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Bahar bin Smith

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Al Habib Sayyid
Bahar bin Smith
Ba'Alwi
بَحْرُ بْنُ سُمَيْطٍ
Habib Bahar in Banjarmasin in 2018
Born
Sayyid Bahar bin Ali bin Smith

(1985-07-23) 23 July 1985 (age 39)
Manado, North Sulawesi, Indonesia
NationalityIndonesia Indonesian
EducationDarul Lughoh Wadda`wah
Occupation(da'i)[1]
Organization(s)Prophet’s Defender Council, Islamic Defenders Front
Known for
  • Leader of Prophet’s Defender Council (or Defender Council of God's Messengers, Indonesian: Majelis Pembela Rasululah; 2007–present)
  • Founder of Pondok Pesantren Tajul Alawiyyin
TitleHabib, Sayyid
Criminal chargeChild battery
Criminal penaltyThree-year imprisonment
Spouse
Fadlun Faisal Balghoits
​
​
(m. 2009)​
Children4
Parents
  • Ali bin Smith (father)
  • Isnawati Ali (mother)
RelativesMuhammad Rizieq Shihab (teacher)
Family
  • Ja'far bin Smith (brother)
  • Sakinah Smith (sister)
  • Zein bin Smith (brother)
  • Sayyid Maulana Malik Ibrahim bin Smith (son)
  • Syarifah Ghaziyatul Gaza Smith (daughter)
  • Syarifah Aliyah Zharah Hayat Smith (daughter)
  • Sayyid Muhammad Rizieq Ali bin Smith (son) [2]

Habib Bahar bin Smith (Arabic: بَحْرُ بْنُ سُمَيْطٍ, romanized: Baḥr ibn Sumayṭ; Arabic pronunciation: [baħr ibn sumajtˤ] full name: (Arabic: سَيِّدُ بَحْرِ بْنِ عَلِيِّ بْنِ عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنِ سُمَيْطٍ, romanized: Sayyid Baḥr ibn ‘Alī ibn ‘Alawī ibn ‘Abd ar-Raḥmān ibn Sumayṭ); born 23 July 1985)[3] is a preacher from Manado, North Sulawesi. Bahar is the leader and founder of the Prophet's Defender Council headquartered in Pondok Aren, South Tangerang. In addition, he is also the founder of Pondok Pesantren Tajul Alawiyyin in Kemang, Bogor Regency. Bahar is known as a preacher who often provokes the masses with negative language.[4] In each of his lectures, Habib Bahar was always accompanied and closely guarded by Islamic Defenders Front (FPI),[5] and he was frequently accompanied by the Multipurpose Ansor Front when he preached in a place where his people were affiliated with Nahdlatul Ulama.[6] His wife is claimed to be a descendant of Muhammad ("The Exalted") via Fatima az-Zahra.[7] Habib Bahar bin Smith means "Ocean the son of Smith, the Friend".

Activities

Organizational

Habib Bahar is the founder and leader of the Prophet's Defender Council since 2007.[8] The headquarters of Council is located in Pondok Aren, South Tangerang. While the followers of Habib Bahar reached hundreds of people who live in Ciputat, South Tangerang; Pesanggrahan, South Jakarta; and Pondok Aren, South Tangerang.[3] Together with members of the Prophet's Defender Council, Habib Bahar often conducts raids and forced closure at several entertainment venues in Jakarta.[8] His most prominent action was when he coordinate about 150 people of the Prophet's Defender Council in Ramadan in 2012[9] to conduct raids in Cafe De Most in Pesanggrahan, South Jakarta.[10] It was done them because the cafe was suspected as a nest of immorality, he then forcibly shut down Cafe De Most and requested that the place be closed for a whole month during Ramadan.[8]

In addition, Habib Bahar also established Pondok Pesantren Tajul Alawiyyin which adopted the salaf system in Pabuaran, Kemang, Bogor.[11] He is also known to be close to the Islamic mass organization formed by Habib Muhammad Rizieq Shihab, the Islamic Defenders Front.[12] In fact, in addition to Habib Rizieq, Habib Bahar is also the main character who drive of a series of Defending Islam Action which demands that Basuki Tjahaja Purnama be tried to his statement which is considered insulting to Islam.[13][14]

