Jump to content

Jeep Renegade

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is the current revision of this page, as edited by 193.207.135.184 (talk) at 09:30, 22 November 2024. The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.

(diff) ← Previous revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)
Jeep Renegade
Overview
ManufacturerJeep[a]
Production2014–present
Model years2015–2023 (US & Canada)
2015–present (Mexico)
Assembly
DesignerJeremy Glover and Ian Hedge[4]
Body and chassis
ClassSubcompact crossover SUV (B)[1]
Body style5-door SUV
LayoutFront-engine, front-wheel drive or all-wheel drive
PlatformFCA Small Wide 4×4[5]
Related
Powertrain
Engine
Electric motor45 kW (60 hp; 61 PS) FCA eMotor (4xe)
Transmission
  • 5-speed FPT C510 Manual
  • 6-speed FPT C630 Manual (1.0)
  • 6-speed FPT C635 Manual
  • 6-speed FPT C635 Dual-Clutch Automatic
  • 6-speed Aisin TF-60SN Torque Converter Automatic (4xe)
  • 7-speed FPT C725 Dual-Clutch Automatic
  • 9-speed ZF 948TE Torque Converter Automatic[1]
Hybrid drivetrainPHEV (4xe)
Battery11.4 kWh 400-volt Li-ion pack
Dimensions
Wheelbase101.2 in (2,570 mm)
Length166.6 in (4,230 mm)
Width71.1 in (1,810 mm)
Height66.5 in (1,690 mm)
Curb weight3,078–3,549 lb (1,396–1,610 kg)

The Jeep Renegade is a subcompact crossover SUV produced by Stellantis under their Jeep marque.[7] It was first shown to the public in March 2014 at the Geneva Motor Show and production started in late August of that year. The Renegade was the smallest vehicle currently marketed by Jeep, until the arrival of the Avenger. It slots between the Avenger and the Compass. It is based on the FCA Small Wide 4×4 platform which is also shared with other FCA models, including from Fiat and Alfa Romeo brands.

The Renegade came standard with front-wheel drive, with optional four-wheel drive systems Active Drive I and Active Drive Low, both of which are paired with Jeep's Selec-Terrain System.

Overview

[edit]
Jeep Renegade 1.6 MultiJet (Germany)

The Renegade is the first Jeep product to be produced exclusively outside of North America and has been sold in the North American, European, Brazilian, South African, Australian, Japanese and Chinese markets. The vehicle is built in Melfi, Italy with the designation BU/520, alongside the related Fiat 500X; Goiana, Brazil[2] with the designation B1 (alongside Jeep Compass and Fiat Toro[8]); and in Guangzhou, China codenamed BQ.

Standard Renegade models come with front-wheel drive, with four-wheel drive available on Sport, Latitude and Limited trims.[9] In the US, the lineup consists of Sport, Latitude and Limited trims, all of which come with a choice of front- and four-wheel drive, as well as the Trailhawk trim, which is 4WD only.

The Renegade has an available My Sky dual-panel removable roof. The My Sky can be either retracted like a standard sunroof or removed completely for a more open-air experience, similar to that of the Jeep Wrangler.

Trim levels

[edit]

In North America, the Renegade is sold in Sport, Latitude, Altitude, Limited and Trailhawk trim levels:

Sport

[edit]

The base Sport model includes a 1.4L MultiAir Turbocharged Inline Four-Cylinder (I4) engine or a 2.4L multiair inline 4 engine, a six-speed manual transmission or 9 speed automatic transmission, sixteen-inch, black-finished steel wheels, a black-finished front grille, black side mirrors and door handles, the Uconnect 3.0 AM/FM stereo w/ USB, iPod, and 3.5-millimeter auxiliary audio input jacks and four speakers, a heater, dual air conditioning, cloth seating surfaces, a 3.5-inch monochromatic instrument cluster display screen, remote keyless entry with power door locks, and more. The Power and Air Group adds air conditioning and power windows. The Sound Group adds the Uconnect 5.0BT AM/FM stereo with USB, iPod, and 3.5-millimeter auxiliary audio input jacks with five-inch color touch-screen display, voice command, Uconnect hands-free Bluetooth phone and stereo wireless audio streaming, and six speakers.

