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Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China
UseCivil and state flag, civil and state ensign Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag Reverse side is mirror image of obverse side
Proportion2:3
AdoptedApproved on 4 April 1990 by the National People's Congress; first flown on 1 July 1997; 27 years ago (1997-07-01)
DesignA stylised, white, five-petal Bauhinia × blakeana flower in the centre of a red field
Designed byTao Ho
Regional flag of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China
Traditional Chinese中華人民共和國香港特別行政區區旗
Simplified Chinese中华人民共和国香港特别行政区区旗
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinZhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó Xiānggǎng Tèbié Xíngzhèngqū Qūqí
Yue: Cantonese
Yale RomanizationJūngwàh Yàhnmàhn Guhngwòhgwok Hēunggóng Dahkbiht Hàhngjing Kēui Kēuikèih
JyutpingZung1waa4 Jan4man4 Gung6wo4gwok3 Hoeng1gong2 Dak6bit6 Hang4zing3 Keoi1 Keoi1kei4

The Regional Flag of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China depicts a white stylised five-petal Hong Kong orchid tree (Bauhinia × blakeana) flower in the centre of a Chinese red field. Its original design was unveiled on 4 April 1990 at the Third Session of the Seventh National People's Congress.[1][2] The current design was approved on 10 August 1996 at the Fourth Plenum of the Preparatory Committee of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.[3] The precise use of the flag is regulated by laws passed by the 58th executive meeting of the State Council held in Beijing.[4] The design of the flag is enshrined in Hong Kong's Basic Law, the territory's constitutional document,[5] and regulations regarding the use, prohibition of use, desecration, and manufacture of the flag are stated in the Regional Flag and Regional Emblem Ordinance.[6] The flag of Hong Kong was officially adopted and hoisted on 1 July 1997, during the handover ceremony marking the handover from the United Kingdom back to China.[7]

Current design

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Symbolism

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Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag Original design of the regional flag of Hong Kong revealed in 1990 by the National People Congress

The design of the flag comes with cultural, political, and regional meanings. The colour itself is significant; red is a festive colour for the Chinese people, used to convey a sense of celebration and nationalism.[8] Moreover, the red colour is identical to that used in the national flag of the People's Republic of China,[9] chosen to signify the link re-established between post-colonial Hong Kong and Mainland China. The position of red and white on the flag symbolises the "one country, two systems" political principle applied to the region. The stylised rendering of the Bauhinia × blakeana flower, a flower discovered in Hong Kong, is meant to serve as a harmonising symbol for this dichotomy.[8] The five stars of the Chinese national flag are replicated on the petals of the flower. The Chinese name of Bauhinia × blakeana is most commonly rendered as "洋紫荊", but is often shortened to 紫荊 / 紫荆 in official uses since "洋" (yáng) means "foreign" in Chinese, notwithstanding 紫荊 / 紫荆 refers to another genus called Cercis.[citation needed] A sculpture of the plant has been erected in Golden Bauhinia Square in Hong Kong.[citation needed]

Before the adoption of the flag, the Chairman of the Hong Kong Basic Law Drafting Committee Ji Pengfei explained the significance of the flag's design to the National People's Congress:

The regional flag carries a design of five bauhinia petals, each with a star in the middle, on a red background. The red flag represents the motherland and the bauhinia represents Hong Kong. The design implies that Hong Kong is an inalienable part of China and prospers in the embrace of the motherland. The five stars on the flower symbolise the fact that all Hong Kong compatriots love their motherland, while the red and white colours embody the principle of "one country, two systems".[10]

Construction

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National Standard of the regional flag

The Hong Kong government has specified sizes, colours, and manufacturing parameters in which the flag is to be made. The ratio of its length to breadth is 3:2. In its centre is a five-petal stylised rendering of a white Bauhinia × blakeana flower. If a circle circumscribes the flower, it should have a diameter 0.6 times the entire height of the flag. The petals are uniformly spread around the centre point of the flag, radiating outward and pointing in a clockwise direction. Each of the flower's petals bears a five-pointed red star with a red trace, suggestive of a flower stamen. The heading that is used to allow a flag to be slid or raised onto a pole is white.[9]

