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Erbo Graf von Kageneck

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Erbo Graf von Kageneck
Kageneck in front of his Messerschmitt Me 109E in Sicily, with ground crew
Born(1918-04-02)2 April 1918
Bonn, German Empire
Died12 January 1942(1942-01-12) (aged 23)
Naples, Italy
Buried
Cemetery Bleichheim
Allegiance Nazi Germany
Service / branch Luftwaffe
Years of service1937–1942
RankHauptmann (captain)
UnitJG 1, JG 27
Commands9./JG 27
Battles / wars
See battles

World War II

AwardsKnight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves

Erbo Graf von Kageneck[Note 1] (2 April 1918 – 12 January 1942) was a German Luftwaffe military aviator of aristocratic descent during World War II. As a fighter ace, he was credited with 67 enemy aircraft shot down claimed in 329 combat missions. The majority of his victories were claimed over the Eastern Front, with 19 claims in the Mediterranean theatre and over the Western Front. He was "ace-in-a-day" once, shooting down five or more aircraft on a single day.

Born in Bonn, Kageneck volunteered for military service in the Luftwaffe in 1937. Following flight training, he was posted to Jagdgeschwader 1 (JG 1—1st Fighter Wing). He fought in the Invasion of Poland and then in the Battle of France, claiming his first aerial victory on 12 May 1940. During the Battle of Britain, Kageneck was appointed Staffelkapitän (squadron leader) of 9. Staffel (9th squadron) of Jagdgeschwader 27 (JG 27—27th Fighter Wing) in September 1940. In 1941, his unit fought in Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union. Here, Kageneck was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 31 July 1941 for 37 aerial victories claimed followed by the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves on 16 October for 65 aerial victories claimed. His unit was then transferred to North Africa in late 1941. On 24 December, Kageneck was seriously wounded in combat and succumbed to his injuries on 12 January 1942 in a hopital at Naples, Itlay.

Early life and career

Kageneck was born on 2 April 1918 in Bonn, at the time in the Rhine Province of the German Empire.[1] He was the fourth of six children of Generalmajor Karl von Kageneck [de] and Baroness Maria von Schorlemer (1888-1959), daughter of Clemens Freiherr von Schorlemer-Lieser, an Imperial Secretary of Agriculture.[2] His oldest brother was Clemens-Heinrich Graf von Kageneck (1913–2005), a captain in the army, and August von Kageneck (1922–2004), a lieutenant in the army, later a journalist and writer.[3] His first name was Arbogast in homage to a distant 10th century Kageneck knight, which was quickly summed up to Erbo.[4][5] Following four years of schooling at the Volksschule in Lieser, Kageneck attended the Aloisiuskolleg in Bad Godesberg, a school his brothers also attended. In 1935, Kageneck joined the Hitler Youth. In early 1936, he transferred to the Friedrich-Wilhelm-Gymnasium [de] in Trier where he graduated with his Abitur (diploma) in 1937.[6]

Following his graduation, Kageneck volunteered for military service in the Luftwaffe in 1937.[5] Following completion of flight and fighter pilot training,[Note 2] he was posted to 2. Staffel (2nd squadron) if Jagdgeschwader 1 (JG 1—1st Fighter Wing), a squadron of I. Gruppe (1st group) of JG 1.[8]

World War II

World War II in Europe began on Friday, 1 September 1939, when German forces invaded Poland. In preparation for the invasion I. Gruppe of JG 1 had moved to airfields at Schippenbeil, present-day Sępopol, Heiligenbeil, present-day Mamonovo, and Arys-Rostken, present-day Orzysz, in East Prussia. Here, the Gruppe was subordinated to Luftflotte 1 (Air Fleet 1) under command of General der Flieger Albert Kesselring.[9] On 6 September, the Gruppe was withdrawn from Poland and ordered to Lübeck-Blankensee and then on 15 September to an airfield at Vörden, located approximately 20 kilometers (12 miles) north of Osnabrück, where the unit stayed until January 1940. There, the Gruppe flew fighter protection during the "Phoney War" on the German border to the Netherlands.[10]

In mid-January 1940, I. Gruppe was ordered to an airfield at Gymnich, today part of Erftstadt, where it patrolled Germany's western border. There, the Gruppe continuously conducted various flight exercises. In late April, the unit received the first Messerschmitt Bf 109 E-4 variant, replacing the Bf 109 E-3s.[11]

