Tat Khalsa

Tat Khalsa
ਤੱਤ ਖ਼ਾਲਸਾ
	Illustration titled 'Guru Govind Singh’s armed disciples, the early soldiers of the Khalsa' from The Sikhs (1904) by John James Hood Gordon
Founder
	Guru Gobind Singh (legendary); Mata Sundari, Binod Singh, and Kahn Singh (historical)
Regions with significant populations
	Punjab
Religions
	Sikhism
Scriptures
	Guru Granth Sahib • Dasam Granth • Sarbloh Granth
Languages
	Punjabi • Khalsa bole

The Tat Khalsa^[1] (Gurmukhi: ਤੱਤ ਖ਼ਾਲਸਾ, romanized: Tata khālasā, lit. 'true Khalsa'), also romanised as Tatt Khalsa, known as the Akal Purkhias during the 18th century,^[2] was a Sikh faction that arose from the schism following the passing of Guru Gobind Singh in 1708, led by his widow Mata Sundari, opposed to the religious innovations of Banda Singh Bahadur and his followers.^[1]^[3] The roots of the Tat Khalsa lies in the official formalization and sanctification of the Khalsa order by the tenth Guru in 1699.^[4]

History

Origin

Banda Bahadur, in the flush of an initial string of victories against the Mughal governor of Sirhind, made changes to the Khalsa tradition that were opposed by the orthodox Khalsa as heretical.^[1] These included requiring his followers to be vegetarian,^[3] replacing the traditional Khalsa garment color of blue with red garments, replacing the traditional Khalsa salute of "Waheguru Ji ka Khalsa, Waheguru Ji ki Fateh" with the salute "Fateh Darshan, Fateh Dharam" and most controversial to the Sikhs, allowing his followers to treat him as a guru,^[1] in direct contradiction to the precept of Guru Maneyo Granth laid out by Guru Gobind Singh before his passing. After the last defensive battle against the Mughal Army, many prominent Sikh veterans, including Binod Singh and his son Kahn Singh, along with much of the Khalsa, parted ways with Banda Singh;^[1] the Sikhs loyal to Guru Gobind Singh were referred to as the Tatt Khalsa (tatt meaning "ready,"^[1] "pure," or "true,"^[3]); those who accepted the changes were called Bandai Sikhs or Bandai Khalsa.^[3] The schism persisted after Banda Singh's torture and execution at Delhi in 1716.^[1]

After the assassination of the Mughal emperor Farrukh Siyar in 1719, Sikh persecution lessened enough to allow for occasional general meetings at Amritsar, where the Bandai faction demanded 50% of the income from donations and offerings at the Darbar Sahib, which the Tatt Khalsa refused as baseless.^[1] Mata Sundari, in Delhi upon hearing of the rising tensions, dispatched Bhai Mani Singh with six other Sikhs to manage the Darbar Sahib, with the instruction that the entire income of the gurdwara go to Guru ka Langar. On Vaisakhi 1721, the Bandai faction fortified their camp in preparation for conflict, though both factions agreed to mediation offered by Mani Singh, agreeing to the determination of the site: Two slips of paper, each with one of the factions' salutes written on them, were dropped in the sarovar, or pool surrounding the gurdwara; the traditional Khalsa salute surfaced first, and many Bandais immediately bowed and came to the Khalsa side, though some objected to the validity of the mediation.^[1] A wrestling match in front of the Akal Takht between representatives of each faction was then agreed to, with Tatt Khalsa represented by Miri Singh, son of the Khalsa leader Kahn Singh, and Sangat Singh, the son of the Bandai leader Lahaura Singh.^[1] After Miri Singh's victory, and that of the Tatt Khalsa, the bulk of remaining Bandais joined the Khalsa side, and the few remaining holdouts were driven away, ending the schism.^[1]

Singh Sabha

Later, the name would be used by the dominant Singh Sabha faction in Lahore founded in 1879 to rival the Amritsar Singh Sabha.^[1] The name was used to connote Sikhs with full readiness and commitment to action on behalf of the Sikh community, in contrast to ḍhillaṛ, or "indolent, passive, ineffectual" Sikhs.^[1]

The leader of the Tat Khalsa Singh Sabha was Gurmukh Singh, a professor at the Oriental College of Lahore. He contacted Kahn Singh Nabha, a notable scholar, who wrote Mahan Kosh (encyclopedia of Sikhism) and Ham Hindu Nahin (We are not Hindus). Bhai Gurmukh Singh and Kahn Singh Nabha later mentored Max Arthur Macauliffe, a divisional judge, to undertake the translation of Granth Sahib (finished in 1909).

