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Frederick I of Denmark

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Frederick I
Portrait of Frederick attributed to Jacob Binck, 1539. No portraits of the King painted during his lifetime are known.[1]
King of Denmark
(more...)
Reign1523[2] – 10 April 1533
Coronation7 August 1524
Copenhagen Cathedral
PredecessorChristian II
SuccessorChristian III
King of Norway
Reign1524 – 10 April 1533
PredecessorChristian II
SuccessorChristian III
Duke of Schleswig-Holstein
Reign1482 – 10 April 1533
PredecessorChristian II
SuccessorChristian III
Co-dukeJohn (until 1490)
Born7 October 1471
Haderslevhus
Died10 April 1533(1533-04-10) (aged 61)
Gottorf Castle
Burial
Schleswig Cathedral
Spouses
​
​
(m. 1502; died 1514)​

​
(m. 1518)​
Issue
among others...		Christian III of Denmark
Dorothea, Duchess of Prussia
John II, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Haderslev
Elizabeth, Duchess of Mecklenburg
Adolf, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp
Dorothea, Duchess of Mecklenburg
Frederick, Bishop of Hildesheim and Schleswig
HouseOldenburg
FatherChristian I of Denmark
MotherDorothea of Brandenburg
ReligionCatholicism

Frederick I (Danish and Norwegian: Frederik; German: Friedrich; Swedish: Fredrik; 7 October 1471 – 10 April 1533) was King of Denmark and Norway. He was the last Catholic monarch to reign over Denmark and Norway, when subsequent monarchs embraced Lutheranism after the Protestant Reformation. As king of Norway, Frederick is most remarkable in never having visited the country and was never crowned as such. Therefore, he was styled King of Denmark, the Vends and the Goths, elected King of Norway. Frederick's reign began the enduring tradition of calling kings of Denmark alternatively by the names Christian and Frederick.[3][4]

Background

Frederick was the younger son of the first Oldenburg King Christian I of Denmark, Norway and Sweden (1426–81) and of Dorothea of Brandenburg (1430–95). Soon after the death of his father, the underage Frederick was elected co-Duke of Schleswig and Holstein in 1482, the other co-duke being his elder brother, King John of Denmark. In 1490 at Frederick's majority, both duchies were divided between the brothers.[5]

In 1500, he had convinced his brother King John to conquer Dithmarschen. A great army was called from not only the duchies, but with additions from all of the Kalmar Union for which his brother briefly was king. In addition, numerous German mercenaries took part. The expedition failed miserably, however, in the Battle of Hemmingstedt, where one-third of all knights of Schleswig and Holstein lost their lives.[6]

Reign

When his brother, King John died, a group of Jutish nobles had offered Frederick the throne as early as 1513, but he had declined, rightly believing that the majority of the Danish nobility would be loyal to his nephew Christian II. In 1523, Christian was forced by disloyal nobles to abdicate as king of Denmark and Norway, and Frederick took the throne of Denmark in 1523 and was elected king of Norway in 1524. It is not certain that Frederick ever learned to speak Danish. After becoming king, he continued spending most of his time at Gottorp, a castle and estate in the city of Schleswig.[7]

In 1524 and 1525, Frederick had to suppress revolts among the peasants in Agder, Jutland and Scania who demanded the restoration of Christian II. The high point of the rebellion came in 1525 when Søren Norby, the governor (statholder) of Gotland, invaded Blekinge in an attempt to restore Christian II to power. He raised 8000 men who besieged Kärnan (Helsingborgs slott), a castle in Helsingborg. Frederick's general, Johann Rantzau, moved his army to Scania and defeated the peasants soundly in April and May 1525.[8]

Gold coin or medal of Frederick I. Shows him together with Sophia on the obverse, and coat of arms on the reverse.
Sophie of Pomerania

Frederick I of Denmark played a central role in the spread of Lutheran teachings throughout Denmark. Despite his coronation charter, which made him the solemn protector (værner) of the Catholic Church in Denmark, he introduced real religious freedom for Lutherans. For example, he appointed Hans Tausen, whose strongly Lutheran sermons caused a stir, as his chaplain. Since at this time Christian II from the Netherlands also tried to promote the strong religious ferment by translating the New Testament and in other ways, Frederik had to take care of the Reformation for that reason alone.

The king let his son, Christian, marry a German prince's daughter, Dorothea of Saxe-Lauenburg, who was a Lutheran, and he allowed the son, as Duke of Haderslev and Tønning Len, to introduce a Lutheran church system from 1525, which - despite setbacks - in the course of three years led to the establishment of the first Lutheran princely church in the Nordics. In 1526, the king married his daughter Dorothea to Duke Albrecht of Prussia, who had been Grand Master of the Teutonic Order, but had converted to Lutheranism and become a duke. The king further showed his Lutheran sympathies by breaking the Friday fast, and he was followed by several nobles, such as Mogens Gøye.