Da‘wah

Habib Bahar bin Smith while filling in a lecture at the 82nd event to remember the death of Habib Salim bin Hamid Al-Kaff in Banjarmasin in 2018

Habib Bahar often preaches at various events commemorating the great day of Islam, such as the Mawlid of the Prophet and the Isra Mi'raj.[5] In each of his lectures, Habib Bahar was always accompanied and closely guarded by the Islamic Defenders Front[5] and often harsh and impressed opposite with the Banser of Nahdlatul Ulama.[15] However, not infrequently he was accompanied and escorted by Banser while preaching in a place where his people are affiliated with Nahdlatul Ulama, such as when he is preaching in unhealthy conditions at Pondok Pesantren Modern Al-Husainy, South Tangerang, led by Habib Ali Alwi. Habib Ali Alwi who is known to be close to Nahdlatul Ulama immediately asked Banser to escort Habib Bahar on specifically when preaching with the infusion hoses that are still attached.[6]

Controversies

These activities have received high concern from police and judicial authorities. Al Habib Bahar has also received lengthy criticisms from Indonesian activist Guru Gembul.

Sweeping action

As the leader of the Prophet's Defender Council, Habib Bahar and his followers often conduct sweeping actions and forced closure of several nightclubs that operates in South Jakarta and South Tangerang that are considered to violate the Shari'a.[16] Amid the month of Ramadan on 29 July 2012, at around 01:30 in the morning, he coordinated around 150 people of the Prophet's Defender Council[9] to conduct a sweeping action accompanied by a destructive action in Cafe De Most located at Jalan Veteran Raya, Bintaro, Pesanggrahan, South Jakarta.[17] In the action, they demanded that the cafe closes its business for a whole month during Ramadan.[8] In addition, the masses also equip themselves with sharp weapons such as celurit, machetes, golf sticks and others. In fact, sharp weapons equipment was made especially before the action, like four swords that was made a week before the incident.[18]

The action was planned 2 weeks earlier. The plan, after the action in Pesanggrahan, Habib Bahar and his congregation will conduct raids in the Cafe Putri, Cipulir, Kebayoran Lama. From Cipulir, the masses plan to raid other cafés in Ciledug, Tangerang. However, not yet to these locations, the police are informed of the sweeping action in the Cafe De Most conducted by mass organizations of the Prophet's Defender Council, the police then immediately conduct security.[3] The action they got intercepted from the combined officers Polresta Tangerang, Polsek Pondok Aren, Koramil 19 Pondok Aren, and Satpol PP Pondok Aren.[17]

Arrest of Habib Bahar in Pesanggrahan

Police subsequently arrested Habib Bahar and his 62 followers,[9] and confiscated 1 machete, 1 celurit, 4 swords, 4 golf clubs, 1 iron stick, 1 timber, 1 flag of the Prophet's Defender Council, and a set of cafe instruments.[18] Of the 62 people arrested, 41 of them were minors. In fact, there is a 13-year-old boy who participated in the sweeping action.[19] Police subsequently stipulate 23 people including Habib Bahar as a suspect because they were proven to be destructive with sharp weapons, two of whom were minors caught with machetes and celurit.[18] On that matter, the Indonesian Child Protection Commission (KPAI) deeply regretted the involvement of children in the action. The KPAI also asked officers to provide suspension of detention to both children.[19]

Police later ensnared Habib Bahar and his followers with Article 170 of the Criminal Code about destruction with the threat of a five-year sentence. In addition, they were also charged under Article 2 of the Emergency Law number 12 of 1951 with the threat of a 12-year sentence.[10] Meanwhile, two minors who become suspects can be punished with the threat of six years in prison under the 1951 Emergency Act for carrying sharp weapons, and two and a half years for destroying private property.[9] After brief detention and interrogation, Habib Bahar pleaded guilty and regretted not reporting to the police[20] related to the violation committed by Cafe De Most for selling alcoholic beverages.[21]