Battle of France and Britain

The Wehrmacht launched the invasion of France and the Low Countries (Fall Gelb) on 10 May 1940. During this campaign, I. Gruppe of JG 1 was subordinated to the Geschwaderstab (headquarters unit) of Jagdgeschwader 27 (JG 27–27th Fighter Wing) which was under the control of VIII. Fliegerkorps (8th Air Corps) under the command of Generaloberst Wolfram Freiherr von Richthofen.[12] Two days later, Kageneck claimed his first two aerial victories while providing fighter protection for the German ground forces crossing the Meuse, as well as the bridges crossing the Albert Canal at Veldwezelt, Vroenhoven and Kanne. That day, I. Gruppe claimed ten Bristol Blenheim bombers shot down, including two by Kageneck near Maastricht.[13] This earned him the Iron Cross 2nd Class (Eisernes Kreuz zweiter Klasse) on 14 May.[14] Following the advancing German ground forces, the Gruppe moved to an airfield at Charleville-Mézières on 16 May, and then to Tupigny on 31 May.[15] The second and decisive phase, Fall Rot (Case Red), of the Battle of France began on 5 June. I. Gruppe supported the German forces fighting at the Somme and Aisne. That day, I. Gruppe pilots claimed eleven aerial victories including a Morane-Saulnier M.S.406 fighter near Roye.[16] On 6 June, Kageneck claimed a French Lioré et Olivier LeO 451 bomber in the vicinity of Noyon, his fourth and last during the French campaign.[17]

JG 27 insignia

In preparation for combat with the Royal Air Force (RAF) in what would become the Battle of Britain, I. Gruppe moved to an airfield at Plumetot, locate north of Caen on the English Channel, on 30 June.[18] On 5 July 1940, the Jagdwaffe (fighter force) of the Luftwaffe was reorganized and in consequence the I. Gruppe of JG 1 became the III. Gruppe of JG 27, subsequently his 2. Staffel of JG 1 became the 8. Staffel of JG 27.[19] On 11 July, Kageneck was awarded the Iron Cross 1st Class (Eisernes Kreuz erster Klasse).[20][Note 3] A week later, on 19 July, Kageneck was wounded in aerial combat east of the Isle of Wight while flying a Bf 109 E-4.[22] It is possible, that his opponent may have been Pilot Officer Frank Reginald Carey who claimed to have scored hits on two and to have shot down one Bf 109 that day.[23] In this encounter, Kageneck had claimed two RAF Hawker Hurricane fighters hot down south of the Isle of Wight.[24] Following his recovery, he claimed his next aerial victory on 18 August over a Supermarine Spitfire fighter near Bognor Regis.[25]

On 18 September 1940, Kageneck was appointed Staffelkapitän (squadron leader) of 9. Staffel of JG 27, replacing Oberleutnant Max Dobislav who was transferred.[26] He was promoted to Oberleutnant (first lieutenant) on 1 October 1940.[20] On 10 November, III. Gruppe was withdrawn from Channel operations. The Gruppe was first ordered to Diepholz Airfield and then to Vechta for a period of replenishment and equipment overhaul.[27]

Balkan and Malta

In January 1941, JG 27 was ordered to relocate to Romania. Between 12 and 14 January, the ground personnel of III. Gruppe arrived in Bucharest-Băneasa, preparing for the arrival of the air elements which relocated on 2 February. Shortly after, the Gruppe moved to Giulești.[28]

Following the Balkans campaign, III. Gruppe was briefly deployed to Sicily for actions against Malta. On 2 May, the Gruppe transferred to Gela and flew its first combat mission to Malta on 6 May, escorting Heinkel He 111 bombers from Kampfgeschwader 26 (KG 26—26th Bomber Wing). That day, Kageneck claimed a Hurricane shot down near Luqa.[29] According to Shores, it is likely that his opponent was Pilot Officer Alan Sydney Dredge from No. 261 Squadron who made a forced landing in his Hurricane Z3057 and sustained severe burns.[30] On 20 May, Kageneck claimed III. Gruppe's last aerial victory over Malta when he shot down Pilot Officer Anthony John Reeves from No. 261 Squadron flying Hurricane N2673.[31] On 24 May, III. Gruppe left Sicily and returned to Germany.[32]