In the duchies, the king, supported by his Lutheran-minded councilors, had already at the country days in Rendsborg in 1525 and Kiel in 1526 secured the preaching of the gospel, without "fables" being preached, in return for tithes and similar benefits being secured for the clergy. He held a similar position in Denmark. Well, in his handshake he had to commit himself not to present any heretics, Luther's disciples or others, to preach or teach and to punish them with life and property. But still he issued royal letters of protection, by which it was allowed "to preach the Word of God and the Gospel", and by which the preachers escaped the jurisdiction of the prelates. He forcefully asserted at the Lord's Days in Odense 1526 and 1527 a kind of freedom of belief, demanding that the prelates must first provide evidence that the preachers' preaching of "God's Word and Gospel" was heretical, and asserting that as king he did not was set to judge the souls, as little as he could force someone to be in a monastery: "whoever wanted to either marry or run away from the monastery, had to do it at his own risk"When, also with the help of the nobility, he obtained supremacy (supremacy) in the affairs of the church by stipulating that confirmations of the bishoprics should not be sought in Rome, but with the king himself, and when, with the help of the bourgeoisie, on Lord's Day in Copenhagen 1530, without success the prelates to provide evidence for the heretical teachings of the free priests, had a legal provision been passed on the freer preaching of the word under responsibility to the king, he had by his clever behavior obtained the preaching of the free doctrine a fairly free and undisputed position; on the other hand, the prelates received security for the payment of the tithe.

During his reign, Frederick was skillful enough to prevent all-out warfare between Catholics and Protestants. In 1532, he succeeded in capturing Christian II who had tried to invade Norway, and to make himself king of the country. Frederick died on 10 April 1533 in Gottorp, at the age of 61, and was buried in Schleswig Cathedral. Upon Frederick's death, tensions between Catholics and Protestants rose to a fever pitch which would result in the Count's Feud (Grevens Fejde).

Family and children

On 10 April 1502, Frederick married Anna of Brandenburg (1487–1514), the daughter of John Cicero, Elector of Brandenburg and Margaret of Thuringia. The couple had two children:

  1. Christian III, King of Denmark and Norway (12 August 1503 – 1 January 1559)[9]
  2. Dorothea of Denmark (1 August 1504 – 11 April 1547),[10] married 1 July 1526 to Albert, Duke of Prussia.

Frederick's wife Anna died on 5 May 1514, 26 years old. Four years later on 9 October 1518 at Kiel, Frederick married Sophie of Pomerania (20 years old; 1498–1568), a daughter of Bogislaw "the Great", Duke of Pomerania. Sophie and Frederick had six children:

  1. John II of Denmark, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Haderslev (28 June 1521 – 2 October 1580)[11]
  2. Elizabeth of Denmark (14 October 1524 – 15 October 1586),[12] married:
    1. on 26 August 1543 to Magnus III of Mecklenburg-Schwerin.
    2. on 14 February 1556 to Ulrich III, Duke of Mecklenburg-Güstrow.
  3. Adolf of Denmark, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp (25 January 1526 – 1 October 1586)[13]
  4. Anna of Denmark (1527 – 4 June 1535)
  5. Dorothea of Denmark (1528 – 11 November 1575),[14] married on 27 October 1573 to Christopher, Duke of Mecklenburg-Gadebusch.
  6. Frederick of Denmark (13 April 1532 – 27 October 1556), Prince-Bishop of Hildesheim and Bishop of Schleswig.

Ancestors


References

Citations

  1. ^ Kolstrup, Inger-Lise. "Jacob Binck". Den Store Danske Encyklopædi. Retrieved 29 April 2021.
  2. ^ Frederick was provisionally declared king on 26 March 1523, which was confirmed at Roskilde on 5 August. After a siege that began on 10 June 1523, Copenhagen surrendered to [his forces on 6 January 1524, see https://danmarkshistorien.dk/vis/materiale/christian-2-1481-1559/ Christian 2., 1481-1559, regent 1513-1523"], danmarkshistorien.dk.
  3. ^ Frederik 1 (in Danish), DK: Gravsted.
  4. ^ Frederik 1 – utdypning (Store norske leksikon)
  5. ^ "Frederik I, Konge i Danmark og Norge", Salmonsens konversationsleksikon (in Danish), Runeberg.
  6. ^ "Ditmarsken (Dithmarschen, "de tyske Marsklande")". Salmonsens konversationsleksikon. Retrieved August 15, 2016.
  7. ^ "Kong Hans". Diplomatarium Norvegicum. Retrieved August 15, 2016.
  8. ^ "Frederik I, 1471–1533", Konge (Dansk biografisk Lexikon), Runeberg.
  9. ^ "Christian 3". gravsted.dk. Retrieved August 15, 2016.
  10. ^ "Dorothea, Hertuginde af Preussen, 1504–47". Dansk biografisk Lexikon. Retrieved August 15, 2016.
  11. ^ "Hertug Hans den ældre i Haderslev" (PDF). Historisk Tidsskrift. Retrieved August 15, 2016.
  12. ^ "Elisabeth, 1524–86, Hertuginde af Meklenborg". Dansk biografisk Lexikon. Retrieved August 15, 2016.
  13. ^ "Adolf, Herzog von Schleswig-Holstein". Adolf I. (Herzog von Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorf). Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie. Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie. 1875. p. 111. Retrieved August 15, 2016.
  14. ^ "Dorothea, Hertuginde af Meklenborg, 1528–75". Dansk biografisk Lexikon. Retrieved August 15, 2016.

Bibliography

  • Scocozza, Benito (1997). "Frederik 1.". Politikens bog om danske monarker [Politiken's book about Danish monarchs] (in Danish). Copenhagen: Politikens Forlag. pp. 111–113. ISBN 87-567-5772-7.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Frederick I of Denmark.
Frederick I
Born: 7 October 1471 Died: 10 April 1533
Regnal titles
Preceded by King of Denmark
1523–1533 		Succeeded by
King of Norway
1524–1533
Preceded by Duke of Holstein and Schleswig
1490–1533
with John I (1490–1513)
Christian II (1513–1523)
Christian III (1523–1533)
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