Latitude

[edit]

The mid-level Latitude model includes the Sport's standard equipment, plus seventeen-inch black-accented alloy wheels, exterior-colored side mirrors and door handles, the Uconnect 5.0BT AM/FM stereo w/ USB, iPod, and 3.5-millimeter auxiliary audio input jacks with five-inch color touch-screen display, voice command, Uconnect hands-free Bluetooth phone and stereo wireless audio streaming and six speakers, power windows, air conditioning, and more. The MySky removable "sunroof" roof panels, both manually-removable or power-retractable, are available on this model and higher-end models. In Europe, this is called Longitude.

Limited

[edit]

The top-of-the-line Limited model includes the Latitude's standard equipment, plus the 2.4L TigerShark Inline Four-Cylinder (I4) engine, a nine-speed automatic transmission, leather seating surfaces, a silver-finished front grille, chrome side mirrors and door handles, and more. The MySky removable "sunroof" panels, both manually-removable or power-retractable, are available on this model, the Latitude model, and higher-end models.

Trailhawk

[edit]

The off-road-ready Trailhawk model includes the Latitude's standard equipment, plus the 2.4L TigerShark Inline Four-Cylinder (I4) engine (2.0L Multijet II only for Europe), a nine-speed automatic transmission, red-finished front tow hooks, off-road suspension with underbody skid plates, a rugged interior, and more. The MySky removable "sunroof" panels, both manually-removable or power-retractable, are available on this model, the Latitude model, and higher-end models.

TrailHawk models are "Trail Rated" and feature Jeep's Active Drive Low four-wheel drive system and a 20 mm (0.79 in) lift kit. It also features 17 in (430 mm) aluminum wheels, skid plates, and unique front and rear fascias compared to standard Renegade models. Like the Jeep Cherokee Trailhawk, the Renegade Trailhawk features red front and rear tow hooks, a red 'Trail Rated 4X4' badge on both front upper fenders, a black vinyl decal in the center of the hood, and alloy wheels with black-painted accents. The Trailhawk model emphasizes the Renegade's off-road capabilities, and is meant for the avid off-roader.

The Jeep Selec-terrain traction control feature lets you choose any of the following modes in the 4X4 TrailHawk version: Auto, Snow, Sand, Mud or Rock.[10][11]

Optional features

[edit]

All models other than the base Sport model offer optional features such as passive entry with push-button start, a remote start system, the Uconnect 6.5AN stereo with AM/FM HD Radio, iPod/USB and 3.5-millimeter auxiliary audio input jacks, SIRIUS-XM Satellite Radio, voice command, Uconnect ACCESS and Apps with hands-free Bluetooth phone and stereo wireless audio streaming, GPS navigation by Garmin, a 6.5-inch touch-screen display, and steering wheel-mounted remote controls, nine premium amplified speakers with a subwoofer, power front bucket seats, the MySky retractable roof panel system (manually-removable or power-retractable), heated dual front bucket seats, and more.

Powertrain

[edit]

All Renegade models are powered by 3 or 4-cylinder engines, sourced both from Fiat and Chrysler depending on market.

