Jump to content

Luvsannamsrain Oyun-Erdene

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Shodes97 (talk | contribs) at 13:44, 1 January 2025 (format of photo). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

In this Mongolian name, the given name is Oyun-Erdene. Luvsannamsrain is a patronymic, not a family name.

Oyun-Erdene Luvsannamsrain
Лувсаннамсрайн Оюун-Эрдэнэ
32nd Prime Minister of Mongolia
Incumbent
Assumed office
27 January 2021
PresidentKhaltmaagiin Battulga
Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh
Preceded byUkhnaagiin Khürelsükh
Member of State Great Khural
In office
5 July 2016 – 30 June 2020
Constituency41th, Khentii Province
In office
30 June 2020 – 2 July 2024
Constituency18th, Khentii Province
Incumbent
Assumed office
2 July 2024
Constituency6th,
Dornod, Khentii, Sükhbaatar Provinces
Chief Cabinet Secretary of Mongolia
In office
2 February 2019 – 27 January 2021
Prime MinisterUkhnaagiin Khürelsükh
Preceded byGombojavyn Zandanshatar
Succeeded byTsendiin Nyamdorj
Chairman of the Mongolian People's Party
Incumbent
Assumed office
25 June 2021
Preceded byUkhnaagiin Khürelsükh
President of Social Democracy Mongolian Youth Union
In office
September 2010 – 21 June 2015
Preceded byGombojavyn Zandanshatar
Succeeded byGanzorigiin Temüülen
Personal details
Born (1980-06-29) 29 June 1980 (age 44)
Ulaanbaatar, Mongolian People's Republic
Political partyMongolian People's Party
SpouseBoldyn Tuul
Children3
Websitewww.oyunerdene.mn

Oyun-Erdene Luvsannamsrain[1] (Mongolian: Лувсаннамсрайн Оюун-Эрдэнэ, romanized: Luvsannamsrain Oyun-Erdene; born 29 June 1980) is a Mongolian politician who has served as the prime minister of Mongolia since 27 January 2021. He has been elected to the State Great Khural (Parliament) three times[2] since 2016.[3]

The State Great Khural re-appointed Oyun-Erdene as the prime minister of Mongolia on July 5, 2024,[4] following Mongolian People's Party's third-term election victory[5] in the 2024 parliamentary election.

Prior to becoming the prime minister, Oyun-Erdene was a Minister and Chief of the Cabinet Secretariat[6] of the government of Mongolia from 2 February 2019 to 27 January 2021.

Education and early career

Oyun-Erdene was born in Ulaanbaatar in 1980 but was raised in Berkh, a village on the Eastern Mongolian Steppes. Berkh is about 500 kilometers from Ulaanbaatar and known for its fluorspar mine.[7] As a child, Oyun-Erdene struggled with a severe speech impediment until the age of five, which he overcame with the help of his grandfather. His grandfather was a chess master, Buddhist abbot, and teacher of Mongolian language and mathematics. He passed down the patronymic Luvsannamsrai to him.[8]

Oyun-Erdene obtained degrees in both journalism and law from Mongolian universities before graduating from Harvard University in 2015 with a master's degree in Public Policy.[9][10]

At 21, Oyun-Erdene began his career managing the governor's office in Berkh, before working abroad for World Vision as a Regional Director. Following his time at World Vision, he went on to work in politics as Head of Social Development Division of the Governor's Office of Bayanzukh District of Ulaanbaatar in 2008. He then worked his way up in the Mongolian People's Party, first as Head of Governing Council's Secretariat of the Mongolian People's Party, then President of the Social Democratic Youth Union of Mongolia, Secretary of the party, and finally acting Secretary-General.[11]

In 2016, he was elected as a Member of Parliament in Mongolia for Khentii. During his early years as a MP, Oyun-Erden led multiple demonstrations, most notably one held in 2018 involving more than 30,000 citizens against government corruption.[12]

Chief of the Cabinet Secretariat of Mongolia

As Chief of the Cabinet Secretariat of Mongolia in 2019, Oyun-Erdene assisted in amending the Constitution of Mongolia. The 2019 amendments strengthened the powers of the Prime Minister.