In addition to engaging in sweeping action in 2012, in 2010, Habib Bahar has also been involved in the attack on the Ahmadiyya congregation in Kebayoran Baru, South Jakarta.[22][23] In addition, in the same year, Habib Bahar has also been involved in Koja Riot related to Mbah Priok grave dispute in North Jakarta.[24]

Provoking through da'wah

Habib Bahar is known as a preacher who is often considered to provoke the masses. In his lectures circulating in social media, he often catapulted a lecture that provoked Muslims to perform enjoining good and forbidding wrong (Arabic: الأمر بالمَعْرُوف والنَهي عن المُنْكَر, romanized: al-amr bi-l-maʿrūf wa-n-nahy ʿani-l-munkar) with a behavior that is considered a violent act.[4] In addition, in his speech he also often mentioned that the Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle (PDI-P) is the nest of the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI). Related to this, the organization of the Islamic wing of PDI-P, Central Executive of Baitul Muslimin Indonesia (PP Bamusi) criticized Habib Bahar's statement. Bamusi insinuates that Habib Bahar lacks reading and literature, as well as the allegations made to PDI-P without explanation and clarification from the accused party has become a slander and damages the image of religious speakers.[25]

Anti-Jokowi preaching

In November 2018, his video preaching in a mosque went viral. Amid an ill-tempered elections process, he described PDI-P cadre and President Joko Widodo as the nation's, state's, and people's traitor. He also denounced the president as a transgender and asked the congregation to open his pants to see whether he has menstrual blood on. Furthermore, he accused President Widodo to only prosper non-Muslims (kafir), Chinese Indonesians, and Western companies and enslaves the native Indonesians. He also blamed the Muslims for not electing FPI-backed Prabowo Subianto in the previous election.[26] He was reported to the Indonesian National Police on 28 November 2018.[27]

Child assault case

On 5 December 2018, Bahar was reported to the police after assaulting two teenage boys that were jesting as Habib Bahar.[28] Bahar told his santris to find the boys. Once being brought to him, in addition to beating the boys. Bahar also interrogated and shaved the heads of the victims.[29] According to the medical report, the victims suffered injuries in their eyes, cheeks, legs, and also from light head injury.[30] During the beating of the victims, 15 of the students of Bahar were also involved in the incident.[31]

On 18 December, Bahar was arrested after undergoing an investigation.[32] Bahar claimed to be exercising martial arts with the victims instead of beating them.[33] Opposing party politician and Prabowo's right-hand man Fadli Zon said that Bahar's arrest is a proof of "ulama criminalization".[34] On 9 July 2019, he was found guilty and sentenced to 3 years in jail.[35]

Large-scale social distancing violation

On May 16, 2020, Bahar was released early on Prisoner Assimilation Program[36] carried out by The Minister of Law and Human Rights Yasonna Laoly. However, he was re-arrested 3 days later for violating the large-scale social distancing restriction by gathering masses for a preaching.[37] His lawyer, Aziz Yanuar suspected that his re-arrest was related to his speech on Saturday night after the speech went viral and greatly offended the authorities.[38]

Allegations of battery of online taxi driver

On 2018, Bahar allegedly beat an online taxi driver near his residence in Tanah Sereal, Bogor. The dispute between Bahar and driver allegedly started because of Bahar's anger with his wife for going home too late, and the driver became the outlet of Bahar's anger.[39] In November 2020, Bahar was charged for the crime.[40] During the investigation, Bahar refused to provide information to the police and preferred to go to trial concerning the case. Bahar's lawyer stated that Bahar and the driver had made an out-of-court settlement, and the victim had retracted their police report.[41]

Hate speech

On 7 December 2021, Bahar, along with another Islamic scholar Eggi Sudjana was reported to the police by Husin Shahab, secretary-general of the Eradication Committee of Law Mafia (KPMH), for their hate speech.[42] Bahar threatens to report back Husin by alleging him for spreading hoaxes.[43] The vice secretary-general of 212 Alumni Brotherhood (PA 212), Novel Bamukmin also mentions other names that must be processed: Dudung Abdurachman, Sukmawati Soekarnoputri, Muwafiq, Ade Armando, Guntur Romli, Abu Janda, Viktor Laiskodat, and Habib Kribo.[44]