Operation Barbarossa

In June, the Wehrmacht was preparing for Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet, and consolidating its forces near the border established in the German–Soviet Frontier Treaty. On 4 June, III. Gruppe arrived at Suwałki before being redeployed to Sobolewo on 12 June. At the start of the invasion, JG 27, with the exception of I. Gruppe, was subordinated to VIII. Fliegerkorps and was deployed in the northern sector of Army Group Centre.[33] On 22 June 1941, the opening day of Operation Barbarossa, III. Gruppe flew many ground support missions against Soviet airfields and forces, its first just past 03:00. Later in the day, Kageneck shot down a Tupolev SB bomber south of Vilnius.[34]

Following his 37th aerial victory, he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes) on 30 July 1941.[8][35] The following day, III. Gruppe moved to an airfield at Soltsy, located west of Lake Ilmen. From this airfield, the Gruppe fought over the combat areas near Staraya Russa, south of Lake Ilmen, and Veliky Novgorod which is north of Lake Ilmen. On 10 August, Kageneck claimed a SB-3 bomber shot down. He became an "ace-in-a-day" on 14 August, claiming his 39th to 43rd aerial victory.[36] On 20 August, Kageneck made a forced landing in his Bf 109 E-4 (Werknummer 1326—factory number) near Chudovo.[37] Kageneck had logged his 300th combat mission in this aircraft.[38]

On 16 October, General der Flieger Wolfram Freiherr von Richthofen discharged III. Gruppe at Stabna, located just north of Smolensk, from operations on the Eastern Front.[39] By this date, Kageneck had claimed 48 Soviet victories and — with his total now at 65 — was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub) on 26 October 1941.[40] He was the first pilot of JG 27 and 39th member of the German armed forces to be so honored.[41]

North Africa and death

Following the withdrawal from the Eastern Front, III. Gruppe had been moved to Döberitz on 26 October. There, the Gruppe was equipped with the Bf 109 F-4 trop and began training for deployment to the Mediterranean theatre.[42] On 5 November, Kageneck, together with Hauptmann Gordon Gollob, received the Oak Leaves from Adolf Hitler personally at the Wolf's Lair, Hitler's headquarters in Rastenburg, present-day Kętrzyn in Poland.[43] When Oberst Werner Mölders was killed in a flying accident on 22 November, he was given a state funeral in Berlin on 28 November. His coffin was laid out in the honor court of the Reichsluftfahrtministerium (Ministry of Aviation). The guard of honor consisted of Johann Schalk, Günther Lützow, Walter Oesau, Joachim Müncheberg, Adolf Galland, Wolfgang Falck, Herbert Kaminski and Karl-Gottfried Nordmann, with Kageneck holding Mölders' military decorations pillow.[41] On 6 December, III. Gruppe transferred to North Africa where they were based at Timimi, Libya.[42]

Kageneck claimed his last two aerial victories against British Commonwealth fighters on 12 December. That day, he claimed a Hurricane and Curtiss P-40 Warhawk fighter shot down near Timimi.[42] On 24 December, Kageneck was seriously wounded in combat with several Desert Air Force (DAF) P-40 and Hurricane fighters south of Agedabia. Both Sergeant Maxwell of No. 94 Squadron and Pilot Officer Thompson No. 229 Squadron made claims for a fighter shot down in the same action. Many years later, some sources, including Kageneck's brother, August von Kageneck, claimed that the shots which hit Erbo were fired by the pre-eminent Australian ace of the war, Clive Caldwell.[44]

Kageneck sustained severe injuries in combat near Agedabia resulting in a forced landing of his Bf 109 F-4 trop (Werknummer 8554) in the desert near El Magrun where he was recovered by Italian soldiers.[45] He was immediately evacuated, first to a hospital in Athens, and then to another in Naples where, despite intensive care, he died of his wounds to his stomach and abdomen on 12 January 1942. He was posthumously promoted to Hauptmann (captain).[46] Command of 9. Staffel was temporarily passed on to Leutnant Klaus Faber before Hauptmann Hans-Joachim Heinecke took command on 2 May 1942.[47] Intially, Kageneck was burried in Naples before his family had him reinterred with military honors at the cemetery in Bleichheim, present-day part of Herbolzheim.[48]