During his time in this role, Oyun-Erdene drafted plans for a 5-year program to expand Mongolia's digital infrastructure. The first action of this program was rolling-out E-Mongolia, an online platform which provides 182 different services to citizens.[13]

Prime Minister of Mongolia

Luvsannamsrain Oyun-Erdene and Japanese Prime Minister Fumio Kishida on 28 September 2022

Luvsannamsrain Oyun-Erdene was appointed Prime Minister of Mongolia on January 27, 2021. He reshuffled his cabinet and appointed new ministers on August 30, 2022. Prime Minister Oyun-Erdene's priorities as Prime Minister include transforming the Mongolian Economy, centred on growth in the technology, tourism and digital services sectors, expanding Mongolia's links with the rest of the world, reforming government and tackling corruption.[14] He was re-appointed as the Prime Minister on July 5, 2024 at the head of a new cross-party coalition government, following the Mongolian People's Party third-term win in the 2024 elections.[4]

Vision 2050

The Vision 2050 plan was developed during Oyun-Erdene's time in office, becoming the central pillar of his government's agenda.[15] One of the plan's top priorities was economic diversification—a response to Mongolia's over-reliance on its mining sector, which accounts for a significant portion of the nation's GDP.[16] Vision 2050 promotes sectors such as technology, tourism, and manufacturing, positioning Mongolia to better withstand economic fluctuations and create sustainable, long-term growth.[17] In his address at the 2023 Mongolia Economic Forum, Oyun-Erdene noted "Mongolia is landlocked, but not mind locked."[18]

Digital transformation, including efforts to digitalize government services and promote e-governance, has been a focus of Oyun-Erdene's tenure.[19] This shift to digital platforms has improved transparency, reduced inefficiency, and made public services more accessible to Mongolian citizens, preparing Mongolia to thrive in a global economy that increasingly relies on technology and innovation.[20]

Sustainability, alongside economic diversification, is at the centre of Vision 2050. As a major producer of copper and other minerals needed to build green technologies, Mongolia plays a critical role in the global deffort to decarbonise.[21] It is also embracing renewable energy to reduce emissions and support new green industries to emerge.[22] Mongolia will play a role in the global debate on desertification, hosting COP17 on the UN Convention to Combat Desertification.[23] It’s ‘Billion Tree’ planting initiative looks to promote reforestation in Mongolia.[24]

As part of Vision 2050 efforts to integrate Mongolia into globaly mineral supply chains. The government also has plans to adopt English as a second language, including giving access to native speaking English teachers to every pupil.[25]

Additionally, Vision 2050 aims to strengthen Mongolian governance by ensuring increased transparency, accountability, and public participation in decision-making. Corruption is combatted through comprehensive reforms and increased digitalisation, aimed at fostering a culture of integrity to enhance trust in public institutions.[26]

New Recovery Policy

In December 2021, Oyun-Erdene introduced the New Recovery Policy (or New Revival Policy) as part of Mongolia's Vision 2050 program, focused on diversifying Mongolia's economy, supporting the country's recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic and driving long-term development. The policy contains six pillars with each aimed at tackling existing economic constraints and unlocking growth in the following areas: border ports, energy, industrialization, urban and rural development, green development and state efficiency.[27]

Partially as a result of the New Recovery Policy beginning to be implemented, the country's economy grew by 4% in 2022,[28] having been forecasted to grow by just 2.6%.[29] The Mongolian budget deficit was reduced by 60%, with exports increasing.[30] In December 2022, the Government announced that Mongolia had paid off the 1.5 billion USD 'Chinggis bond', a key milestone in the country's long-term debt management strategy.[31] In 2023, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development forecasted that Mongolia's economy would see 7.2% growth in 2023 and 7.5% in 2024.[32]

A key aspect of this strategy was its emphasis on fighting corruption. Reforms included the establishment of a commodities exchange for state-owned enterprises and heightened transparency in the mining sector. [33] The recovery policy also complemented the Anti-Corruption Programme, which reclaimed 2.4 trillion MNT in misappropriated funds and reduced estimated losses from corruption by over 80% between 2022 and 2023.[34]