A slightly different geometrical description of the flag is specified in the mandatory National Standard "GB 16689-2004: Regional flag of Hong Kong special administrative region".[note 1]

Construction sheet for the Hong Kong flag according to the Regional Flag and Regional Emblem Ordinance (The angle is 14° in GB 16689-2004)

Size specifications

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This table lists all the official sizes for the flag. Sizes deviating from this list are considered non-standard. If a flag is not of official size, it must be a scaled-down or scaled-up version of one of the official sizes.[9]

Size Length and width in centimetres
1 288 × 192
2 240 × 160
3 192 × 128
4 144 × 96
5 96 × 64
Car flag 30 × 20
Flag for signing ceremonies 21 × 14
Desktop flag 15 × 10

Colour specifications

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See also: Flag of China § Colors

The Regional Flag and Regional Emblem Ordinance stipulates that "The regional flag is in red, the chrominance value of which is identical with that of the national flag of the People's Republic of China."[9]

Manufacture regulations

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The Regional Flag and Regional Emblem Ordinance stipulates that the Hong Kong flag must be manufactured according to specifications laid out in the ordinance. If flags are not produced in design according to the ordinance, the Secretary for Justice may petition the District Court for an injunction to prohibit the person or company from manufacturing the flags. If the District Court agrees that the flags are not in compliance, it may issue an injunction and order that the flags and the materials that were used to make the flags to be seized by the government.[11]

Protocol

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The Hong Kong flag is flown daily from the chief executive's official residence, Government House, the Hong Kong International Airport, and at all border crossings and points of entry into Hong Kong.[12] At major government offices and buildings, such as the Office of the Chief Executive, the Executive Council, the Court of Final Appeal, the High Court, the Legislative Council, and the Hong Kong Economic and Trade Offices overseas, the flag is displayed during days when these offices are working. Other government offices and buildings, such as hospitals, schools, departmental headquarters, sports grounds, and cultural venues should fly the flag on occasions such as the National Day of the PRC (1 October), the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Establishment Day (1 July), and New Year's Day.[12] The flag should be raised at 8:00 a.m. and lowered at 6:00 p.m. The raising and lowering of the flag should be done slowly; it must reach the peak of the flag staff when it is raised, and it may not touch the ground when it is lowered. The flag may not be raised in severe weather conditions.[13] A Hong Kong flag that is either damaged, defaced, faded or substandard must not be displayed or used.[14]

Display

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Whenever the Chinese national flag is flown together with the Hong Kong regional flag, the national flag must be flown at the centre, above the regional flag, or otherwise in a more prominent position than that of the regional flag. The regional flag must be smaller in size than the national flag, and it must be displayed to the left of the national flag. When the flags are displayed inside a building, the left and right sides of a person looking at the flags, and with his or her back toward the wall, are used as reference points for the left and right sides of a flag. When the flags are displayed outside a building, the left and right sides of a person standing in front of the building and looking towards the front entrance are used as reference points for the left and right sides of a flag. The national flag should be raised before the regional flag is raised, and it should be lowered after the regional flag is lowered.[13]

An exception to this rule occurs during medal presentation ceremonies at multi-sport events such as the Olympics and Asian Games. As Hong Kong competes separately from mainland China, should an athlete from Hong Kong win the gold medal, and an athlete from mainland China win the silver and/or bronze medal(s) in the same event, the regional flag of Hong Kong would be raised in the centre above the national flag(s) during the medal presentation ceremony, and the Hong Kong flag would be the same size as the mainland China flag.[citation needed]

Another discrepancy was observed during the opening ceremonies of the 2009 East Asian Games. Normally, the organization's flag and the host's flag are raised to equal prominence and the organization's flag cannot be smaller than any other flag.[15] However, when Hong Kong hosted the 2009 East Asian games, three flags (the Hong Kong flag, the PRC flag, and the East Asian Games Association flag) were raised, with the Hong Kong flag on the left, the EAGA flag the same size on the right, and the PRC flag larger and higher than both flags in the centre, thus making the EAGA flag smaller than another opening ceremony flag.[16][better source needed]