Engine Power Transmission Year Regions
FCA 1.0 L I3 GSE MultiAir3 Turbo 88 kW (118 hp; 120 PS) 6-speed Fiat C630 manual 2018–Present Europe
FCA 1.3 L I4 GSE MultiAir3 Turbo 110 kW (148 hp; 150 PS) 6-speed Fiat C635 DDCT dual clutch 2018–Present Europe, Japan
132 kW (177 hp; 179 PS) 9-speed Chrysler 948TE automatic Europe, North America, Japan, Brazil
FCA 1.3 L I4 GSE MultiAir3 Turbo + FCA eMotor PHEV 95.6 kW (128 hp; 130 PS) (Engine)
45 kW (60 hp; 61 PS) (Electric Motor)
139.7 kW (187 hp; 190 PS) (Combined)
6-speed Aisin TF-60SN automatic 2021–Present Europe, Japan
132.4 kW (178 hp; 180 PS) (Engine)
45 kW (60 hp; 61 PS) (Electric Motor)
176.5 kW (237 hp; 240 PS) (Combined)
6-speed Aisin TF-60SN automatic
Fiat 1.4 L I4 FIRE MultiAir2 Turbo 103 kW (138 hp; 140 PS) 6-speed Fiat C635 manual 2014–2018 Europe, Japan, Australia
6-speed Fiat C635 DDCT dual clutch
125 kW (168 hp; 170 PS) 9-speed Chrysler 948TE automatic 2015–2018 Europe
Fiat 1.4 L I4 FIRE MultiAir Turbo 119 kW (160 hp; 162 PS) 6-speed Fiat C635 manual 2014–2018 North America, Latin America
9-speed Chrysler 948TE automatic
Fiat 1.4 L I4 FIRE Turbo 110 kW (148 hp; 150 PS) 7-speed Fiat C725 DDCT dual clutch 2016–Present China
Fiat 1.4 L I4 FIRE Turbo LPG 88 kW (118 hp; 120 PS) 6-speed manual 2017–2018
Chrysler 2.0 L I4 Tigershark 114 kW (153 hp; 155 PS) 9-speed Chrysler 948TE automatic 2016–Present China
Chrysler 2.4 L I4 Tigershark MultiAir2 134 kW (180 hp; 182 PS) 9-speed Chrysler 948TE automatic 2014–2021 North America, Latin America, Middle East
129 kW (173 hp; 175 PS) 2015–2021 Japan, Australia
Fiat 1.6 L I4 E.torQ 81 kW (109 hp; 110 PS) 5-speed Fiat C510 manual 2015–2018 Europe, Australia
Fiat 1.8 L I4 E.torQ[12] Flex 97 kW (130 hp; 132 PS) 5-speed Fiat C510 manual 2015–Present Latin America
6-speed Aisin automatic
Fiat 1.6 L I4 MultiJet2 70 kW (94 hp; 95 PS) 6-speed manual 2017–2018 Italy
88 kW (118 hp; 120 PS) 6-speed Fiat C635 manual 2014–Present Europe
6-speed Fiat C635 DDCT dual clutch 2017–Present
Fiat 2.0 L I4 MultiJet2 88 kW (118 hp; 120 PS) 6-speed Fiat C635 manual 2015–2018 Italy
103 kW (138 hp; 140 PS)
125 kW (168 hp; 170 PS)
6-speed Fiat C635 manual 2014–Present Europe, Brazil[12] (only the 9-speed automatic, 170 PS, was available in Brazil. It was discontinued in 2022)[13]
9-speed Chrysler 948TE automatic

Interior features

[edit]
Interior

The Renegade offers either cloth or leather seating surfaces. It offers seating for five passengers,[14] with a 60/40[14] split-folding rear bench seat, and a fold-flat front passenger's seat for more cargo capacity.

In North America, it offers a standard Uconnect 5.0BT radio with an AM/FM radio, Sirius XM satellite radio, voice command, a Microsoft-derived touch screen interface, and iPod and USB inputs, as well as a 3.5-millimeter auxiliary audio input jack. Uconnect Phone will also be standard. A rearview backup camera will be optional. The optional radio will be the UConnect 6.0 radio, offering all the features of the UConnect 5.0BT radio, while adding a touch screen interface designed by BlackBerry (a smaller version of the UConnect 8.4A and 8.4AN radios), and navigation system capabilities by Garmin.

Safety

[edit]

IIHS

[edit]

The Renegade was safety tested by the IIHS in 2020.

IIHS Jeep Renegade scores (2021):[15]
Small overlap front (Driver) Good
Small overlap front (Passenger) Acceptable
Moderate overlap front Good
Moderate overlap front (updated test) Poor
Side (original test) Good
Side (updated test) Marginal
Roof strength Good
Head restraints and seats Good
Headlights
Acceptable Marginal Poor
varies by trim/option
Front crash prevention (Vehicle-to-Vehicle) Superior optional
Seat belt reminders Marginal
Child seat anchors (LATCH) ease of use Acceptable

NHTSA

[edit]
NHTSA 2016 Jeep Renegade[16]
Overall
Frontal driver
Frontal Passenger
Side Driver
Side Passenger
Side Pole Driver
Rollover

Euro NCAP

[edit]

2014

[edit]

The Renegade was safety tested by Euro NCAP in its standard European market configuration in 2014 and earned a five-star rating.[17]

2019

[edit]

The Renegade in its standard European market configuration received 3 stars from Euro NCAP in 2019.[18]