Under the New Recovery Policy, Mongolia has already built the Zuunbayan-Khangi rail link, which opened in November 2022, and started construction on the New Settlement Zone of Khushigt Valley. Other New Recovery Policy Projects completed in 2022 include the Borkh solar thermal power plant charge storage system in Uliastgai and the solar thermal power plant hybrid system in Altai soum.[35][36]

Tourism

On 29 November 2022, the Government of Mongolia unveiled a major package of measures to promote the country as a growing tourist destination.[37] This included the Government launch of its 'Welcome to Mongolia' campaign, which seeks to increase the number of tourists to one million annually, as well as designating 2023-2025 as the 'Years to Visit Mongolia'.[38]

To encourage overseas travelers to visit Mongolia, the campaign's reforms were focused on opening up more travel routes, modernizing Mongolia's visa system and reducing the cost of flights to the country.[39] In June 2022, Mongolia started allowing South Koreans to enter and stay without a visa for up to 90 days.[40] In January 2023, nationals of 34 countries became exempt from visa requirements for those traveling to Mongolia for tourism purposes.[41] In August 2023, during Oyun-Erdene's visit to the United States, it was announced that direct flights between the US and Mongolia would start in 2024.[42]

In December 2023, Oyun-Erdene launched the 'Go Mongolia' National Brand. The initiative is designed to promote tourism by adveritising Mongolia's core national values. Mongolia welcomed a record 594,000 tourists in 2023, boosting the country's economy by $1.3 billion.[43]

Digitalisation policy

Throughout Oyun-Erdene's tenure, emphasis has been placed on the digitalisation of Mongolia via 'Vision 2050' and the 'New Recovery Policy.'

As Chief of the Cabinet Secretariat, Oyun-Erdene started rolling-out E-Mongolia, an online platform which provides 182 different services to citizens.[44] Upon the launch of E-Mongolia, Oyun-Erdene said that "At minimum, MNT 10 billion could be cut on annual expenses related to paper-based document filings and postal services with the help of the full digitization of government services".[45] To date, the platform has helped drive the digitalisation of over 2,000 government services, and approximately 75% of the Mongolian adult population actively uses the platform for accessing services such as company registrations and passport renewals.[46]

In December 2022, Oyun-Erdene's government launched its new online procurement portal, Mindgolia, to boost the country's tech sector and to transition the country's economy "from mining to mind."[47] The website allows companies to search for products by software category, view reviews, and choose products and services by looking at other people's ratings of them.[48]

In April 2023, Oyun-Erdene launched the E-Business online platform to help businesses start and grow more easily, cutting down on bureaucracy and waiting times by streamlining exchanges between government and business.[49] At the Mongolia Economic Forum in July 2023, the Government announced an agreement with SpaceX and Starlink to launch a new era of high-speed internet connectivity.[50] Mongolia now has two licences for SpaceX to operate as an internet provider in Mongolia using low-orbit satellites.

In August 2023, during Oyun-Erdene's official visit to the United States, it was announced that Google would be partnering with Mongolia to enhance the digital skills of Mongolian teachers and young people, including the provision of 20,000 Chromebooks to schools.[51]

Mining

Mining remains a vital part of Mongolia's economy. In March 2023, Oyun-Erdene and Rio Tinto's CEO celebrated the start of underground copper production at the Oyu Tolgoi mine. It is expected to yield an annual average of 500,000 tons of copper from 2028 to 2036. The Oyu Tolgoi operation, employing around 20,000 workers (97% of whom are Mongolian), has invested $15 billion in the local economy, including $4 billion in taxes and other payments since 2010.[52]

Under Prime Minister Oyun-Erdene's initiative the new Natural Wealth Fund was established in 2024. It intends to channel natural resource revenues into investments that could help Mongolia diversify away its mining sector dependence.[53]

