrieved 10 July 2010.
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  35. ^ a b Quinn, Bradley (2010). The Boot. London: Laurence King Publishing Ltd. p. 7. ISBN 978-1-85669-663-0.
  36. ^ Emerson, Gloria (4 August 1966), "Paris Adds Finishing Touches to Fall Lines", The New York Times
  37. ^ Mulvagh, Jane (1988). "1957-1967: 1963". Vogue History of 20th Century Fashion. London, England: Viking, The Penguin Group. p. 274. ISBN 0-670-80172-0. Paris raved about white kidskin boots from Courrèges
  38. ^ Howell, Georgina (1978). "1960-1969: 1964". In Vogue: Sixty Years of Celebrities and Fashion from British Vogue. Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England: Penguin Books. pp. 284–286. ISBN 0-14-004955-X. The year of Courrèges. ... Vogue says, 'White sets the pace at Courrèges - tweeds, gloves, kid boots, shoes, trousers are all white. ...' From now on sixties fashion will revolve around ... white leather boots
  39. ^ Mulvagh, Jane (1988). "1957-1967: 1964". Vogue History of 20th Century Fashion. London, England: Viking, The Penguin Group. p. 279. ISBN 0-670-80172-0. Courrèges hit the headlines with his 'Space Age' collection. ... [W]hite trousers slashed on the instep of the white kidskin boots
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  46. ^ Blanco F., Jose; Leff, Scott; Kellogg, Ann T.; Payne, Lynn W. (2008). The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Clothing Through American History, 1900 to the Present. Vol. 2. Westport CT: Greenwood Press. p. 201. ISBN 978-0-313-35855-5.
  47. ^ "Accession # T.667:1&2-1997: Pierre Cardin black pvc thigh-length boots, 1968". Victoria & Albert Museum. Archived from the original on 2 January 2011. Retrieved 10 July 2010.
  48. ^ Verin, Helene (2009). Beth Levine Shoes. New York: Stewart, Tabori & Chang. pp. 132–133. ISBN 978-1-58479-759-3.
  49. ^ "Accession # 2009.300.3381a, b: Beth Levine thighboots, 1968". Metropolitan Museum of Art. Archived from the original on 2 December 2021. Retrieved 10 July 2010.
  50. ^ Crenshaw, Mary Ann (7 September 1967), "The Boot That Kept Growing", The New York Times
  51. ^ Emerson, Gloria (17 July 1967), "The Collections Are on in Rome: Coats Long, Boots High", The New York Times
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  53. ^ Peterson, Patricia (7 August 1964). "This is the Look from the French Couture for Fall '64". The New York Times: 32. There...were...pants in leather with their own boots...attached.
  54. ^ Nunn, Joan (1984). Fashion in Costume, 1200–1980. London: The Herbert Press Ltd. p. 239. ISBN 978-0-8052-3905-8.
  55. ^ Milinaire, Catherine; Troy, Carol (1978). Cheap Chic. New York: Harmony Books. pp. 40–41. ISBN 0-517-52453-8.
  56. ^ Dariaux, Genevive Antoine (1964). Elegance. New York: Doubleday & Company. p. 21. ISBN 0-385-03910-7.
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  58. ^ Ettorre, Barbara (29 July 1978), "Shoe Industry Lifted by Return of Skirt", The New York Times
  59. ^ Smith, Desire (1998). Fashionable Clothing from the Sears Catalogs: The Early 1970s. Atglen PA: Schiffer Publishing Ltd. pp. 138, 143–144, 147–148, 150, 158–159. ISBN 0-7643-0520-4.
  60. ^ Ward, Glynis. "Go-Go Boots: A Foot-First Jump into the Wacky World of Mod Footwear". CoolOldStuff. Archived from the original on 10 May 2010. Retrieved 10 July 2010.
  61. ^ "Step into Autumn – In Boots!" Kays Catalogue, Autumn Winter 1975
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  65. ^ Florence Ledger, 1982. Put Your Foot Down, p.178. Melksham, The Uffington Press, 214pp
  66. ^ "Modern Living: Stretch Pants with a Sole". Time. 20 September 1971. Archived from the original on 14 April 2017. Retrieved 9 May 2017.
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  68. ^ Crenshaw, Mary Ann (24 February 1971), "Well, They Don't Have to Look Like Boots...", The New York Times
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  71. ^ "white leather platform over-the-knee boot, 1974". London College of Fashion Shoe Collection. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 10 July 2010.
  72. ^ "Accession # T.67&A-1985: canvas boots by Biba, 1969". Victoria & Albert Museum. 19 April 1969. Archived from the original on 15 August 2011. Retrieved 11 July 2010.
  73. ^ Cox, Caroline (2008). Vintage Shoes. New York: HarperCollins. p. 152. ISBN 978-0-06-166576-9.
  74. ^ "Shoe Signals", Vogue, p. 98, July 1977
  75. ^ Nemy, Enid (20 September 1974), "Boots Have Changed - Especially in Price", The New York Times
  76. ^ Peake, Andy (2018). "The New Ease in Fashion". Made for Walking. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Fashion Press. pp. 113–115. ISBN 978-0-7643-5499-1. Saint Laurent's [1974 Russian-themed] collection featured...a new, and very distinctive, style of knee-length fashion boot....[T]he new boot was loose-fitting, touching the leg rather than clinging to it, and falling in extravagant folds as the soft leather crushed around the ankle....[T]he new boots quickly became known as 'Cossack boots'...In 1975, the New York Times was referring to the style as the 'Boot of the Year.'...[T]his was by far the most common style of fashion boot from the mid-1970s...'Baggy boots' is how the U.K. fashion press and mail-order catalogs were referring to them in 1974 and 1975...
  77. ^ Peacock, John (2000). Fashion Accessories: The Complete 20th Century Sourcebook. London: Thames & Hudson. p. 192. ISBN 978-0-500-01997-9.
  78. ^ Sanders, Michelle (October 2002), "Vogue: Last Look", Vogue, p. 394
  79. ^ Roiphe, Anne (25 January 1976), "Tweedledum and Tweedledee", The New York Times
  80. ^ Klemesrud, Judy (17 February 1976). "In Pioneer-Style Boots, the Klutzy Look is Chic". The New York Times: 52. Archived from the original on 11 February 2022. Retrieved 10 February 2022. ...Frye boots are the 'hot boots' this season, the boots that everybody has to have...
  81. ^ Crenshaw, Mary Ann (2 November 1975), "Lesser Boots", The New York Times
  82. ^ "Fall report on shoes/boots: all the news and more...", Vogue, pp. 154–161, August 1978
  83. ^ Crenshaw, Mary Ann (12 October 1975). "Fashion". The New York Times: 279. Archived from the original on 11 February 2022. Retrieved 10 February 2022. Fashion's leg warmers come in wonderful patterns, in solid colors for more subdued warmth, and can be worn thigh‐high over tight pants (by the very young) or pushed low over boots or shoes. Some of the best leg warmers are hand‐knit and ethnic‐patterned.
  84. ^ "July Finds: Walk Right In.... All the Terrific New Stockings & Socks, Shoes & Boots", Vogue, pp. 142–143, July 1977
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