Snail slime
Snail slime is a kind of mucus (an external bodily secretion) produced by snails, which are gastropod mollusks. Land snails and slugs both produce mucus, as does every other kind of gastropod, from marine, freshwater, and terrestrial habitats. The reproductive system of gastropods also produces mucus internally from special glands.
Chemically, the mucus produced by land-living gastropodes belongs to the class of glycosaminoglycans (previously called mucopolysaccharides). Externally, one kind of mucus is produced by the foot of the gastropod and is usually used for crawling. The other kind of external mucus has evolved to coat the external parts of the gastropod's body; in land species, this coating helps prevent desiccation of the exposed soft tissues. The foot mucus of a gastropod has some of the qualities of glue and some of the qualities of a lubricant, allowing land snails to crawl up vertical surfaces without falling off.[1]
The slime trail that a land gastropod leaves behind is often visible as a silvery track on surfaces such as stone or concrete.
Description
[edit]
Mucus is a gel consisting of a polymer network that functions as a protective layer for the integument and mucosal surfaces of both elementary animals and mammals.[3]
The mucus of gastropods is not only used as a coating to cover the surfaces on which the snail crawls and a coating to cover the exposed soft parts of the body but also sometimes to allow a resting snail to adhere passively to surfaces, such as rock.[2] Gastropod mucus adhesion uses a temporary sealing structure called the epiphragm.[4] Mucus is produced by a large gland located below the snail's mouth.[5]
The foot of gastropods is covered with a thin layer of this mucus, which is used for a variety of functions, including locomotion, adherence, lubrication, repulsing predators, recognizing other snails, following a trail to a known destination and during reproduction. The discharge looks like a gel and it contains approximately 91 to 98% water by weight, depending on the species, combined with a small amount of high molecular weight glycoproteins.[6] In Cornu aspersum, these glycoproteins reach weights of 82, 97 and 175 kDa.
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Locomotion
[edit]Locomotion in snails comes from a series of muscle contractions called pedal waves and relaxations called inter waves.[7] The waves created help propel the snail forward whilst pushing the thin layer of mucus used as lubrication, behind them. In an Experimental Biology article, research has been presented showing that each wave is indeed creating a propulsive force using the mucus to reduce resistance.
Land mollusks travel by adhesive locomotion via muscular waves that propagate from tail to head. The snail mucus has an adapted flow behavior that allows transmittance of the muscular force while maintaining adhesion.[8][9] When inactive, many mollusks of both marine and terrestrial species, use the secretion to stick to various surfaces. However, although it is so diluted that it can commonly act as a lubricant, it can also have strong adhesive properties.[10] In their unique mating ritual, Limax maximus use a mucus thread to suspend themselves from elevated locations like tree branches.[9] In Cornu aspersum, there are three types of secretion. One type is translucent and not adhesive, the kind that the snail leaves behind as it moves (the slime trail), another is similar but thicker, condensed, more viscous and elastic, which is used to adhere to various surfaces, and a third viscous coating on the dorsal surface that is a protective barrier.[2] Both are clearly differentiated by the type of proteins present in them.[11]
Slime production
[edit]A snail releases different kinds of mucus depending on the way it is stimulated. When the stimulation is normal, the slime is viscous (sticky) but if the snail is disturbed continuously or even violently, it releases clear foamy secretions. If the snail is sexually aroused the slime it releases is clear and viscous. In the case of Cornu aspersum, the discharge is composed of synthesized products from various types of secretory glands. These are all single-cell glands found in connective tissue and they secrete their products via pores that pass between the epidermal cells. They are of various shapes and usually have a long excretory duct. There are eight different types of secreting glands. Four of these different types secrete protein, calcium, pigments and lipids.[12]
Medical uses
[edit]Some of the characteristics of snail slime have shown to be useful in Chinese medicine.[citation needed] Traditional Chinese medicine has used slime in a variety of ways to treat a variety of illnesses and cosmetic issues. It has also been used as skin creams for wrinkles and dry skin in cosmetics.[13][14] The Chinese also have used the color-fast dry qualities of snail slime as a natural dye that represented wealth and power. The mucus has demonstrated several biological activities including antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase, and anti-tumoral activities.[15]
A new generation of tissue adhesive has been developed by using natural adhesion phenomena and mechanisms, such as snail mucus gel, which exhibits excellent haemostatic activity, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. It is effective in accelerating the healing of full-thickness skin wounds in both normal and diabetic male rats.[16]
See also
[edit]- Heliciculture – Snail farming
- Mucus – Secretion produced by mucous membranes
- Suprapedal gland – Land located inside the front end of the foot of gastropods
- Nanofiber – Natural or synthetic fibers with diameters in the nanometer range
- Lissachatina fulica – Species of land snail
- Hemiplecta distincta
- Rheology – Study of the flow of matter, primarily in a fluid state
References
[edit] | Constructs such as ibid., loc. cit. and idem are discouraged by Wikipedia's style guide for footnotes, as they are easily broken. Please improve this article by replacing them with named references (quick guide), or an abbreviated title. (January 2024) |
- ^ "Snail slime substitutes". Royal Society of Chemistry. 2020-03-05. Retrieved 2024-06-02.
- ^ a b c Cerullo, Antonio R.; McDermott, Maxwell B.; Pepi, Lauren E.; Liu, Zhi-Lun; Barry, Diariou; Zhang, Sheng; Yang, Xu; Chen, Xi; Azadi, Parastoo; Holford, Mande; Braunschweig, Adam B. (2023-09-02). "Comparative mucomic analysis of three functionally distinct Cornu aspersum Secretions". Nature Communications. 14 (1): 5361. Bibcode:2023NatCo..14.5361C. doi:10.1038/s41467-023-41094-z. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 10475054. PMID 37660066.