Summary of career

Aerial victory claims

According to US historian David T. Zabecki, Kageneck was credited with 67 aerial victories.[49] Spick also lists him with 67 aerial victories, claimed in an unknown number of combat missions, 19 on the Western Front - including four over Malta and two in North Africa - and 48 on the Eastern Front.[50] The authors Ring and Girbig list him 67 aerial victories, 19 on the Western Front and 48 on the Eastern Front, as well.[51] Thomas states that Kageneck flew 329 combat missions.[52] Mathews and Foreman, authors of Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims, researched the German Federal Archives and found records for 66 aerial victory claims. This number includes 19 claims over the Western Allies and 47 on the Eastern Front.[53]

Chronicle of aerial victories
  This and the ♠ (Ace of spades) indicates those aerial victories which made Kageneck an "ace-in-a-day", a term which designates a fighter pilot who has shot down five or more airplanes in a single day.
  This and the ? (question mark) indicates information discrepancies listed by Prien, Stemmer, Rodeike, Bock, Mathews and Foreman.
– 2. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 1 –[54]
Battle of France — 10 May – 25 June 1940
1 12 May 1940 06:00 Blenheim vicinity of Maastricht[55] 3 5 June 1940
—
 M.S.406 Roye[56]
2 12 May 1940 06:02 Blenheim vicinity of Maastricht[55] 4 6 June 1940
—
 LeO 451 Noyon[57]
– 8. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 27 –[58]
At the Channel and over England — 26 June – 17 September 1940
5 19 July 1940 18:35 Hurricane off the Isle of Wight[59] 7 18 August 1940 15:30 Spitfire Bognor Regis[60]
6 19 July 1940 18:40 Hurricane off the Isle of Wight[59] 8 9 September 1940 19:40 Spitfire Rochford[60]
– 9. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 27 –[58]
At the Channel and over England — 18 September – 10 November 1940
9 20 September 1940 11:46 Hurricane southeast of London[60] 12 15 October 1940 11:07 Spitfire south of Maidstone[60]
10 29 September 1940 10:41 Hurricane Tunbridge Wells[60] 13 27 October 1940 09:48 Spitfire Ashford[60]
11 13 October 1940 15:20 Hurricane Faversham[60]
– 9. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 1 –[58]
Over Malta — 2 – 24 May 1941
14 6 May 1941 12:08 Hurricane Luqa, Malta[61] 16 14 May 1941 16:36 Hurricane Luqa, Malta[61]
15 13 May 1941 13:52 Hurricane Luqa, Malta[61] 17 20 May 1941 17:40 Hurricane southwest of Ta' Vnezja, Malta[61]
– 9. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 1 –[62]
Operation Barbarossa — 22 June – 16 October 1941
18 22 June 1941 18:50 SB-2 south of Vilnius[63] 42♠ 14 August 1941 14:42 DB-3 east of Winy[64]
