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For other uses, see Auckland (disambiguation).
Auckland
File:Auckland.PNG
File:Auckland city coa.gif
Population: 1,260,9001
Area: 1,086 km² (419 sq mi)
Location: 36°51′S 174°47′E / 36.850°S 174.783°E / -36.850; 174.783[1]
Mayor: Multiple, including Dick Hubbard, Sir Barry Curtis, Bob Harvey, John Law, George Wood
Urban Area
Extent: North to Waiwera,
northwest to Kumeu,
east to Maraetai,
south to Drury and Runciman;
excludes Waitakere Ranges
& Hauraki Gulf Islands
Territorial Authorities
Names: Auckland City
North Shore City

Urban parts of Waitakere City and Manukau City
Papakura District
Some parts of Rodney District and Franklin District

Regional Council: Auckland Regional Council
1Statistics New Zealand estimated resident population, Auckland Urban Area, 30 June 2006.[2]
Schematic map of Auckland.

The Auckland metropolitan area or Greater Auckland, in the North Island of New Zealand, is the largest urban area of the country. With over 1.2 million people it has over a quarter of the country's population, and demographic trends indicate that it will continue growing faster than the rest of the country. Auckland also has the largest Polynesian population of any city in the world.

It is a conurbation, made up of Auckland City (excluding the Hauraki Gulf islands), North Shore City, and the urban parts of Waitakere and Manukau cities, along with Papakura District and some nearby urban parts of Rodney and Franklin Districts. In Māori its name is Tāmaki Makau Rau, or the transcribed version of Auckland, Ākarana.

Auckland lies between the Hauraki Gulf of the Pacific Ocean to the east, the low Hunua Ranges to the south-east, the Manukau Harbour to the south-west, and the Waitakere Ranges and smaller ranges to the west and north-west. The central part of the urban area occupies a narrow isthmus between the Manukau Harbour on the Tasman Sea and the Waitemata Harbour on the Pacific Ocean. It is one of the few cities in the world to have harbours on two separate major bodies of water.

History

Main article History of Auckland

Early settlers

The isthmus was first settled around 1350 and was valued for its rich and fertile land. Many pa (fortified villages) were created, mainly on the volcanic peaks. Māori population in the area is estimated to have peaked at 20,000 before the arrival of Europeans. This event - and the guns which they traded to local iwi - upset the local power balances. This resulted in extensive inter-tribal warfare, which together with some introduced plagues resulted in the area having relatively low numbers of Māori when European settlement in New Zealand started in earnest (there is however no indication that this was the result of a deliberate European policy).

Birth of the city

After the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi in February 1840 the new Governor of New Zealand, William Hobson chose the area as his new capital. However, even in 1840, Port Nicholson (later Wellington), was seen as a better choice for an administrative capital, due to its proximity to the South Island, which was being settled much more rapidly. At the same time, Auckland was the capital and principal city of the Auckland Province, until the provincial system was abolished in 1876.

Nonetheless, even after losing its status as national capital in 1865, immigration to the new city stayed strong.

Growth up to today

Becoming a base against the Māori King Movement in the early 1860s, and continued road building towards the south into the Waikato, enabled Pākehā (European New Zealanders) influence to spread out from Auckland. It also grew fairly rapidly, from 1,500 in 1841 to 12,423 by 1864. The growth occurred similarly to other mercantile-dominated cities, mainly around the port, and with many of the problems of overcrowding and pollution common to it.

Trams and railway lines shaped Aucklands rapid extension in the early first half of the 20th century, but soon after the dominance of the motor vehicle emerged and has not abated since, with arterial roads and motorways becoming a defining (and geographically dividing) feature of the urban landscape. They also allowed further massive expansion, resulting in the growth of associated urban areas like the North Shore (especially after the construction of the Auckland Harbour Bridge, and Manukau City in the south.

A large percentage of Auckland is dominated by a very suburban style of building, giving the city a very low population density: although it has not much more than a seventh of the population of London, it sprawls over a considerably larger area - a fact that serves to make public transport by Auckland's rail and bus systems unpopular and uneconomic (car usage costs fall slightly with decreasing urban density, while public transport costs rise sharply, even if less capital-intensive types like bus services are used in the less dense zones).[3]

Future growth

Auckland's problems with urban sprawl, due to rapid population growth and its car-centred transportation system, are now slowly being addressed in planning. As Auckland is set to grow to an estimated 2 million inhabitants by 2050, a Regional Growth Strategy has been adopted that sees limits on further subdivision and intensification of existing use as its main sustainability measures.[4]

Geography and climate

Rangitoto island as seen from North Head.