In November 2018, the aircraft carrier USS Ronald Reagan visited Hong Kong while displaying a United States flag and a Hong Kong flag of equal size with the Chinese flag absent. In previous visits by other US aircraft carriers in 2011 and 2014, the carrier's display had included the Chinese flag. Stand News reported that both pro-democracy and pro-Beijing social media users interpreted the display as support for Hong Kong independence or Hong Kong sovereignty.[17]

  • Protocol examples. Note how the national flag is bigger than the regional flag in both examples.
    Protocol examples. Note how the national flag is bigger than the regional flag in both examples.
  • The flag of Hong Kong flying beside the flag of China
    The flag of Hong Kong flying beside the flag of China
  • The Hong Kong flag and the Chinese flag flown side by side at the patio of the former Legislative Council Building
    The Hong Kong flag and the Chinese flag flown side by side at the patio of the former Legislative Council Building

Half-mast

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An illustration of the Hong Kong flag at half-mast
The Hong Kong and Chinese flags at half-mast to mourn victims killed in the 2008 Sichuan earthquake

The Hong Kong flag must be lowered to half-mast as a token of mourning when any of the following people die:[14]

The flag may also be flown at half-mast when the Central People's Government advises the Chief Executive to do so, or when the Chief Executive considers it appropriate to do so, on occurrences of unfortunate events causing especially serious casualties, or when serious natural calamities have caused heavy casualties.[14] When raising a flag to be flown at half-mast, it should first be raised to the top of the pole and then lowered to a point where the distance between the top of the flag and the top of the pole is one third of the length of the pole. When lowering the flag from half-mast, it should first be raised to the peak of the pole before it is lowered.[13]

Prohibition of use and desecration

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The Regional Flag and Regional Emblem Ordinance states what manner of use of the Hong Kong flag is prohibited and that desecration of the flag is prohibited. It also states that it is a punishable offence for a person to use the flag in a prohibited manner or to desecrate the flag. According to the ordinance, a flag may not be used in advertisements or trademarks,[18] and that "publicly and wilfully burning, mutilating, scrawling on, defiling or trampling" the flag is considered flag desecration.[19] Similarly, the National Flag and National Emblem Ordinance extends the same prohibition toward the Chinese flag.[20][21] The ordinances also allow for the Chief Executive to make stipulations regarding the use of the flag. In stipulations made in 1997, the Chief Executive further specified that the use of the flag in "any trade, calling or profession, or the logo, seal or badge of any non-governmental organisation" is also prohibited unless prior permission was obtained.[12]

Incidents

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The first conviction of flag desecration occurred in 1999. Protesters Ng Kung-siu and Lee Kin-yun wrote the word "shame" on both the Chinese flag and the Hong Kong flag, and were convicted of violating the National Flag and National Emblem Ordinance and the Regional Flag and Regional Emblem Ordinance. The Court of Appeal overturned the verdict, ruling that the ordinances were unnecessary restrictions on the freedom of expression and in violation of both the Basic Law and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Upon further appeal, however, the Court of Final Appeal maintained the original guilty verdict, holding that this restriction on the freedom of expression was justifiable in that the protection of the flags played a role in national unity and territorial integrity and constituted a restriction on the mode of expressing one's message but did not interfere with one's freedom to express the same message in other ways.[22]

Leung Kwok-hung, a former member of the Legislative Council and a political activist in Hong Kong, was penalised in February 2001, before he became a member of the Legislative Council, for defiling the flag. He was convicted of three counts of desecrating the flag—for two incidents on 1 July 2000 during the third anniversary of Hong Kong's handover to China and for one incident on 9 July of the same year during a protest against elections to choose the Election Committee, the electoral college which chooses the Chief Executive of Hong Kong. Leung was placed on a good-behaviour bond for 12 months in the sum of HK$3,000.[23]

Previous flags of Hong Kong

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Pre-colonial period

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Qing dynasty (1862–1895)

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Main article: Flag of the Qing dynasty

Prior to the secession of Hong Kong to the United Kingdom following the First Opium War via the Treaty of Nanking, Hong Kong fell under the jurisdiction of the Chinese government and flew the flag and ensign of the Chinese government of the time. Prior to the establishment of the crown colony of Hong Kong, the ruling dynasty in China was the Qing dynasty. Despite being established in 1644, the Qing Empire had no official flags until 1862. Prior to 1898, when the Second Convention of Peking was signed between the Qing Court and the government of the United Kingdom, the New Territories was still Qing land. The flag itself features the "Azure Dragon" on a plain yellow field with the red flaming pearl of the three-legged crow in the upper left corner.[24]