19 27 June 1941 17:26 SB-2 south of Minsk[63] 43♠ 14 August 1941 14:45 DB-3 east-southeast of Winy[64]
20 27 June 1941 17:28 SB-2 south of Minsk[63] 44 15 August 1941 10:27 Il-2 east-southeast of Proletariy[64]
21 27 June 1941 17:32 SB-2 south of Minsk[63] 45 16 August 1941 10:36 I-18 (MiG-1) east of Novgorod[64]
22 8 July 1941 06:08 SB-2 west of Vitebsk[65] 46 19 August 1941 11:34 I-18 (MiG-1) east of Chudovo[66]
23 11 July 1941 13:25 U-2 northeast of Gloyniki[65] 47 19 August 1941 15:45 I-18 (MiG-1) southeast of Kreszty[66]
24 12 July 1941 18:48 DB-3 west of Vitebsk[65] 48 21 August 1941 17:58 Il-2 north of Staraya Russa[66]
25 13 July 1941 12:00 DI-6 southwest of Smolensk[65] 49 27 August 1941 12:10 I-18 (MiG-1) east of Manushkino[66]
26 14 July 1941 14:23 I-16 north of Smolensk[67] 50 29 August 1941 12:23 I-18 (MiG-1) south of Mga[66]
27 18 July 1941 13:29 DB-3 east of Demidov[67] 51 29 August 1941 16:12 Il-2 northwest of Schapki[66]
28 19 July 1941 18:20 DB-3 west of Yartsevo[67] 52 29 August 1941 16:26 Il-2 northwest of Tosno[66]
29 20 July 1941 07:15 DB-3 southeast of Yartsevo[67] 53 2 September 1941 07:53 I-16 east of Ivanovskoy[66]
30?[Note 4] 20 July 1941
—
 DB-3 southeast of Yartsevo[67] 54 3 September 1941 05:28 I-18 (MiG-1) southwest of Wassiklowo[66]
31 22 July 1941 19:26 DB-3 east of Yartsevo[67] 55 3 September 1941 09:57 I-16 southeast of Slutsk[66]
32 26 July 1941 04:17 R-10 (Seversky) northeast of Yartsevo[64] 56 2 October 1941 14:06 I-18 (MiG-1) Pogorjelo[68]
33 26 July 1941 19:23 I-16 east of Yartsevo[64] 57 3 October 1941 12:08 I-18 (MiG-1) north of Vyazma[68]
34 26 July 1941 19:25 I-16 east of Yartsevo[64] 58 4 October 1941 13:55 DB-3 Michjejewa[68]
35 27 July 1941 04:05 DB-3 north of Lake Shiziskoje[64] 59 4 October 1941 14:08 SB-2 Spass[68]
36 27 July 1941 08:20 DB-3 west of Demidov[64] 60 4 October 1941 16:52 Pe-2 south of Chełm[68]
37 27 July 1941 08:22 DB-3 west of Demidov[64] 61 7 October 1941 09:10 Pe-2 east of Chełm[68]
38 10 August 1941 19:51 SB-3 north of Golino[64] 62 11 October 1941 16:14 Il-2 north of Sychyovka[68]
39♠ 14 August 1941 09:57?[Note 5] I-16 north-northeast of Novgorod[64] 63 11 October 1941 16:16 Il-2 northwest of Sychyovka[68]
40♠ 14 August 1941 14:33 DB-3 Malyje Lutschno[64] 64 11 October 1941 16:23 Il-2 northwest of Sychyovka[68]
41♠ 14 August 1941 14:35 DB-3 southeast of Malyje Lutschno[64] 65 12 October 1941 08:23 I-18 (MiG-1) east of Zubtsov[68]
– 9. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 27 –[69]
In North Africa — 6 – 24 December 1941
66 12 December 1941 13:46 P-40 vicinity of Timimi[70] 67 12 December 1941
—
 Hurricane vicinity of Timimi[70]