Additionally, in September 2024, Oyun-Erdene's government launched an international recruitment process for the management of the state-owned Erdenet Mining Corporation in order to strengthen governance, transparency, and efficiency within the state-owned enterprise.[54]

Anti-Corruption

During the December 2022 Mongolian protests, thousands protested in Mongolia's capital against alleged corruption in Mongolia's coal industry and inflation.[55] As part of the New Recovery Policy's pillar to tackle corruption and in light of these protests, the Prime Minister put forward an initiative to change the governance of Erdenes Tavan Tolgoi JSC (ETT), making the company public. This was aimed at improving transparency within the mining sector.[56] The Prime Minister also set up a six-month investigation into ETT.[57] In January 2023, Mongolia took further steps to crack down on corruption by passing the Commodities Exchange Law, which requires state-owned enterprises to trade export commodities on a new mining commodity exchange.[58]

In January 2023, Mongolia's anti-corruption authority announced that over 30 officials, including the chief executive of Erdenes Tavan Tolgoi, were under investigation for embezzlement.[55] In May, the Mongolian Parliament passed constitutional amendments to enlarge the legislative body, from 76 members to 126, and adopt a more proportional electoral system for the 2024 elections. Oyun-Erdene stated that the proportional system would prevent the government being used for private gain.[59] In July 2023, Mongolia became the first APAC country to implement all 40 recommendations from the Financial Action Task Force, and the fifth globally.[60]

Since 2021, the Government's Anti-Corruption Programme has led to 2.4 trillion MNT being seized back from corrupt individuals, and $12.2 million being repatriated back to Mongolia. According to some estimates, losses from corruption in Mongolia declined by 83.1% between 2022 and 2023, from 5 trillion MNT to 85 billion MNT.[61]

Constitutional reforms

The constitutional reforms passed in May 2023 increased the size of the State Great Khural (Mongolia’s parliament) from 76 to 126 members and introduced a mixed electoral system. Under this system, 78 members are elected through majoritarian voting, while 48 are chosen via proportional representation. This mixed electoral model, inspired by New Zealand's system, enhances political pluralism by enabling smaller parties and diverse social groups to gain representation, which has historically been dominated by the Mongolian People’s Party (MPP) and the Democratic Party (DP).[62][63] A gender quota mandates that 30% of party candidates must be women, rising to 40% by 2028.[64][65]

Gender balance was another major focus of the reforms. A gender quota mandates that 30% of party candidates must be women rising to 40% by 2028.[66][67] This has positioned Mongolia as a regional leader in Asia for female parliamentary representation with women now holding a record 25% of seats following the 2024 elections.[68]

These changes were in response to structural challenges, such as the size of parliament in relation to the population and balancing legislative duties and oversight.[69][70] These reforms looked to shrink any disproportionate influence of the executive over the legislature, improve accountability and foster more representation. Proportional representation was introduced to address these issues, and ensure diverse social and political perspectives are included in governance.[71]

The reforms aimed to respond to issues of corruption and governance as well, highlighted by large protests in recent years. The expansion of parliamentary representation and creation of a more inclusive electoral system look to rebuild trust in democratic institutions and promote consensus-building and stability.[72][73][74]

Foreign affairs

Oyun-Erdene has worked to strengthen Mongolia's relationships with key global partners in line with the country's "Third Neighbor" policy, which seeks to strengthen the country's ties with nations outside its immediate neighborhood.[75]

In October 2022, Oyun-Erdene visited Germany and met with Chancellor Scholz, during which both sides re-iterated their desire for closer co-operation. This was followed by the two countries entering into a strategic partnership in February 2024.[76]

The Prime Minister's visit to South Korea in February 2023 resulted in a new committee being formed on the rare material supply chain.[77] Memorandums of Understanding were signed with South Korea's KT Group to explore potential opportunities in digital transformation businesses, mineral resources and digital finance-related ventures.[78] Additionally, Oyun-Erdene agreed to support South Korea's bid to host the World Expo in the southern city of Busan in 2030 during the trip, saying that "the more South Korea prospers the more beneficial it will be to all Asian countries."[79] This was followed by Oyun-Erdene making a working trip to South Korea in March-April 2024, during which he launched the country's new "Go Mongolia" national brand and met South Korea's Prime Minister Han Duk-soo.[80]