Volcanoes

Auckland straddles the volcanoes of the Auckland Volcanic Field. The 50 volcanic vents in the field take the form of cones, lakes, lagoons, islands and depressions, and several have produced extensive lava flows. Most of the cones have been partly or completely quarried away. The individual volcanoes are all extinct, although the volcanic field itself is merely dormant.

The most recent and by far the largest volcano, Rangitoto Island, was formed within the last 1000 years, and its eruptions destroyed the Māori settlements on neighbouring Motutapu Island some 700 years ago. Rangitoto's size, its symmetry, its position guarding the entrance to Waitemata Harbour and its visibility from many parts of the Auckland region make it Auckland's most iconic natural feature. It is eerily quiet as almost no birds and insects have settled on the island because of the rich acidic soil and type of flora that has adapted to grow out of the black broken rocky soil.

Hauraki Gulf islands

Several islands of the Hauraki Gulf are administered as part of Auckland City, though they are not officially part of the Auckland metropolitan area. Parts of Waiheke Island effectively function as Auckland suburbs, while various smaller islands near Auckland are mostly recreational open space or nature sanctuaries.

Isthmus and harbours

File:Akldfromskytower.png
Auckland Central Business District.

Auckland lies on and around an isthmus, less than 2 kilometres wide at its narrowest point, between Mangere Inlet and the Tamaki River. There are two harbours in the Auckland urban area surrounding this isthmus, Waitemata Harbour to the north, which opens east to the Hauraki Gulf, and Manukau Harbour to the south, which opens west to the Tasman Sea.

Bridges span parts of both these harbours, notably the Auckland Harbour Bridge crossing the Waitemata Harbour west of the Auckland CBD. The upper reaches of the Manukau and Waitemata Harbours are spanned by Mangere Bridge and the Upper Harbour Bridge respectively. In earlier times, portage paths crossed the narrowest sections of the isthmus.

Climate

File:View of Aukland from outside city.JPG
Auckland CBD from the top of the Mt Eden volcanic cone.

Auckland has a warm-temperate climate, with warm, humid summers and mild, damp winters, and is the sunniest and warmest of New Zealand's main centres.[5] The average maximum temperature is 23°C in January and February, and 13°C in July.[6] The absolute maximum temperature is 30.5°C.[7] High levels of rainfall occur almost year-round (an average of 1249 mm per year), especially in winter. Climatic conditions vary in different parts of the city owing to geography such as hills, land cover and distance from the sea. On 27 July 1939 Auckland received its only snow fall in recorded history.[8] This is unlike South Island cities like Christchurch, which regularly gets snow down to sea level.

The unusual early morning calm on the isthmus during settled weather, before the sea breeze rises, was described as early as 1853: "In all seasons, the beauty of the day is in the early morning. At that time, generally, a solemn stillness holds, and a perfect calm prevails..." Many Aucklanders use this time of day to walk and run in parks.[9]

As car ownership rates are very high and emissions controls relatively weak, Auckland suffers from air pollution, especially in regards to fine particles emissions. There are also regular breaches of guideline levels of carbon monoxide.[10] While maritime winds normally disperse the pollution relatively quickly it can sometimes become visible as smog, especially on calm winter days.

People

Cultures

File:Auk city night.jpg
Auckland CBD at night, with the Captain Cook Wharf part of Ports of Auckland in the foreground.
See also: Culture of New Zealand

Auckland is home to many cultures. The majority of inhabitants claim European - predominantly British - descent, but substantial Māori, Pacific Islander and Asian communities exist as well. Auckland has the largest Polynesian population of any city in the world.

Compared to the rest of New Zealand, a relatively large proportion of the population is made up of people of Asian origin (mainly East Asian and South Asian). This proportion has increased recently due to New Zealand's world-leading level of immigration, which flows primarily into Auckland. Ethnic groups from all corners of the world have a presence in Auckland, making it by far the country's most cosmopolitan city. It is estimated that over 14 people from other countries immigrate to Auckland every day. This strong focus on Auckland has led the immigration services to award extra points towards immigration visa requirements for people intending to move to other parts of New Zealand.

The following table shows the ethnic profile of Auckland's population, as recorded in the 2001 and 2006 New Zealand Census. The percentages add up to more than 100%, as some people counted themselves as belonging to more than one ethnic group. Figures for 2006 refer to the whole Auckland Region, not just the urban area. The substantial percentage drop in the numbers of 'Europeans' was mainly caused by the increasing numbers of people from this group choosing to define themselves as 'New Zealanders' - even though this was not one of the groups listed on the census form.