Awards

Dates of rank

8 November 1939: Leutnant (Second Lieutenant)[75]
1 October 1940: Oberleutnant (First Lieutenant)[20]
posthumously: Hauptmann (Captain)[46]

Notes

  1. ^ Regarding personal names: Graf was a title before 1919, but now is regarded as part of the surname. It is translated as Count. Before the August 1919 abolition of nobility as a legal class, titles preceded the full name when given (Graf Helmuth James von Moltke). Since 1919, these titles, along with any nobiliary prefix (von, zu, etc.), can be used, but are regarded as a dependent part of the surname, and thus come after any given names (Helmuth James Graf von Moltke). Titles and all dependent parts of surnames are ignored in alphabetical sorting. The feminine form is Gräfin.
  2. ^ Flight training in the Luftwaffe progressed through the levels A1, A2 and B1, B2, referred to as A/B flight training. A training included theoretical and practical training in aerobatics, navigation, long-distance flights and dead-stick landings. The B courses included high-altitude flights, instrument flights, night landings and training to handle the aircraft in difficult situations.[7]
  3. ^ According to Schumann on 11 June 1940.[21]
  4. ^ This claim is not listed by Mathews and Foreman.[58]
  5. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 09:47.[58]

References

Citations

  1. ^ Obermaier 1989, p. 47.
  2. ^ von Kageneck 1999, pp. 17, 48.
  3. ^ Schumann 2022, pp. 2–3.
  4. ^ von Kageneck 1999, p. 23.
  5. ^ a b Williamson & Bujeiro 2005, p. 55.
  6. ^ Schumann 2022, pp. 4–5.
  7. ^ Bergström, Antipov & Sundin 2003, p. 17.
  8. ^ a b Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 599.
  9. ^ Prien, Rodeike & Stemmer 1995, p. 25.
  10. ^ Prien, Rodeike & Stemmer 1995, p. 31.
  11. ^ Prien, Rodeike & Stemmer 1995, pp. 31, 33.
  12. ^ Prien et al. 2001, p. 70.
  13. ^ Prien, Rodeike & Stemmer 1995, pp. 54, 338.
  14. ^ Dixon 2023, p. 90.
  15. ^ Prien, Rodeike & Stemmer 1995, p. 54.
  16. ^ Prien, Rodeike & Stemmer 1995, pp. 57, 338.
  17. ^ Prien, Rodeike & Stemmer 1995, pp. 57, 339.
  18. ^ Prien, Rodeike & Stemmer 1995, p. 70.
  19. ^ Prien et al. 2002, p. 408.
  20. ^ a b c Stockert 2012, p. 217.
  21. ^ Schumann 2022, p. 8.
  22. ^ Prien et al. 2002, p. 422.
  23. ^ Franks 2008, p. 63.
  24. ^ Prien, Rodeike & Stemmer 1995, pp. 70, 72, 339.
  25. ^ Prien, Rodeike & Stemmer 1995, pp. 72, 339.
  26. ^ Prien et al. 2002, p. 416.
  27. ^ Prien, Rodeike & Stemmer 1995, p. 75.
  28. ^ Prien, Rodeike & Stemmer 1995, p. 88.
  29. ^ Prien et al. 2003a, pp. 380, 382.
  30. ^ Shores 1999, p. 220.
  31. ^ Shores, Cull & Malizia 1987, p. 213.
  32. ^ Prien et al. 2003a, p. 380.
  33. ^ Prien, Rodeike & Stemmer 1995, p. 136.
  34. ^ Prien, Rodeike & Stemmer 1995, pp. 136, 340.
  35. ^ Prien, Rodeike & Stemmer 1995, p. 141.
  36. ^ Prien, Rodeike & Stemmer 1995, pp. 140, 342.
  37. ^ Prien et al. 2003b, p. 195.
  38. ^ Prien, Rodeike & Stemmer 1995, p. 152.
  39. ^ Prien et al. 2003b, p. 180.
  40. ^ Prien, Rodeike & Stemmer 1995, p. 142.
  41. ^ a b Schumann 2022, p. 17.
  42. ^ a b c Prien et al. 2004, p. 297.
  43. ^ Stockert 2012, pp. 213, 218.
  44. ^ Alexander 2006, pp. 224–228.
  45. ^ Prien et al. 2004, pp. 298–299, 344.
  46. ^ a b Stockert 2012, p. 219.
  47. ^ Prien et al. 2004, p. 332.
  48. ^ Schumann 2022, pp. 27, 29.
  49. ^ Zabecki 2014, p. 1616.
  50. ^ Spick 1996, p. 239.
  51. ^ Ring & Girbig 1994, p. 325.
  52. ^ a b c Thomas 1997, p. 339.
  53. ^ Mathews & Foreman 2015, pp. 599–601.
  54. ^ Mathews & Foreman 2015, pp. 599–600.
  55. ^ a b Prien et al. 2001, p. 77.
  56. ^ Prien et al. 2001, p. 78.
  57. ^ Prien et al. 2001, p. 79.
  58. ^ a b c d e Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 600.
  59. ^ a b Prien et al. 2002, p. 420.
  60. ^ a b c d e f g Prien et al. 2002, p. 421.
  61. ^ a b c d Prien et al. 2003a, p. 382.
  62. ^ Mathews & Foreman 2015, pp. 600–601.
  63. ^ a b c d Prien et al. 2003b, p. 187.
  64. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Prien et al. 2003b, p. 190.
  65. ^ a b c d Prien et al. 2003b, p. 188.
  66. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Prien et al. 2003b, p. 191.
  67. ^ a b c d e f Prien et al. 2003b, p. 189.
  68. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Prien et al. 2003b, p. 192.
  69. ^ Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 601.
  70. ^ a b Prien et al. 2004, p. 337.
  71. ^ Schumann 2022, p. ii.
  72. ^ a b Scherzer 2007, p. 428.
  73. ^ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 249.
  74. ^ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 55.
  75. ^ Stockert 2012, p. 216.

