President of Zimbabwe
| President of the Republic of Zimbabwe | |
|---|---|
| Mutungamiri weNyika ye Zimbabwe (Shona) | |
 Presidential Standard | |
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| Office of the President of Zimbabwe Executive branch of the Zimbabwean Government | |
| Style | His Excellency (Formal, in international correspondence) Comrade President (Informal) |
| Type | Head of state Head of government Commander-in-chief |
| Residence | State House |
| Appointer | popular vote |
| Term length | 5 years, renewable once[1] |
| Inaugural holder | Canaan Banana |
| Formation | 18 April 1980 |
| Deputy | Vice-President of Zimbabwe |
| Salary | US$200,000 annually (2014)[2] |
| Website | www |
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The president of Zimbabwe is the head of state and head of government of Zimbabwe. The president chairs the national cabinet and is the chief commanding authority of the Zimbabwe Defence Forces. The incumbent president is Emmerson Mnangagwa, installed on 24 November 2017 after his predecessor, Robert Mugabe resigned in the aftermath of a 2017 coup d'état.
History of the office
[edit]The office of the president of Zimbabwe was established in 1980, when the country gained independence from the United Kingdom. Per the Lancaster House Agreement, Zimbabwe was originally a parliamentary republic, with the president serving in mostly a ceremonial role. Real power was vested in the prime minister, Robert Mugabe.
A Methodist minister, Canaan Banana, became the first president, serving until 1987. He resigned in 1987 shortly after the Constitution was amended to make the presidency an executive post, and the office of Prime Minister was abolished. Mugabe was appointed to succeed him, and was elected in his own right in 1990 and four more times thereafter.
The office of Prime Minister was restored as a result of the 2008–09 political negotiations, but abolished again following the 2013 constitutional referendum. Under the rules adopted by the same referendum, the president serves a maximum of two five-year terms.[1] This did not have a retroactive effect on past terms of office already served or currently being served as of 2013.[3] As of 2021, there is a two-term limit for the president in the Constitution of Zimbabwe. The term limit has not been met by any president yet.[4] Repealing the two-term limit would require a referendum (and allowing an incumbent to benefit from the amendment would require a separate referendum).[5] Emmerson Mnangagwa, the incumbent president, has ruled out seeking a third term.[6] At its 21st National Conference ZANU–PF unanimously voted to extend Presidential terms, however this would require two separate constitutional amendments.[7] Mnangagwa has also rejected extending his second term.[8]
2017 coup d'état and Mugabe's resignation
[edit]On 14 November 2017, armed military personnel from the Zimbabwe Defence Forces invaded the Zimbabwe Broadcasting Corporation studios in Harare before Major General Sibusiso Moyo came out on a live television broadcast declaring that the army had activated an operation that would later be known as "Operation Restore Legacy." Moyo stated that President Mugabe and his family would be safe and their security would be guaranteed, as the operation was only targeting criminals around him. What followed thereafter was a well-planned and carefully executed crackdown on members of a faction within the ruling ZANU-PF party known as G40. The Zimbabwe Republic Police and the Central Intelligence Organisation, both deemed loyal to the president, were neutralised by the army, which arrested some of their top leaders.
On 21 November 2017, facing all-but certain impeachment from a combined session of the House of Assembly and Senate, Mugabe resigned as president. Former vice president Emmerson Mnangagwa was sworn in as his replacement on 24 November 2017.
Presidents of Zimbabwe (1980–2017)
[edit]| No. | Portrait | President | Took office | Left office | Time in office | Party | Election |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Canaan Banana (1936–2003) | 18 April 1980 | 31 December 1987 | 7 years, 257 days | ZANU | – | |
| 2 | Robert Mugabe (1924–2019) | 31 December 1987 | 21 November 2017 | 29 years, 325 days | ZANU–PF | 1990 1996 2002 2008 2013 | |
| – | Phelekezela Mphoko (1940–2024) Acting | 21 November 2017 | 24 November 2017 | 3 days | ZANU–PF | – | |
| 3 | Emmerson Mnangagwa (born 1942) | 24 November 2017 | Incumbent | 7 years, 32 days | ZANU–PF | 2018 2023 |
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Phelekezela Mphoko was the second (and only sitting) vice-president at the time of Mugabe's resignation on 21 November 2017. Mphoko may have been acting president of Zimbabwe for three days until Mnangagwa's accession to the presidency. However, as Mphoko was not in the country at the time, and due to the unusual circumstances, any official standing on this is unclear and may never be known.[9][10][11][12]
Rank by time in office
[edit]| Rank | President | Time in office |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Robert Mugabe | 29 years, 325 days |
| 2 | Canaan Banana | 7 years, 257 days |
| 3 | Emmerson Mnangagwa | 7 years, 32 days |
Latest election
[edit]Emmerson Mnangagwa ran for election in 2023 as the ZANU–PF candidate.[13] Morgan Tsvangirai, the leader of the main opposition party MDC-T, died in 2018 and was replaced by Nelson Chamisa. Chamisa ran as the MDC Alliance candidate against Emmerson Mnangagwa. Emmerson Mnangagwa was re-elected without the need for a runoff, winning 50.8% of the vote to Chamisa's 44.3%. The election result was disputed by the MDC Alliance.
See also
[edit]- List of rulers of Zimbabwe
- Prime Minister of Zimbabwe
- Vice President of Zimbabwe
- President of Rhodesia
- President of Rhodesia Zimbabwe
References
[edit]- ^ a b "Zimbabweans hope for democratic rebirth". BBC News. 20 March 2013. Retrieved 15 August 2013.
- ^ Gumbo, Lloyd (22 April 2014). "President reveals monthly salary". The Herald. Retrieved 22 April 2014.
- ^ Allison, Simon (26 March 2013). "Even Zimbabwe's constitution waits for Mugabe to pass the baton, or pass away". The Guardian. Retrieved 21 November 2017.
- ^ Cook, Candace; Siegle, Joseph. "Circumvention of Term Limits Weakens Governance in Africa". Africa Center for Strategic Studies.
- ^ "ED2030 push: 'We'll fight tooth and nail'". NewsDay. Retrieved 23 September 2024.
- ^ "Mnangagwa: I'm Not Seeking Third Term". Voice of America. 3 September 2024. Retrieved 18 November 2024.
- ^ Staff Reporter (26 October 2024). "Zanu PF passes resolution to allow Mnangagwa to extend term to 2030". Zimbabwe News Now. Retrieved 19 November 2024.
- ^ Okafor, Chinedu (27 October 2024). "Zimbabwe's President Mnangagwa rejects ruling past the legal limit". Business Insider Africa. Retrieved 24 November 2024.
- ^ "Mphoko is the Acting President for now". Bulawayo 24. 22 November 2017.
- ^ "Experts clear the air on succession". The Herald. 22 November 2017.
- ^ "Zimbabwe has 'phantom-like' acting president". News 24. 23 November 2017.
- ^ "Where is Mphoko, legally the acting President?". The Zimbabwe Mail. 22 November 2017.
- ^ "Zanu-PF reveals Mnangagwa as 2018 presidential candidate". The Zimbabwean. AFP. 19 November 2017.
Presidents of Zimbabwe and its antecedents | |
|---|---|
 Rhodesia (1965–1979, an unrecognised state) | |
 Zimbabwe Rhodesia (1979, an unrecognised state) | |
 Zimbabwe (since 1980, a recognised state) | |
*Acting President | |