Oyun-Erdene made an official visit to the United States of America in August 2023. During his visit to Washington D.C., the Prime Minister agreed with representatives of the Biden administration to deepen cooperation on mining rare earth metals and other minerals which could be of use to high-tech appliances.[81] Upon meeting Vice President Kamala Harris, Oyun-Erdene said he made clear "the importance of U.S. investment and involvement with mega projects in Mongolia" and highlighted that Mongolia's links with the USA were not just of economic nature, saying that the country is "the North Star for Mongolia's market economy and democratic values."[82]

In January 2024, Mongolia stated that it seeks to institute a summit where Mongolia, China, and Russia can further develop economic opportunities, including the China-Mongolia-Russia Economic Corridor, one of the six major land corridors of the Belt and Road Initiative.[83] That same month, Oyun-Erdene described relations between Mongolia and China as at their highest level and described the two countries as working towards a comprehensive strategic partnership.[83]

In February 2024, Mongolia and the United Arab Emirates signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) to agree cooperation on artificial intelligence (AI) development and governance.[84] Under the terms of the agreement, both countries will work on "joint research projects, exchange of policies related to AI, and co-operation on capacity building as well as other means to support the development of AI."

Then British Foreign Secretary David Cameron visited Mongolia in April 2024 as part of a diplomatic tour of Central and East Asia.[85] As part of the trip, Cameron visited the Prime Minister's Ikh Tenger residence and toured secondary school No. 23 in Ulaanbaatar, where he announced that the UK will provide £10 million over three years to support the implementation of the English language program in Mongolia.[86]

In August 2024, US Secretary of State Antony Blinken, while on an official state visit to Mongolia, met with Oyun-Erdene, during which the two shared their satisfaction with the development of commitments and bilateral relations to further Mongolia's 'Third Neighbor Policy'.[87]