In response to the reporting of Bahar, residents of Surabaya protested and pressured the head of Indonesian National Police to capture Bahar.[45]

References

  1. ^ Official (30 November 2017). "Maulidurrasul & Milad Nurussalam" [Maulidurrasul & Nurussalam Birthday]. Pondok Pesantren Modern Nurussalam official website (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 19 April 2018. Retrieved 21 April 2018.
  2. ^ "Asal dan Garis Keturunan Habib Bahar bin Smith, Ternyata Masuk Golongan Kecil Keturunan Rasulullah" [Origin and Generational Line of Habib Bahar bin Smith, Actually Included into Small Group of Descendants of Rasulullah] (in Indonesian) Suara.com NEWS / NATIONAL.
  3. ^ a b c Official (29 July 2012). "Polisi Catat Bahar Pernah Terlibat Kasus Kekerasan Lainnya" [Police Record Habib Bahar HasInvolved in Other Violence Cases]. Detik.com (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 19 April 2018. Retrieved 19 April 2018.
  4. ^ a b Arianto, Nanda (5 October 2017). "Provokasi dan Aksi Kekerasan melalui Ceramah Agama Ala Habib Bahar bin Ali bin Smith" [Provocation and Action of Violence through Religious Lecture Ala Habib Bahar bin Ali bin Smith]. Kumparan.com (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 19 April 2018. Retrieved 19 April 2018.
  5. ^ a b c Ajis; Kosasih (31 January 2018). "Habib Bahar Ali bin Smith Meriahkan Maulid Nabi Muhammad SAW di Desa Panunggangan Barat" [Habib Bahar Ali bin Smith Liven up Mawlid of the Prophet in the Village of West Panunggangan]. PelitaBanten.com (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 19 April 2018. Retrieved 19 April 2018.
  6. ^ a b K., Alhafiz (8 January 2018). "Banser Tangsel Bantu Habib Bahar yang Sakit Naik Panggung" [Banser of South Tangerang Help Habib Bahar who Sick to Going Up the Stage]. NU Online (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 19 April 2018. Retrieved 19 April 2018.
  7. ^ Profil 2 Istri Habib Bahar bin Smith: Istri Pertama Diklaim Keturunan Nabi Muhammad. Suara.com
  8. ^ a b c d Bilal (29 July 2012). "Pimpinan Majelis Pembela Rasulullah Habib Bahar: Mereka Yang Berbuat Maksiat Harus Ditindak" [The Leader of the Prophet’s Defender Council, Habib Bahar: Those Who Do The Disobedience Must be Dealt With]. Arrahmah.com (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Ar Rahmah Media Network. Archived from the original on 19 April 2018. Retrieved 19 April 2018.
  9. ^ a b c d Marhaenjati, Bayu; Pawas, Zaky (30 July 2012). "Indonesia's Hard-Line Muslims Raid South Jakarta Bar, Go to Jail". Jakarta Globe. Archived from the original on 20 April 2018. Retrieved 20 April 2018.
  10. ^ a b Arsil, Sabrina (30 July 2012). "Sering Terlibat Aksi Anarki, Habib Bahar Terancam Hukuman Berat" [Often Involved in Anarchy Action, Habib Bahar Threatened with Heavy Punishment]. Kompas.com (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 19 April 2018. Retrieved 20 April 2018.
  11. ^ Ningsih, Ayu (24 May 2016). "Ponpes Minta Keberadaan THM di Kabupaten Bogor Segera Ditutup" [Pesantren Ask For The Existence of Night Entertainment Place in Bogor Regency Soon Closed]. Pojok Bogor (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 20 April 2018. Retrieved 20 April 2018.
  12. ^ Syechbubakr, Ahmad Syarif (14 December 2017). "Meet the Habibs: the Yemen connection in Jakarta politics". Indonesia at Melbourne. Archived from the original on 22 January 2018. Retrieved 20 April 2018.