  • Qing dynasty flag, 1862–1889
    Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flagQing dynasty flag, 1862–1889
  • Qing dynasty flag, 1889–1912
    Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flagQing dynasty flag, 1889–1912

Colonial flags

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This paragraph is an excerpt from Flag of Hong Kong (1871–1997).[edit]
The flag of Hong Kong from 1871 to 1997 was a Blue Ensign with the coat of arms of Hong Kong on a white disk. In Hong Kong, it is known as the Hong Kong flag (香港旗), British Hong Kong flag (英屬香港旗) or the Dragon and Lion flag (龍獅旗).[25] In 1959, following a grant from the College of Arms and with the consent of Queen Elizabeth II, it was adopted as the flag of British Hong Kong.[26] While the flag lost its official status following the 1 July 1997 transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong, it resurfaced in the 2010s as a symbol of support for Hong Kong autonomy and protest against Chinese interference in Hong Kong.

Use of Union Flag (1843–1871)

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In 1843, a seal representing Hong Kong was instituted. The design was based on a local waterfront scene; three local merchants with their commercial goods are shown on the foreground, a square-rigged ship and a junk occupy the middle ground, while the background consists of conical hills and clouds. In 1868, a Hong Kong flag was produced, a Blue Ensign flag with a badge based on this "local scene", but the design was rejected by Hong Kong Governor Richard Graves MacDonnell.[27]

First colonial flag (1871–1876)

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On 3 July 1869, a new design for the Hong Kong flag was commissioned at a cost of £3, which featured a "gentleman in an evening coat who is purchasing tea on the beach at Kowloon". After a brief discussion in the executive council, it was determined that the new design was very problematic and it was not adopted.[28]

In 1870, a "white crown over HK" badge for the Blue Ensign flag was proposed by the Colonial Secretary. The letters "HK" were omitted and the crown became full-colour three years later.[27] It is unclear exactly what the badge looked like during that period of time, but it was unlikely to be the "local scene". It should have been a crown of some sort, which may, or may not, have had the letters "HK" below it. In 1876, the "local scene" badge (Chinese: 阿群帶路圖 Picture of "Ar Kwan" Guiding the British soldier) was re-adopted to the Blue Ensign flag with the Admiralty's approval.[27]

Second colonial flag (1876–1955)

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During a government meeting, held in 1911, it was suggested that the name of the colony appear on the flag in both Latin and Chinese scripts. However, this was dismissed as it would "look absurd" to both Chinese and Europeans.[29] The flag which was eventually adopted featured the Blue Ensign together with a "local scene" of traders in the foreground and both European-style and Chinese-style trading ships in the background.[citation needed]

Japanese occupation period (1941–1945)

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During the Second World War, Hong Kong was seized and occupied by the Empire of Japan from 1941 to 1945. During the occupation, the Japanese military government used the flag of Japan in its official works in Hong Kong.[30]

Third colonial flag (1955–1959)

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The flag was similar in design to that previously used. It featured a British Blue Ensign with a local waterfront scene.[citation needed]

Fourth colonial flag (1959–1997)

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A coat of arms for Hong Kong was granted on 21 January 1959 by the College of Arms in London. The Hong Kong flag was revised in the same year to feature the coat of arms in the Blue Ensign flag. This design was used officially from 1959 until Hong Kong's handover in 1997.[27] Since then, the colonial flag has been appropriated by protestors, such as on the annual 1 July marches for universal suffrage, as a "symbol of antagonism towards the mainland",[31] along with a blue flag featuring the coat of arms, used by those advocating independence. The flag features a British Blue Ensign with the coat of arms of Hong Kong (1959–1997).