Latin NCAP

[edit]

2015

[edit]

The Renegade was safety tested by Latin NCAP in its most basic Latin American market configuration in 2015 and earned a five-star rating.[19]

2023

[edit]

The Renegade in its most basic Latin American market configuration was safety tested by Latin NCAP in 2023 (similar to Euro NCAP 2014) and earned a one-star rating.[20]

Model year changes

[edit]

2019 model year

[edit]
2019 Renegade
Renegade PHEV

In June 2018, the Renegade was updated with some slight aesthetic touches: the front and rear bumpers have been redesigned, new LED headlamps (their design is inspired by the ones used for the Wrangler) were adopted, and the front grille is larger.

The infotainment system was upgraded with a new, more up-to-date processor and a more generous display that varies from 7" up to 8.4" in the navigator version. The displays are all multitouch and the customizable menus also offering the possibility to adjust the air conditioning. Android Auto and Apple CarPlay compatibility was introduced.

The Latitude version now also has USB jack on the back of the armrest dedicated to passengers sitting in the rear seats.

The European version introduced the new gasoline engines of the Global Small Engine (FireFly) family produced by FCA Poland Powertrain in Bielsko Biala (POLAND) in two versions: 1.0 L Turbo 3-cylinder 120 hp with direct injection, Multiair system and GPF filter, and 1.3 L Turbo Multiair with direct injection and GPF filter 110 kW (148 hp; 150 PS) and 132 kW (177 hp; 179 PS). The 1.0 L is available with a 5-speed manual transmission and front-wheel drive, the 1.3 L with a 6-speed manual transmission, a 6-speed automatic double clutch or a 9-speed ZF automatic with front or 4-wheel drive. The diesel engines introduced the SCR system and are approved Euro6D-Temp.[21]

In September 2018 the facelifted Renegade was unveiled for the North American market (MY2019) which introduced the 1.3 L GSE Turbo Multiair engine with 132 kW (177 hp; 179 PS) as a replacement for the 1.4 L Fire Turbo Multiair, while the 2.4 L Tigershark engine remains available. The North American model has the same changes applied to the European model.[22]

In October 2018, the updated version for the South American market produced by FCA of Goiana (Pernambuco) in Brazil was introduced and presents only aesthetic updates with the adoption for all versions of the Trailhawk bumpers; the front and rear headlamps remain those of the previous model. The engines for the South American market are the 1.8 L E.Torq Evo gasoline and the 2.0 L Multijet diesel.[23]

2022 changes

[edit]

For 2022, all models receive a standard U Connect 4C 8.4-inch (8.4") touchscreen infotainment system, which includes SiriusXM Satellite Radio, SiriusXM Travel Link, and SiriusXM Guardian services, all with included trial subscriptions, as well as integrated GPS navigation and HD Radio. A new (RED) Edition, in partnership with Product Red, is also available.

For the base Sport trim, the Beige interior color option has been discontinued, and the Jeep Active Safety Group now comes as standard equipment on all Renegade models. Nineteen-inch (19") tires and diamond-cut aluminum-alloy wheels are now available on the Limited trim when equipped with the optional Sun, Sound, and Wheels Package, which adds a dual-pane power panoramic moonroof and a nine-speaker Alpine premium amplified surround-sound audio system with a subwoofer.[24]

The 2.4 L engine option was discontinued for the US market.

2023 changes

[edit]

For 2023, Jeep has unveiled a refreshed model of the Renegade for the Brazilian market. Featuring revised front-end styling and a revised 1.3L "Turbo-Flex" Turbocharged Inline Four-Cylinder (I4) gasoline engine known as the "T270", the new model is also expected to debut for the rest of the world for the 2023 model year.[25]

For 2023, in the US market, Jeep has discontinued the entry level Sport trim and all front-wheel drive versions of the Renegade, thus making all-wheel drive standard across the board. Latitude is now the entry trim level on the Renegade, and Altitude, Trailhawk, and Limited remain available.

Also for the 2023 model year, the Latitude-based Upland trim returns to the lineup, adding Trailhawk-inspired exterior styling elements to the base Latitude model. The interior includes bronze stitching.

2024 changes

[edit]

The Jeep Renegade was discontinued in the US and Canada after the 2023 model year, following decreasing demand.[26] It continues to be sold in Mexico, South America, and other markets.