  13. ^ Friana, Hendra (2 December 2017). "Habib Mustofa: 2019, Insya Allah Kita Rebut Kemenangan Umat Islam" [Habib Mustofa: 2019, Insha Allah We Seize the Victory of Muslims]. Tirto.id (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 19 April 2018. Retrieved 19 April 2018.
  14. ^ Indrawan, Aditya Fajar (2 December 2017). "Selawat dan Lagu Indonesia Raya Akhiri Reuni Alumni 212 di Monas" [Sholawat and Indonesia Raya Song Ended 212 Alumni Reunion in Monas]. Detik.com (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 19 April 2018. Retrieved 19 April 2018.
  15. ^ Official (8 January 2018). "Banser NU Tangsel Kawal Ceramah Habib Bahar Bin Smith Jadi Viral" [Banser NU of Tangerang Selatan Escort the Lecture of Habib Bahar Bin Smith Being Viral]. KabarTangsel.com (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 19 April 2018. Retrieved 21 April 2018.
  16. ^ Official (29 July 2012). "Habib Bahar Dalang Pengrusakan Kafe" [Habib Bahar Mastermind of Cafe Destruction]. Liputan 6 (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 19 April 2018. Retrieved 21 April 2018.
  17. ^ a b Sari, Henny Rachma (30 July 2012). "Sweeping Kafe, Habib Bahar Cs Tak Bisa Lebaran di Rumah" [Sweeping Cafe, Habib Bahar Cs Cannot Lebaran at Home]. Merdeka.com (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 19 April 2018. Retrieved 21 April 2018.
  18. ^ a b c Mardani (31 July 2012). "Kisah Habib Bahar Buat Pedang untuk Sweeping" [Chronicle of Habib Bahar Making Swords for Sweeping]. Merdeka.com (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 19 April 2018. Retrieved 21 April 2018.
  19. ^ a b Ahmad, Miladi (30 July 2012). "Anak-Anak Dilibatkan Sweeping" [Children Involved Sweeping]. Jawa Pos National Network (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Jawa Pos Group Multimedia. Archived from the original on 20 April 2018. Retrieved 21 April 2018.
  20. ^ Hutami, Roro Putri (29 July 2012). "Habib Bahar Menyesal Tak Melapor ke Polisi" [Habib Bahar Regret Not Reporting to the Police]. SindoNews.com (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 19 April 2018. Retrieved 21 April 2018.
  21. ^ Sari, Henny Rachma (30 July 2012). "Polisi: Kafe D'Moz Melanggar Karena Jual Miras" [Police: Cafe D'Moz Violates Because Sell Liquor]. Merdeka.com (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 21 April 2018. Retrieved 21 April 2018.
  22. ^ Sari, Henny Rachma (29 July 2012). "Habib Bahar Pernah Terlibat Sweeping Jemaah Ahmadiyah" [Habib Bahar Once Involved inSweeping of Ahmadiyya Congregation]. Merdeka.com (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 19 April 2018. Retrieved 21 April 2018.
  23. ^ Budiman, Aditya (30 July 2012). "Tersangka Sweeping De Most Pernah Serang Ahmadiyah" [Suspect Case of Sweeping De Most Also Ever Attack Ahmadiyya]. Tempo.co (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 21 April 2018. Retrieved 21 April 2018.
  24. ^ Felisiani, Theresia (29 July 2012). "Habib Bahar Juga Terlibat Kasus Mbah Priok" [Habib Bahar Also Involved Mbah Priok Case]. TribunNews.com (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 20 April 2018. Retrieved 21 April 2018.
  25. ^ Vebrianto, Widian (10 October 2017). "PP Bamusi Suruh Habib Smith Belajar Tabayyun" [PP Bamusi Ordered Habib Smith to Study Tabayyun]. Rakyat Merdeka Online (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 19 April 2018. Retrieved 21 April 2018.
  26. ^ Elvan Dany Sutrisno (29 November 2018). "Ini Transkrip Habib Bahar bin Smith Sebut Jokowi Kayaknya Banci" [This is the Transcript of Habib Bahar bin Smith Said Jokowi is Likely Transgender]. Detik.com (in Indonesian). Trans Media.