References

  1. ^ "Full CV of Oyunerdene". The State Great Hural. Government of Mongolia. Retrieved 9 December 2023.
  2. ^ "Mongolia's Next Election Will Feature New Types of Candidates". Bulgan Batdorj and Julian Dierkes. 22 May 2020. Retrieved 29 June 2020.
  3. ^ "Economic concerns high as Mongolia holds national elections". DailyHerald Web. 23 June 2020.
  4. ^ a b Adiya, Amar (6 July 2024). "Mongolia's Prime Minister Offers Cooperation to Opposition After Election Victory". Mongolia Weekly. Retrieved 6 July 2024.
  5. ^ Adiya, Amar (28 June 2024). "Mongolia Election 2024: MPP Wins Third Term, But Majority Reduced". Mongolia Weekly. Retrieved 6 July 2024.
  6. ^ "Mongolian parliament appoints 3 new ministers". Xinhuanews Web. 5 February 2019. Archived from the original on 13 August 2020.
  7. ^ O'Driscoll, Mike. "Fluorspar new sources go underground for the battery charge". Imformed.com. Imformed. Retrieved 31 December 2024.
  8. ^ Nylander, Johan (2024). The Wolf Economy Awakens: Mongolia’s Fight for Democracy, and a Green and Digital Future. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. pp. 13–80.
  9. ^ "Luvsannamsrai OYUN-ERDENE C.V". Parliament.mn. Mongolian Parliament. Retrieved 31 December 2024.
  10. ^ "Oyun-Erdene Luvsannamsrai, Recent Kennedy School Graduate, Appointed Mongolian Prime Minister | News | The Harvard Crimson". www.thecrimson.com. Retrieved 30 March 2023.
  11. ^ "Luvsannamsrai OYUN-ERDENE C.V". Parliament.mn. Mongolian Parliament. Retrieved 31 December 2024.
  12. ^ "Mongolians protest against corruption as temperature plunges". Munkhchimeg Davaasharav. 27 December 2018.
  13. ^ "Mongolia's E-Governance Quest". Bolor Lkhaajav Web. 28 September 2020.
  14. ^ Adiya, Amar (10 September 2022). "Mongolia Unveils New Pro-Business Cabinet". Mongolia Weekly. Retrieved 11 September 2022.
  15. ^ Baljmaa, T. (20 January 2020). "Government calling for public inputs on 'Vision – 2050' long term development policy". Montsame.
  16. ^ ""VISION-2050" LONG-TERM DEVELOPMENT POLICY OF MONGOLIA" (PDF). Cabinet Secretariat of Government of Mongolia. Retrieved 5 November 2024.
  17. ^ Dierkes, Julian; Lkhaajav, Bolor (27 January 2021). "With New PM, a New Generation Taking Charge in Mongolia". The Diplomat. Retrieved 5 November 2024.
  18. ^ Jhargal, S. (9 July 2023). "Prime Minister L. Oyun-Erdene: "Mongolia is landlocked, but not mind locked."". Mpress.mn. Retrieved 5 November 2024.
  19. ^ Dierkes, Julian; Lkhaajav, Bolor (27 January 2021). "With New PM, a New Generation Taking Charge in Mongolia". The Diplomat. Retrieved 5 November 2024.
  20. ^ "Prime Minister Oyun-Erdene Luvsannamsrai MC/MPA 2015 is looking ahead to Mongolia's long-term development". Harvard Kennedy School. Harvard College. Retrieved 5 November 2024.
  21. ^ "Agenda for Action : Key Policy Recommendations for Mongolia's Sustainable Development Vision". World Bank Group.
  22. ^ Dolgor, Soyolmaa. "Partnership for Ambitious Climate Action in Mongolia". United Nations Mongolia. United Nations.
  23. ^ "COP17 on desertification to take place in Mongolia in 2026". AKIpress. 26 May 2023.
  24. ^ Khurel, Nominbolor. "Mongolia's One Billion Trees Campaign: A Bold Step Against Climate Change and Desertification". National Security Council of Mongolia. Institute for Strategic Studies.
  25. ^ Ankhtuyaa, B. (2 August 2023). "Mongolia makes English the first foreign language in secondary education". News.MN.
  26. ^ ""VISION-2050" LONG-TERM DEVELOPMENT POLICY OF MONGOLIA" (PDF). Cabinet.gov.mn. Government of Mongolia. Retrieved 31 December 2024.
  27. ^ B., Lkhaajav (14 April 2022). "Mongolia Highlights 'New Recovery Policy' at Economic Forum".
  28. ^ "GDP of Mongolia grows by 4.8%". AKI Press. 21 February 2023.
  29. ^ "Mongolia's economy projected to grow by 2.5% in 2022". AKI Press. 20 April 2022.
  30. ^ "Government of Mongolia: Mongolia Becomes the First Single-B Rated Issuer From Asia-Pacific to Successfully Enter the International Debt Markets in 2023". The Korea Herald. 13 January 2023.