Sales

[edit]
Year United States Canada Brazil Europe[27] China Argentina Mexico
2014 7,768
2015 60,946[28] 2,261 39,187[29] 53,940
2016 106,606 2,629 51,567[29] 76,203 26,294 2,746
2017 103,434[30] 3,015[31] 31,566[29] 72,578 24,796[32] 6,463[33] 3,486[34]
2018 97,062[30] 1,193[35] 46,344[36] 72,457 17,232[37] 11,035[38] 3,024[39]
2019 76,886[40] 664 68,726[41] 78,842 5,640[42] 7,000[43] 2,513[44]
2020 62,847[40] 355 56,865[45] 58,975 2,468[42] 6,142[46] 1,733[44]
2021 47,131[40] 295 73,913 62,981 1,040 7,078[47] 3,376[48]
2022 27,549[49] 345[50] 51,318[51][52] 49,287 5,941[53] 3,559[54]
2023 26,012 295 47,399[55]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d Clark, Jennifer (2 March 2014). "Jeep to unveil Italy-built Renegade subcompact SUV". Automotive News. Crain Communications Inc. Retrieved 3 March 2014.
  2. ^ a b "FCA Group - The Plant". fcagroup.com. Retrieved 2016-04-17.
  3. ^ "First Chinese-Built Jeep Renegade Rolls Off Production Line". Carscoops.com. 19 April 2016. Retrieved 20 April 2016.
  4. ^ "10 Things You Need to Know About the 2015 Jeep Renegade". Car and Driver. 7 March 2014. Archived from the original on 6 July 2016. Retrieved 22 June 2014.
  5. ^ Eisenstein, Paul (4 March 2014). "Small is Big as Jeep Unveils New Renegade". The Detroit Bureau. Retrieved 4 March 2014.
  6. ^ "FCA US Media - Jeep® Renegade Trailhawk and Limited Debut at the 2016 Beijing Auto Show". media.fcanorthamerica.com.
  7. ^ Counts, Reese (October 19, 2020). "Jeep Renegade Prices, Reviews, and Pictures | Edmunds". Edmunds.com.
  8. ^ Ramsey, Jonathon. "We wish the Fiat Toro compact pickup would come to America". Autoblog. Retrieved 2016-04-17.
  9. ^ Undercoffler, David (4 March 2014). "Geneva Motor Show: Jeep debuts all-new Renegade crossover SUV". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 4 March 2014.
  10. ^ "2015 Jeep Renegade". 19 April 2014. Retrieved 19 April 2014.
  11. ^ "PT Garansindo Inter Global to launched New Jeep Renegade in Indonesia". 17 September 2014. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 17 September 2014.
  12. ^ a b "All-new Jeep Renegade Makes its Latin American Debut at the 2014 Sao Paulo Motor Show". FCA US LLC. 29 October 2014.
  13. ^ "2022 Jeep Renegade Facelift Revealed In Brazil, Previews US Model". Motor1.
  14. ^ a b https://www.jeep.com/renegade/specs.latitude.html [bare URL]
  15. ^ "2021 Jeep Renegade 4-door SUV". IIHS-HLDI crash testing and highway safety. Retrieved April 23, 2023.
  16. ^ "2016 JEEP RENEGADE SUV 2WD | NHTSA". www.nhtsa.gov.
  17. ^ "Resultados oficiales de la valoración de seguridad del Jeep Renegade 2014". www.euroncap.com.
  18. ^ "Official Jeep Renegade 2019 safety rating". www.euroncap.com.
  19. ^ "Resultados oficiales de la valoración de seguridad del Jeep Renegade + 2 Airbags 2015". LATIN NCAP - PARA AUTOS MAS SEGUROS.
  20. ^ "Official results of the Jeep Renegade + 2 Airbags 2023". LATIN NCAP - PARA AUTOS MAS SEGUROS.
  21. ^ "New 2019 Jeep Renegade". jeeppress-europe.com. Retrieved 26 December 2018.
  22. ^ "FCA US Media - 2019 Jeep® Renegade Fact Sheet". media.fcanorthamerica.com. Retrieved 26 December 2018.
  23. ^ "FCA PRESS". fcapress.com.br. Retrieved 26 December 2018.
  24. ^ https://www.xr793.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/2022-Jeep-Renegade.pdf [bare URL PDF]