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  • Obermaier, Ernst (1989). Die Ritterkreuzträger der Luftwaffe Jagdflieger 1939 – 1945 [The Knight's Cross Bearers of the Luftwaffe Fighter Force 1939 – 1945] (in German). Mainz, Germany: Verlag Dieter Hoffmann. ISBN 978-3-87341-065-7.
  • Prien, Jochen; Rodeike, Peter; Stemmer, Gerhard (1995). Messerschmitt Bf 109 im Einsatz bei der III. und IV./Jagdgeschwader 27, 1938 – 1945 [Messerschmitt Bf 109 in Action with the III. and IV./Jagdgeschwader 27, 1938 – 1945] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-30-4.
  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2001). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 3—Einsatz in Dänemark und Norwegen—9.4. bis 30.11.1940—Der Feldzug im Westen—10.5. bis 25.6.1940 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 3—Action in Denmark and Norway—9 April to 30 November 1940—The Campaign in the West—10 May to 25 June 1940] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-61-8.
  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2002). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 4/I—Einsatz am Kanal und über England—26.6.1940 bis 21.6.1941 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 4/I—Action at the Channel and over England—26 June 1940 to 21 June 1941] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-63-2.
  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2003a). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 5—Heimatverteidigung—10. Mai 1940 bis 31 Dezember 1941—Einsatz im Mittelmeerraum—Oktober 1940 bis November 1941—Einsatz im Westen—22. Juni bis 31. Dezember 1941—Die Ergänzungsjagdgruppen—Einsatz 1941 bis zur Auflösung Anfang 1942 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 5—Defense of the Reich—10 May 1940 to 31 December 1941—Action in the Mediterranean Theater—October 1940 to November 1941—Action in the West—22 June to 31 December 1941—The Supplementary Fighter Groups—Action from 1941 until their Breakup in Early 1942] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-68-7.
  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2003b). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 6/I—Unternehmen "BARBAROSSA"—Einsatz im Osten—22.6. bis 5.12.1941 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 6/I—Operation "BARBAROSSA"—Action in the East—22 June to 5 December 1941] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-69-4.
  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2004). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 8/I—Einsatz im Mittelmeerraum—November 1941 bis December 1942 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 8/I—Action in the Mediterranean Theater—November 1941 to December 1942] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-74-8.
  • Ring, Hans; Girbig, Werner (1994) [1971]. Jagdgeschwader 27 Die Dokumentation über den Einsatz an allen Fronten 1939–1945 [Jagdgeschwader 27 The Documentation on the Deployment on all Fronts from 1939 to 1945] (in German) (8th ed.). Stuttgart, Germany: Motorbuch Verlag. ISBN 978-3-87943-215-8.
  • Scherzer, Veit (2007). Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945 Die Inhaber des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939 von Heer, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm sowie mit Deutschland verbündeter Streitkräfte nach den Unterlagen des Bundesarchives [The Knight's Cross Bearers 1939–1945 The Holders of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939 by Army, Air Force, Navy, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm and Allied Forces with Germany According to the Documents of the Federal Archives] (in German). Jena, Germany: Scherzers Militaer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-938845-17-2.
  • Schumann, Ralf (2022). Ritterkreuzträger Profile Nr. 22 Clemens-Heinrich und Erbo Graf von Kageneck [Knight's Cross Profiles Nr. 22 Clemens-Heinrich and Erbo Graf von Kageneck] (in German). UNITEC-Medienvertrieb. ASIN B0BHQVQT28  (22 October 2024).
  • Shores, Christopher; Cull, Brian; Malizia, Nicola (1987). Malta: The Hurricane Years, 1940–41 (1st ed.). London, UK: Grub Street. ISBN 978-0-948817-06-9.
  • Shores, Christopher (1999). Aces High – Volume 2: A Further Tribute to the Most Notable Fighter Aces of the British and Commonwealth Air Forces in World War II. London: Grub Street. ISBN 978-1-902304-03-8.
  • Spick, Mike (1996). Luftwaffe Fighter Aces. New York: Ivy Books. ISBN 978-0-8041-1696-1.
  • Stockert, Peter (2012) [1996]. Die Eichenlaubträger 1939–1945 Band 1 [The Oak Leaves Bearers 1939–1945 Volume 1] (in German) (4th ed.). Bad Friedrichshall, Germany: Friedrichshaller Rundblick. ISBN 978-3-9802222-7-3.
  • Thomas, Franz (1997). Die Eichenlaubträger 1939–1945 Band 1: A–K [The Oak Leaves Bearers 1939–1945 Volume 1: A–K] (in German). Osnabrück, Germany: Biblio-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-7648-2299-6.
  • Williamson, Gordon; Bujeiro, Ramiro (2005). Knight's Cross and Oak Leaves Recipients 1941–45. Elite. Vol. 123. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84176-642-3.
  • Zabecki, David T., ed. (2014). Germany at War: 400 Years of Military History. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-Clio. ISBN 978-1-59884-981-3.
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