  • Flag used in 1843–1871
    Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flagSmall vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag Flag used in 1843–1871
  • Flag used in 1871–1876
    Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag Flag used in 1871–1876
  • Flag used in 1876–1941 and 1945–1955
    Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag Flag used in 1876–1941 and 1945–1955
  • Flag used in 1941–1945
    Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag Flag used in 1941–1945
  • Flag used in 1955–1959
    Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag Flag used in 1955–1959
  • Flag used in 1959–1997
    Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag Flag used in 1959–1997

Proposals before the handover

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Before Hong Kong's handover, between 20 May 1987 and 31 March 1988, a contest was held amongst Hong Kong residents to help choose a flag for post-colonial Hong Kong, with 7,147 design submissions, in which 4,489 submissions were about flag designs.[32] Architect Tao Ho was chosen as one of the panel judges to pick Hong Kong's new flag. He recalled that some of the designs had been rather funny and with political twists: "One had a hammer and sickle on one side and a dollar sign on the other."[33] Some designs were rejected because they contained copyrighted materials, for example, the emblem of Urban Council, Hong Kong Arts Festival and Hong Kong Tourism Board.[32] Six designs were chosen as finalists by the judges, but were all later rejected by the PRC. Ho and two others were then asked by the PRC to submit new proposals.[8]

Looking for inspiration, Ho wandered into a garden and picked up a Bauhinia × blakeana flower. He observed the symmetry of the five petals, and how their winding pattern conveyed to him a dynamic feeling. This led him to incorporate the flower into the flag to represent Hong Kong.[8] The design was adopted on 4 April 1990 at the Third Session of the Seventh National People's Congress,[2] and the flag was first officially hoisted seconds after midnight on 1 July 1997 in the handover ceremony marking the handover. It was hoisted together with the national Chinese flag, while the Chinese national anthem, "March of the Volunteers", was played. The Union Flag and the colonial Hong Kong flag were lowered seconds before midnight.[7]

A selection of proposals during the 1987–1988 contest is shown below:
  • Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag
  • Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag
  • Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag
  • Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag
  • Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag
  • Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag
  • Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag
  • Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag
  • Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag
  • Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag
  • Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag
  • Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag
  • Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag
  • Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag
  • Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag
  • Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ The offset angle of the top petal is 14° as opposed to 13°48'.