  25. ^ "2023 Jeep Renegade Facelift Leaked: Here It is". 11 January 2022.
  26. ^ "Jeep Renegade is done after 2023 model year". Autoblog. 2023-12-04. Retrieved 2023-12-09.
  27. ^ Demandt, Bart (November 4, 2014). "Jeep Renegade European sales figures".
  28. ^ "Jeep Brand Records Fourth Consecutive Global Sales Record" (Press release). Fiat Chrysler Automobiles N.V. 5 January 2016. Archived from the original on 7 August 2016. Retrieved 5 January 2016.
  29. ^ a b c "Sales of Fiat-Jeep in Brazil". carsitaly.net. Retrieved 29 June 2017.
  30. ^ a b "FCA US Media - FCA US Reports 2018 December and Full-Year Sales". media.fcanorthamerica.com. Retrieved 31 January 2019.
  31. ^ "FCA North America(Canada-July-17-Sales)". FCA North America. 2017-08-01. Archived from the original on 2017-09-09. Retrieved 2017-09-07.
  32. ^ "(Sales China)". Cars Italy. Retrieved 2017-07-07.
  33. ^ "(Sales Argentina)". Cars Italy. Retrieved 2017-07-07.
  34. ^ "About Us | Stellantis". www.stellantis.com.
  35. ^ "FCA US Media - FCA Canada Reports December and Full Year Sales Record for Jeep® Wrangler". media.fcanorthamerica.com. Retrieved 31 January 2019.
  36. ^ "Cars Italy (Fiat Sales 2018)". Archived from the original on 1 February 2019. Retrieved 31 January 2019.
  37. ^ "Sales of Fiat-Jeep in China - Vendite di auto FCA in Cina". carsitaly.net. Retrieved 31 January 2019.
  38. ^ "Ventas 2018, Argentina: Jeep logra ingresar al Top 10". Autodato. January 8, 2019.
  39. ^ "Sales of Fiat-Chrysler in Mexico - Vendite di auto FCA in Messico". carsitaly.net. Retrieved 31 January 2019.
  40. ^ a b c Sales, Timothy Cain·Jeep. "Jeep Renegade Sales Figures". GCBC.
  41. ^ "Ventas 2019, Brasil: El año cerró en positivo". Autodato. January 8, 2020.
  42. ^ a b Demandt, Bart (July 14, 2016). "Jeep Renegade China auto sales figures".
  43. ^ "Vehiculos Argentina 2019)". Archived from the original on 2020-07-07. Retrieved 2020-07-07.
  44. ^ a b "Registro administrativo de la industria automotriz de vehículos ligeros". www.inegi.org.mx.
  45. ^ "Ventas coches - Brasil - Diciembre 2020: El Chevrolet Onix líder indiscutible". Motor.es. January 12, 2021.
  46. ^ "Así fueron las ventas totales en 2020". Motor1.com.
  47. ^ "Así fueron las ventas totales en 2021". Motor1.com.
  48. ^ García, Gerardo (January 8, 2022). "Los 379 autos más vendidos de México en 2021: la lista completa del ranking de ventas". Motorpasión México.
  49. ^ "FCA Reports Fourth-quarter and Full-year 2022 Sales Results". Stellantis Media (Press release). 2023-01-04. Retrieved 2023-01-10.
  50. ^ "FCA Canada reports fourth-quarter 2022 and full-year sales results, becomes #1-seller of plug-in hybrid vehicles in the country". Stellantis Media (Press release). 2023-01-04. Retrieved 2023-01-10.
  51. ^ "Página não encontrada". AUTOO. January 1, 2016.
  52. ^ Fernández, Antonio (June 18, 2022). "Ventas coches - Brasil - Mayo 2022: El Volkswagen Gol se recupera". Motor.es.
  53. ^ "Así fueron las ventas totales en 2022". Motor1.com.
  54. ^ García, Gerardo (January 6, 2023). "Los 371 autos más vendidos de México en 2022: el ranking completo con todos los modelos". Motorpasión México.
  55. ^ "Brazil 2023". autoo. 2022-02-03. Retrieved 2023-01-06.
[edit]