  31. ^ E., Kahliun (12 June 2022). "Mongolia pays off USD 1.5 billion Chinggis Bond". Montsame.
  32. ^ Usov, Anton (27 September 2023). "EBRD forecasts strong economic performance in Central Asia". EBRD.
  33. ^ Kohn, Michael. "Mongolia vows to clean up coal trade after fury over China deals". Aljazeera.com. Al Jazeera. Retrieved 31 December 2024.
  34. ^ "Mongolia Unveils Anti-Corruption Strategy". prnewswire.com. PR Newswire. Retrieved 31 December 2024.
  35. ^ "'Borkh' Solar power plant, 'Tsengeg' Battery storage power station". MCS. 23 January 2023.
  36. ^ "ADB Commissions Off-Grid Renewable Hybrid Energy System in Altai, Mongolia". Asian Development Bank. 1 August 2022.
  37. ^ Buyanaa, L. (29 November 2022). "Revised Draft of Law on Tourism Submitted". Montsame.
  38. ^ Russell, John. "Mongolia Aims to Gain More Foreign Visitors". learningenglish.voanews.com. Voice of America. Retrieved 31 December 2024.
  39. ^ Buyanaa, L. (14 December 2022). "D. Gantumur: "The Years to Visit Mongolia" will be a Stimulus for the Rapid Recovery of Tourism". Montsame.
  40. ^ Son, Ji-hyoung (19 February 2023). "[Herald Interview] Mongolian PM wants to use Busan as outlet for trade corridor". The Korea Herald.
  41. ^ Buyanaa, L. (6 January 2023). "Temporary Exemption from Visa Requirements for Citizens of Some Countries to Visit Mongolia". Montsame.
  42. ^ "U.S. and Mongolia strengthen strategic partnership as direct flights planned for 2024". Associated Press. 2 August 2023.
  43. ^ "Go Mongolia". mongoliatravel.guide. Mongolia Travel. Retrieved 31 December 2024.
  44. ^ "E-Mongolia". e-mongolia.mn. Government of Mongolia. Retrieved 31 December 2024.
  45. ^ Baljmaa, T. "'E-Mongolia' electronic platform launched to provide 181 government services". montsame.mn. Montsame. Retrieved 31 December 2024.
  46. ^ Oyunsan, D. "E-Mongolia Expands Services". montsame.mn. Montsame. Retrieved 31 December 2024.
  47. ^ "Mongolian Government provides major boost to the country's thriving tech sector with launch of 'Mindgolia' procurement portal". Yahoo! Finance. 22 December 2022.
  48. ^ "Mindgolia". Mongolian Software Industry Association.
  49. ^ "NEW MONGOLIAN E-BUSINESS PLATFORM TO MAKE IT EASIER TO START AND GROW A BUSINESS". Associated Press. 11 April 2023.
  50. ^ Woo, Ryan (7 July 2023). "Elon Musk's SpaceX to launch satellite internet service in Mongolia". Reuters.
  51. ^ Butts, Dylan (6 August 2023). "Mongolia signs digital skills partnership with Google as landlocked nation seeks closer ties with US". South China Morning Post.
  52. ^ "Rio Tinto starts underground production at Oyu Tolgoi". Mining.com. Mining.com. Retrieved 31 December 2024.
  53. ^ Adiya, Amar (26 May 2024). "Has Mongolia Finally Beaten the Resource Curse?". Mongolia Weekly. Retrieved 15 July 2024.
  54. ^ "The management of Erdenes Tavantolgoi Company will be selected through an international open selection process". mininginsight.mn. Mining Insight Magazine. Retrieved 31 December 2024.
  55. ^ a b "Protesters in Mongolia try to storm state palace". Al Jazeera. 6 December 2022.
  56. ^ Davaasharav, Munkhchimeg and David Stanway (13 December 2022). "Mongolia to take mining firm public after protests over graft". Reuters.
  57. ^ Davaasharav, Munkhchimeg (8 December 2022). "Mongolians brave bitter cold to protest 'coal theft' corruption". Reuters.
  58. ^ "Mongolia sets up commodity exchange to fight 'coal theft'". Mining Journal. 3 January 2023.
  59. ^ Lkaajav, Bolor (2 June 2023). "Mongolia's Constitutional Reform Enlarges Parliament, Advances a Mixed Electoral System". The Diplomat.
  60. ^ Chakraborty, Ranamita (3 August 2023). "Mongolia Becomes First APAC Country to Implement All FATF Recommendations". Regulation Asia.
  61. ^ Lkhaajav, Bolor (6 February 2024). "Mongolia Commits to Fighting Corruption With International Help". The Diplomat. Retrieved 5 November 2024.
