Revolutionary United Front
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The Revolutionary United Front (RUF) was a rebel army that fought a failed ten-year insurrection in Sierra Leone, starting in 1991 and ending in 2002. The RUF was rather unusual in that it had no true ideology outside of discontent and opposition to the ruling Sierra Leone government.
Creation
When it began, it put forward the slogan, "No More Slaves, No More Masters. Power and Wealth to the People." [1] While its goal was clearly to overthrow the government of Sierra Leone, the RUF gave little indication of what sort of government would replace it. The group did not advocate Marxism or any similar leftist ideology, nor did it advocate extreme nationalism or Fascism. It also did not claim to be a force fighting for a certain ethnic group or region. [2] At one point, during ongoing peace negotiations in 1995, RUF published a pamphlet entitled "Footpaths to Democracy: Toward a New Sierra Leone", which contained some rhetoric references to social justice and pan-Africanism.
The RUF was created by Foday Sankoh, of Temne and Lokko background, and two allies, Abu Kanu and Rashid Mansaray, with substantial assistance from Charles Taylor of Liberia. [3] At first, the RUF was popular with Sierra Leoneans, many of whom resented a Freetown elite seen as corrupt and looked forward to promised free education and health care and equitable sharing of diamond revenues. However, the RUF developed a reputation internationally for enormous cruelty during its decade-long struggle. [4]
Coup
Sankoh did not stand by his earlier promises of equitably sharing of diamond revenues and used these funds to buy arms for Taylor and himself. [5] With the diamond mines under the control of the rebel group, the RUF became singularly focused on protecting its resource base.[5] Sierra Leone's economy collapsed, with ordinary citizens trapped between the cruelty of RUF troops and starvation. After a coup by the Armed Forces Revolutionary Council (AFRC) in 1997, the RUF and AFRC created a joint junta to control the country before being evicted from the capital by the invasion of a Nigerian-led West African force that reinstated the rule of President Ahmad Tejan Kabbah. The war is estimated to have cost the lives of 200,000 people. [6]
Atrocities
The RUF made extensive use of child soldiers, [7] using horrific methods to numb their new recruits to barbarity. [8] Thousands of abducted boys and girls were forced to serve as soldiers or as prostitutes, [9] [8] and those chosen to be fighters were sometimes forced to murder their parents. [10] Guerrillas frequently carved the initials "RUF" on their chests, [11] [3] [12] and officers reportedly rubbed cocaine into open cuts on their troops to make them manic and fearless.[4] For entertainment, some soldiers would bet on the sex of an unborn baby and then slice open a woman's womb to determine the winner. [13] [14]
The RUF was notorious for severing the limbs of those victims it did not murder, particularly children.[7] In response to the immediate execution of rebels by government forces, the RUF instead instituted a policy of cutting off the hands of captured soldiers with the intent of sending the message, "You don't hold your weapon against your brother." [15] Brandishing machetes, RUF troops were reported to have amputated the hands, arms, and legs of tens of thousands of Sierra Leoneans. [15] [16] The RUF indicated that the reason for these actions was that amputees could no longer grow rice, which might be used to support government troops. [17] The election slogan at that time was that the people 'had power in their hands', so the RUF would hack the hands off to prevent voting. [17]RUF members are also said to have practiced cannibalism. [18] [19] [16] The government set up a refugee camp where they gathered amputees; the camp was situated next to the international hotels. [20]
Foreign Intervention
In March 1997, Sankoh fled to Nigeria, where he was put under house arrest, and then imprisoned. From this time until Sankoh's release in 1999, Sam Bockarie performed the task of director of military operations of the RUF. In 1999, an intervention by the USA, the United Kingdom, and other countries as well as the UN resulted in the signing of the Lomé Peace Accord on 7 July, 1999. [21]Sankoh was allowed to return under the conditions of the agreement. However fighting again broke out, and the United Nations sent peacekeeping troops in hopes of integrating the RUF into a new national army. This intervention failed as well, and by 2000 they held 500 UN peacekeepers hostage until their release was negotiated by Taylor. The British and Guineans finally sent in a small professional force in 2001. The RUF was routed and the revolution ended. Sankoh was captured by a mob and handed to the British where he was indicted for multiple war crimes by a UN-backed court. In 2003 Sankoh died in prison before the trial took place. [4]
Current Status
The RUF is now a political party. The current (as of 2006) general secretary of the party is Jonathan Kposowa. At the last elections, May 14 2002, the party won 2.2 % of popular votes and no seats. Its candidate at the presidential elections, Alimamy Pallo Bangura, received 1.7% of the vote.
Cultural References
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Most recently, the RUF has been featured in the movie Blood Diamond, starring Leonardo DiCaprio, Djimon Hounsou, and Jennifer Connelly, also in Lord of War, starring Nicolas Cage. It has also been featured in the book "A Long Way Gone: Memoirs of a Boy Soldier" by Ishmael Beah. [22]
External links
References
- ^ ""Footpaths to Democracy"".
- ^ ""GlobalSecurity.Org"".
- ^ a b David M. Crane ""Indictment proceedings of the special court for Sierra Leone Case No. SCSL - 2004-15-PT""., Special Court for Sierra Leone (February 5th, 2004)
- ^ a b c David M. Crane ""Terrorism Knowledge Base"".
- ^ a b Taylor Baines, ""When Crime Pays: West African Leaders' Brutality Reaps Rewards""., Global Policy Forum, (February 1, 2001)
- ^ Piero Scaruffi, ""Wars and Genocides of the 20th Century"".
- ^ a b ""Brutal child army grows up""., BBC News (May 10th, 2000)
- ^ a b Peter Takirambudde, ""Sierra Leone Rebels Forcefully Recruit Child Soldiers""., Human Rights Watch (May 31, 2000)
- ^ ""The child soldiers of Sierra Leone""., BBC News
- ^ Joseph Opala, ""What The West Failed To See In Sierra Leone""., Washington Post (May 14, 2000)
- ^ ""UN: Sierra Leone should widen control""., Washington Post (September 19, 2001)
- ^ Douglas Farah ""Children Forced to Kill""., Washington Post (April 8, 2000)
- ^ ""Foday Sankoh, an African revolutionary""., The Economist (August 7th, 2003)
- ^ ""Evidence of torture and human rights abuses Sierra Leone""., Medical Foundation for the care of victims of torture
- ^ a b Sorious Samura, ""Return to Freetown""., CNN (December 23, 2001)
- ^ a b Anthony C. LoBaido, ""Memorandum to a cannibal""., WorldNetDaily.com (October 19, 2004)
- ^ a b ""Diamond trade fuels bloody wars""., CNN (January 18, 2001)
- ^ ""Who is Foday Sankoh?""., Guardian Unlimited (May 17, 2000)
- ^ ""The rebels advance in Sierra Leone""., The Economist (January 7th, 1999)
- ^ ""Sierra Leone - Building the Road to Recovery""., Monograph, No 80, (March 2003)
- ^ ""Crimes of War"".
- ^ Beah, Ishmael (February 13, 2007). A Long Way Gone: Memoirs of a Boy Soldier. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 978-0374105235.