References

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  1. ^ "State Council Gazette Issue No.7 Serial No. 616 (May 26, 1990)" (PDF). www.gov.cn. Retrieved 4 January 2021.
  2. ^ a b "Decision of the National People's Congress on the Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administration Region of the People's Republic of China". Government of Hong Kong. 4 April 1990. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 1 November 2009.
  3. ^ "Regional Flag and Regional Emblem Ordinance". Hong Kong e-Legislation. Retrieved 4 January 2021.
  4. ^ Laws and Regulations of the People's Republic of China. China Legal Publishing House. 2001. p. iv. ISBN 7-80083-759-9.
  5. ^ "Basic Law Full Text". Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. Archived from the original on 6 December 2008. Retrieved 20 March 2009.
  6. ^ "Regional Flag and Regional Emblem Ordinance" (PDF). Bilingual Laws Information System. 1 July 1997. Retrieved 25 July 2009.
  7. ^ a b Jeffrey Aaronson. "Schedule of Events". Time. Archived from the original on 5 October 2009. Retrieved 1 November 2009.
  8. ^ a b c d 忆香港区旗区徽的诞生（上） [Reflecting on the Creation of the Hong Kong SAR Flag and Emblem – Part 1] (in Chinese). Wenhui-xinmin United Press Group. 24 May 2007. Retrieved 20 March 2009. [dead link‍] and 忆香港区旗区徽的诞生（下） [Reflecting on the Creation of the Hong Kong SAR Flag and Emblem – Part 2] (in Chinese). Wenhui-xinmin United Press Group. 25 May 2007. Retrieved 20 March 2009. [dead link‍]
  9. ^ a b c d (Schedule 1 of the Regional Flag and Regional Emblem Ordinance) "Regional Flag and Regional Emblem Ordinance". Hong Kong e-Legislation. 1 July 1997. Retrieved 26 January 2022.
  10. ^ Elihu Lauterpacht; C. J. Greenwood; A. G. Oppenheimer (2002). International Law Reports. Vol. 122. Cambridge University Press. p. 582. ISBN 978-0-521-80775-3.
  11. ^ (Schedule 5 of the Regional Flag and Regional Emblem Ordinance) "Regional Flag and Regional Emblem Ordinance" (PDF). Bilingual Laws Information System. 1 July 1997. Retrieved 25 July 2009.
  12. ^ a b c "Stipulations for the Display and Use of The National Flag and National Emblem and The Regional Flag and Regional Emblem" (PDF). Protocol Division Government Secretariat of the Hong Kong SAR. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 April 2009. Retrieved 1 November 2009.
  13. ^ a b c "Display of the Flags and Emblems". Protocol Division Government Secretariat of the Hong Kong SAR. 6 September 2005. Archived from the original on 25 February 2009. Retrieved 21 March 2009.
  14. ^ a b c (Schedule 4 of the Regional Flag and Regional Emblem Ordinance) "Regional Flag and Regional Emblem Ordinance" (PDF). Bilingual Laws Information System. 1 July 1997. Retrieved 25 July 2009.
  15. ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20211122072404/https://stillmed.olympics.com/media/Document%20Library/OlympicOrg/General/EN-Olympic-Charter.pdf [bare URL PDF]
  16. ^ "East Asian Games 2009". YouTube. 6 December 2009.
  17. ^ "列根號訪港 棄五星旗改掛港區旗 網民指暗示港獨立 陳雲稱承認港實然主權 | 立場報道 | 立場新聞". Archived from the original on 26 November 2018.
  18. ^ (Section 6 of the Regional Flag and Regional Emblem Ordinance) "Regional Flag and Regional Emblem Ordinance" (PDF). Bilingual Laws Information System. 1 July 1997. Retrieved 25 July 2009.
  19. ^ (Section 7 of the Regional Flag and Regional Emblem Ordinance) "Regional Flag and Regional Emblem Ordinance" (PDF). Bilingual Laws Information System. 1 July 1997. Retrieved 25 July 2009.
  20. ^ "CAP 2401, Section 6 – Prohibition on certain uses of national flag and national emblem". Bilingual Laws Information System. 1 July 1997. Retrieved 25 July 2009.
  21. ^ "CAP 2401, Section 7 – Protection of the national flag and national emblem". Bilingual Laws Information System. 1 July 1997. Retrieved 25 July 2009.
  22. ^ "FINAL APPEAL NO. 4 OF 1999 (CRIMINAL)". Court of Final Appeal. 15 December 1999. Retrieved 25 July 2009.
  23. ^ "Annual Report 2001". Hong Kong Journalists Association. 9 August 2001. Archived from the original on 11 October 2014. Retrieved 25 July 2009.
  24. ^ Mierzejewski, Dominik; Kowalski, Bartosz (2019). China's Selective Identities: State, Ideology and Culture. Global Political Transitions. Singapore: Springer Singapore. doi:10.1007/978-981-13-0164-3. ISBN 978-981-13-0163-6. S2CID 158954624.
  25. ^ "So what if the colonial flag is banned?". Hong Kong Economic Journal. 1 October 2015. Archived from the original on 2 February 2016. Retrieved 11 June 2016.
  26. ^ "Hong Kong 1959". Chinese-armorial.com. Archived from the original on 25 June 2016. Retrieved 11 June 2016.
  27. ^ a b c d "Colonial Hong Kong". Flags of the World. 18 August 2007. Retrieved 20 March 2009.
  28. ^ "Minutes of Meeting: LegCo 15th April 1912" (PDF). Hong Kong LegCo Archives. The Hong Kong Legislative Council. Retrieved 10 May 2019.
  29. ^ "Minutes of Meeting: 28th December 1911" (PDF). Hong Kong Legislative Council Archives. Hongkong Legislative Council. Retrieved 10 May 2019.
  30. ^ Carroll, John M. (2007). A Concise History of Hong Kong. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 124. ISBN 978-0-7425-7469-4.
  31. ^ A.T. (4 July 2012). "Free speech in Hong Kong: Show of strength". Analects. Hong Kong. Retrieved 24 July 2012.
  32. ^ a b 香港区旗区徽诞生记. China Art News. 1 January 2007. Archived from the original on 30 December 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2013.
  33. ^ Andrea Hamilton. "Bringing You The Handover: Meet some of the most important men and women working behind the scenes". Asiaweek. Archived from the original on 7 November 2007. Retrieved 20 March 2009.
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