- ^ Verdugo, P.; Deyrup-Olsen, I.; Aitken, M.; Villalon, M.; Johnson, D. (February 1987). "Molecular Mechanism of Mucin Secretion: I. The Role of Intragranular Charge Shielding". Journal of Dental Research. 66 (2): 506–508. doi:10.1177/00220345870660022001. PMID 3476567.
- ^ Hickman, C., Roberts, L. and Larson, A. (2002). Principios integrales de Zoología. 11°. Ed. McGraw- Hill Interamericana. España. Pp 328, 329, 330, 333. 98 (Spanish translation)
- ^ Ruppert, Edward E.; Fox, Richard S.; Barnes, Robert D. (2004). Invertebrate zoology: a functional evolutionary approach (7th ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson-Brooks/Cole. ISBN 9780030259821. OCLC 752875516.
- ^ Denny, Mark W. (February 1984). "Mechanical Properties of Pedal Mucus and Their Consequences for Gastropod Structure and Performance". American Zoologist. 24 (1): 23–36. doi:10.1093/icb/24.1.23.
- ^ Lai, Janice H.; del Alamo, Juan C.; Rodríguez-Rodríguez, Javier; Lasheras, Juan C. (2010-11-15). "The mechanics of the adhesive locomotion of terrestrial gastropods". Journal of Experimental Biology. 213 (22): 3920–3933. doi:10.1242/jeb.046706. ISSN 1477-9145. PMC 6514465. PMID 21037072.
- ^ Ewoldt, Randy H.; Clasen, Christian; Hosoi, A. E.; McKinley, Gareth H. (2007). "Rheological fingerprinting of gastropod pedal mucus and synthetic complex fluids for biomimicking adhesive locomotion". Soft Matter. 3 (5): 634–643. Bibcode:2007SMat....3..634E. doi:10.1039/B615546D. PMID 32900028.
- ^ a b Rühs, Patrick A.; Bergfreund, Jotam; Bertsch, Pascal; Gstöhl, Stefan J.; Fischer, Peter (2021). "Complex fluids in animal survival strategies". Soft Matter. 17 (11): 3022–3036. arXiv:2005.00773. Bibcode:2021SMat...17.3022R. doi:10.1039/D1SM00142F. PMID 33729256.
- ^ Pawlicki, JM; Pease, LB; Pierce, CM; Startz, TP; Zhang, Y; Smith, AM (March 2004). "The effect of molluscan glue proteins on gel mechanics". The Journal of Experimental Biology. 207 (Pt 7): 1127–35. doi:10.1242/jeb.00859. PMID 14978055.
- ^ Ibid.
- ^ Campion, Mary (1 June 1961). "The Structure and Function of the Cutaneous Glands in Helix aspersa". Journal of Cell Science. S3-102 (58): 195–216. doi:10.1242/jcs.s3-102.58.195.
- ^ "4-in-1 Snail Mucin Serum". Klove Beauty. Retrieved 2024-07-19.
- ^ Yu, Dan-Ni; Tian, Dan; He, Ji-Huan (2018-06-01). "Snail-based nanofibers". Materials Letters. 220: 5–7. Bibcode:2018MatL..220....5Y. doi:10.1016/j.matlet.2018.02.076. ISSN 0167-577X. S2CID 139128984.
- ^ Noothuan, Nattaphop; Apitanyasai, Kantamas; Panha, Somsak; Tassanakajon, Anchalee (2021-04-15). "Snail mucus from the mantle and foot of two land snails, Lissachatina fulica and Hemiplecta distincta, exhibits different protein profile and biological activity". BMC Research Notes. 14 (1): 138. doi:10.1186/s13104-021-05557-0. ISSN 1756-0500. PMC 8050916. PMID 33858499.
- ^ Deng, Tuo; Gao, Dongxiu; Song, Xuemei; Zhou, Zhipeng; Zhou, Lixiao; Tao, Maixian; Jiang, Zexiu; Yang, Lian; Luo, Lan; Zhou, Ankun; Hu, Lin; Qin, Hongbo; Wu, Mingyi (2023-01-24). "A natural biological adhesive from snail mucus for wound repair". Nature Communications. 14 (1): 396. Bibcode:2023NatCo..14..396D. doi:10.1038/s41467-023-35907-4. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 9873654. PMID 36693849. S2CID 256230314.
- ^ "Slime and reason". Metro. 2006-09-07. Retrieved 2021-03-15.
Further reading
[edit]- Smith, A. M. (1 December 2002). "The Structure and Function of Adhesive Gels from Invertebrates". Integrative and Comparative Biology. 42 (6): 1164–1171. doi:10.1093/icb/42.6.1164. PMID 21680401.
- Yu, Dan-Ni; Tian, Dan; He, Ji-Huan (June 2018). "Snail-based nanofibers". Materials Letters. 220: 5–7. Bibcode:2018MatL..220....5Y. doi:10.1016/j.matlet.2018.02.076.
- Noothuan, Nattaphop; Apitanyasai, Kantamas; Panha, Somsak; Tassanakajon, Anchalee (December 2021). "Snail mucus from the mantle and foot of two land snails, Lissachatina fulica and Hemiplecta distincta, exhibits different protein profile and biological activity". BMC Research Notes. 14 (1). doi:10.1186/s13104-021-05557-0. PMC 8050916. PMID 33858499.
- Barajas-Ledesma, Edgar; Holland, Chris (14 September 2023). "Probing the compositional and rheological properties of gastropod locomotive mucus" (PDF). Frontiers in Soft Matter. 3. doi:10.3389/frsfm.2023.1201511.