  27. ^ "Habib Bahar Smith Dipolisikan soal Video 'Jokowi Banci'" [Habib Bahar is Reported to Police for "Jokowi Transgender" Video]. CNN Indonesia (in Indonesian). Trans Media. 28 November 2018.
  28. ^ Dony Indra Ramadhan (17 December 2018). "Polda Jabar Panggil Habib Bahar soal Dugaan Penganiayaan Anak". Detik.com (in Indonesian). Trans Media.
  29. ^ Ramadhan, Dony Indra. "Didakwa Aniaya Anak hingga Luka Berat, Habib Bahar Ajukan Eksepsi". detiknews (in Indonesian). Retrieved 7 December 2020.
  30. ^ Dony Indra Ramadhan. "Visum 2 Remaja Korban Penganiayaan Habib Bahar: Bengkak di Otak". detiknews (in Indonesian). Retrieved 7 December 2020.
  31. ^ Ramadhan, Dony Indra. "Habib Bahar Libatkan 15 Santri Saat Hajar 2 Remaja" [Habib Bahar Causes the Involvement of 15 Santris While Punishing 2 Youths]. detiknews (in Indonesian). Retrieved 7 December 2020.
  32. ^ Dony Indra Ramadhan (18 December 2018). "Habib Bahar Ditahan Polda Jabar". Detik.com (in Indonesian). Trans Media.
  33. ^ Dony Indra Ramadhan (18 December 2018). "Aniaya 2 Remaja, Habib Bahar Berdalih Latihan Bela Diri" [Persecuting 2 Youths, Habib Bahar Excuses Practicing Self-Defense]. Detik.com (in Indonesian). Trans Media.
  34. ^ Jabbar Ramdhani (19 December 2018). "Habib Bahar Ditahan, Fadli Zon: Bukti Kriminalisasi Ulama". Detik.com (in Indonesian). Trans Media.
  35. ^ "Bahar bin Smith divonis tiga tahun penjara, terbukti melakukan penganiayaan" [Bahar bin Smith sentenced to three-year imprisonment, found of persecution] (in Indonesian). BBC Indonesia. 9 July 2019.
  36. ^ fadhilah (17 May 2020). "Bahar bin Smith Bebas karena Asimilasi, Begini Kata Kalapas Cibinong". kompas.tv (in Indonesian). Kompas.
  37. ^ "Baru Bebas, Bahar bin Smith Kembali Dijemput Masuk Tahanan" (in Indonesian). CNN Indonesia. 19 May 2020.
  38. ^ "Pengacara Sebut Bahar bin Smith Ditangkap karena Menyinggung Penguasa" [Presenter Mentions Bahar bin Smith Caught upon Offending Authority] (in Indonesian). Kompas. 19 May 2020.
  39. ^ Ramadhan, Dony Indra. "Ini Pemicu Habib Bahar Aniaya Sopir Taksi Online hingga Jadi Tersangka". detiknews (in Indonesian). Retrieved 7 December 2020.
  40. ^ Media, Kompas Cyber. "Polisi Akan Periksa Bahar bin Smith sebagai Tersangka". KOMPAS.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 8 December 2020.
  41. ^ Liputan6.com (24 November 2020). "Menolak Diperiksa, Polisi Limpahkan Berkas Bahar Smith ke Kejaksaan" [Declining Investigation, Police Heap Up Files of Bahar Smith to Trial]. liputan6.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 8 December 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  42. ^ "Terungkap, Ini Alasan Bahar bin Smith dan Eggi Sudjana Dilaporkan ke Polisi". Liputan 6. 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  43. ^ "Habib Bahar Melawan, Bakal Melaporkan Balik Husin Shihab". JPNN.com. 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  44. ^ "Habib Bahar Dipolisikan, Novel Bamukmin Sebut Nama-Nama yang Harus Diproses juga" [Habib Bahar Policed, Novel Bamukmin Mentions Names that Must be Processed as well]. Suara.com. 21 December 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
  45. ^ "Arek Suroboyo Bergerak, Turun ke Jalan, Tuntut Kapolri Tangkap Habib Bahar bin Smith" [Arek Suroboyo move, Descend to the Street, Demanding Kapolri Capture Habib Bahar bin Smith]. tvOneNews.com. 22 December 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
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