Khalistan movement

Avtar Singh Brahma founded a Khalistani militant outfit named Tat Khalsa in the 1980s.^[5]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m Singh, Sudarshan (1997). Siṅgh, Harbans (ed.). Tatt Ḵẖālsā (3rd ed.). Patiala, Punjab, India: Punjab University, Patiala, 2011. pp. 326–327. ISBN 9788173803499.
^ Grewal, J. S. (2019). Guru Gobind Singh (1666-1708) : master of the white hawk (1st ed.). New Delhi, India. ISBN 978-0-19-949494-1. OCLC 1121651952.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. (2009). Britannica Guide to India. Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. p. 187. ISBN 978-1-59339-847-7.
^ Fenech, Louis E. (2021). "Notes". The Cherished Five in Sikh History. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 194. ISBN 978-0-19-753287-4. OCLC 1157751641. 88. The use of the words Tat Khalsa can often be problematic for historians of the Sikhs, as, at times, it is as amorphous a signifier as Hinduism or Sikhism. The tradition of the Tat Khalsa encompasses many ways of being Sikh, including not only discursivity, that is to say, the Sikh emphasis on written and spoken texts, but also a whole host of rituals, gestures, materials, and imaginaries. What sets the category apart from simply Sikhism is the fact that at the centre of all Tat Khalsa imaginaries and imaginings is the Khalsa, although even the story of its formation is subject to some minor contestations and discrepancies, particularly in regard to the creation of the Cherished Five. There were, as we know by now, many satellite branches of the Tat Khalsa (which is also known as the Lahore Singh Sabha), some of which contributed their own particular nuances to the Tat Khalsa narrative of the triumphant Khalsa and Sikh tradition and ideology.
^ Chima, Jugdep S. (11 March 2010). The Sikh Separatist Insurgency in India: Political Leadership and Ethnonationalist Movements. SAGE Publishing India. ISBN 978-93-5150-953-0.

Literature

Oberoi, Harjot, The Construction of Religious Boundaries. Culture, Identity and Diversity in the Sikh Tradition, New Delhi 1994.

External links

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[tatt-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m Singh, Sudarshan (1997). Siṅgh, Harbans (ed.). Tatt Ḵẖālsā (3rd ed.). Patiala, Punjab, India: Punjab University, Patiala, 2011. pp. 326–327. ISBN 9788173803499.

[2] Grewal, J. S. (2019). Guru Gobind Singh (1666-1708) : master of the white hawk (1st ed.). New Delhi, India. ISBN 978-0-19-949494-1. OCLC 1121651952.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

[brit-3] Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. (2009). Britannica Guide to India. Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. p. 187. ISBN 978-1-59339-847-7.

[4] Fenech, Louis E. (2021). "Notes". The Cherished Five in Sikh History. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 194. ISBN 978-0-19-753287-4. OCLC 1157751641. 88. The use of the words Tat Khalsa can often be problematic for historians of the Sikhs, as, at times, it is as amorphous a signifier as Hinduism or Sikhism. The tradition of the Tat Khalsa encompasses many ways of being Sikh, including not only discursivity, that is to say, the Sikh emphasis on written and spoken texts, but also a whole host of rituals, gestures, materials, and imaginaries. What sets the category apart from simply Sikhism is the fact that at the centre of all Tat Khalsa imaginaries and imaginings is the Khalsa, although even the story of its formation is subject to some minor contestations and discrepancies, particularly in regard to the creation of the Cherished Five. There were, as we know by now, many satellite branches of the Tat Khalsa (which is also known as the Lahore Singh Sabha), some of which contributed their own particular nuances to the Tat Khalsa narrative of the triumphant Khalsa and Sikh tradition and ideology.

[5] Chima, Jugdep S. (11 March 2010). The Sikh Separatist Insurgency in India: Political Leadership and Ethnonationalist Movements. SAGE Publishing India. ISBN 978-93-5150-953-0.

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