  62. ^ Lkhaajav, Bolor (1 June 2023). "In Mongolia, parliament passes constitutional amendments adopting mixed electoral system and increasing size of parliament". International IDEA. Constitution Net.
  63. ^ Lkhaajav, Bolor (2 June 2023). "Mongolia's Constitutional Reform Enlarges Parliament, Advances a Mixed Electoral System". The Diplomat.
  64. ^ "Mongolia - May 2023". Global State of Democracy Initiative. International IDEA.
  65. ^ "Mongolian parliament passes constitutional amendments". Xinhua. 31 May 2023.
  66. ^ "Mongolia - May 2023". Global State of Democracy Initiative. International IDEA.
  67. ^ "Mongolian parliament passes constitutional amendments". Xinhua. 31 May 2023.
  68. ^ "Mongolia To Strengthen Transparency Through Constitutional Reforms". Modern Diplomacy. 3 June 2023.
  69. ^ "Mongolia To Strengthen Transparency Through Constitutional Reforms". Modern Diplomacy. 3 June 2023.
  70. ^ Lkhaajav, Bolor (2 June 2023). "Mongolia's Constitutional Reform Enlarges Parliament, Advances a Mixed Electoral System". The Diplomat.
  71. ^ "Mongolia To Strengthen Transparency Through Constitutional Reforms". Modern Diplomacy. 3 June 2023.
  72. ^ Lkhaajav, Bolor (1 June 2023). "In Mongolia, parliament passes constitutional amendments adopting mixed electoral system and increasing size of parliament". International IDEA. Constitution Net.
  73. ^ Lkhaajav, Bolor (2 June 2023). "Mongolia's Constitutional Reform Enlarges Parliament, Advances a Mixed Electoral System". The Diplomat.
  74. ^ "Mongolian parliament passes constitutional amendments". Xinhua. 31 May 2023.
  75. ^ Gracefoo, Antonio (28 August 2024). "Mongolia's "Third Neighbor": Balancing between China, Russia, and the U.S." Geopolitical Monitor. Retrieved 5 November 2024.
  76. ^ "Germany and Mongolia enter into strategic partnership". Reuters. 7 February 2024. Retrieved 5 November 2024.
  77. ^ Son, Ji-hyoung (15 February 2023). "Korea, Mongolia pledge rare earths cooperation". The Korea Herald. Retrieved 5 November 2024.
  78. ^ Lee, Seung-Woo (15 February 2023). "KT Group signs MOUs with Mongolian firms to explore joint opportunities". The Korea Economic Daily. Retrieved 5 November 2024.
  79. ^ Kim, Seung-yeon (14 February 2023). "Mongolia endorses S. Korea's World Expo bid". Yonhap News Agency. Retrieved 5 November 2024.
  80. ^ Nyambayar, B. (2 April 2024). "Prime Ministers of Mongolia and the Republic of Korea Hold Meeting". Montsame. Retrieved 5 November 2024.
  81. ^ Brunnstrom, David; Lewis, Simon (4 August 2023). "US discussed 'creative ways' to help landlocked Mongolia export rare earths, officials say". Reuters. Retrieved 5 November 2024.
  82. ^ Kine, Phelim (3 August 2023). "Mongolia wants to get closer to the U.S. without rattling 'eternal neighbors' Russia and China". Politico. Retrieved 5 November 2024.
  83. ^ a b "Between China and Russia, landlocked Mongolia eyes summit to enhance ties as geopolitical pressures mount". Yahoo Finance. 24 January 2024. Retrieved 19 April 2024.
  84. ^ Robertson, Derek (15 February 2024). "The metaverse puts its best foot forward". Politico. Retrieved 5 November 2024.
  85. ^ Lloyd, Nina (27 April 2024). "Lord Cameron joins language lesson and pets horses during Mongolia visit". The Standard. Retrieved 5 November 2024.
  86. ^ "UK plans to allocate £10 million support for English language program in Mongolia". AKIpress. 30 April 2024. Retrieved 5 November 2024.
  87. ^ Unubold, B. (1 August 2024). "U.S. Secretary of State Pays a Courtesy Call on Prime Minister of Mongolia Oyun-Erdene Luvsannamsrai". Montsame. Retrieved 5 November 2024.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Luvsannamsrain Oyun-Erdene.
Wikiquote has quotations related to Luvsannamsrain Oyun-Erdene.
Political offices
Preceded by Prime Minister of Mongolia
2021–present 		Incumbent
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Luvsannamsrain_Oyun-Erdene&oldid=1266624455"