Ethnic Group 2001 (%)[11] 2001 (people) 2006 (%)[12] 2006 (people)
European 66.9 684,237 56.5 698,622
Pacific Island 14.9 152,508 14.4 177,936
Asian 14.6 149,121 18.9 234,222
Māori 11.5 117,513 11.1 137,133
Middle East/Latin America/Africa n/a n/a 1.5 18,555
Others 1.3 13,455 0.1 648
'New Zealanders' n/a n/a 8.0 99,258
Total giving their ethnicity 1,022,616 (individuals) 1,237,239 (individuals)

The 2006 Census also provides information about the multilinguality of the region. Accordingly, 867,825 people in the Auckland Region spoke one language only, while 274,863 spoke two, and 57,051 could converse in three or more languages.[12]

Religion

File:20041216 auckland skyline night.jpg
Sky Tower illuminated in Christmas colours during the month of December.

Like the rest of the country, more than half of Aucklanders are nominally Christian, but fewer than 10% regularly attend church and almost 40% profess no religious affiliation (2001 census figures). The main denominations are Roman Catholic, Anglican and Presbyterian. Pentecostal and charismatic churches are the fastest growing. The charismatic and fundamentalist Destiny Church, headquartered in Auckland, has gained headlines because of its political activities. A higher percentage of Polynesian immigrants are regular churchgoers than other Aucklanders, although church attendance drops off in second- or third-generation Polynesian Aucklanders. Other immigrant cultures have added to the religious diversity of the city, adding faiths such as Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam and Sikhism to Auckland's religious landscape. There is also a small, long-established Jewish community. There is an even smaller Rationalist group.

Lifestyle

Positive aspects of Auckland life are its mild climate, plentiful employment and educational opportunities, as well as numerous leisure facilities. Meanwhile, traffic problems (compared to other New Zealand cities), the lack of good public transport, and increasing housing costs have been cited by many Aucklanders as among the strongest negative factors of living there,[13] together with crime (which is still low for a city of its size [citation needed]). Nonetheless, Auckland currently ranks 5th behind Zürich and Geneva in a survey of the quality of life of the world's top 55 cities.[14] In 2006, Auckland placed 23rd on the UBS list of the world's richest cities.[15]

Leisure

File:Auckland-CityOfSails.jpg
City Of Sails - View over the Westhaven Marina.

Auckland is popularly known as the "City of Sails" because the harbour is often dotted with hundreds of yachts and has more per capita than any other city in the world. Viaduct Basin hosted two America's Cup challenges, and its cafes, restaurants, and clubs add to Auckland's vibrant nightlife.

High Street, Queen Street, Ponsonby Road, and Karangahape Road are also very popular with urban socialites. Newmarket and Parnell are upmarket shopping centres. Otara's and Avondale's famous fleamarkets and Victoria Park Market are a colourful alternative shopping experience. Some of the largest shopping malls of the Auckland area are Sylvia Park (Sylvia Park, Auckland City), Botany Town Centre (Howick, Manukau City) and Westfield Albany (under construction) (Albany, North Shore City).

The Auckland Town Hall and Aotea Centre host conferences and cultural events such as theatre, kapa haka, and opera. Many national treasures are displayed at the Auckland Art Gallery, such as the work of Colin McCahon.

Auckland also boasts a world-class symphonic ensemble in the Auckland Philharmonia Orchestra, considered one of the finest orchestras in Australasia.

Other significant cultural artefacts reside at the Auckland War Memorial Museum, the National Maritime Museum, and the Museum of Transport and Technology (MOTAT). Exotic creatures can be observed at the Auckland Zoo and Kelly Tarlton's Underwater World. Movies and rock concerts (notably, the "Big Day Out") are also well patronised.

Parks and nature

Panoramic view over Auckland from Mount Eden.

Auckland Domain is one of the largest parks within the city, situated close to the CBD and having a good view of the Gulf and of Rangitoto island. Smaller parks also close to the city centre are Albert Park, Myers Park, Western Park and Victoria Park.

While most volcanic cones in the Auckland Volcanic Field have been affected by quarrying, many of the remaining cones are now ensconced within parks, and retain a somewhat more natural character than the surrounding city. Prehistoric earthworks and historic fortifications feature in several of these parks, including Mount Eden, North Head and One Tree Hill (Maungakiekie).

Other parks around the city are in Western Springs, which has a large park bordering on the MOTAT museum and the Auckland Zoo. The Auckland Botanic Gardens are located further south in Manurewa.

Ferries provide transport to parks and nature reserves at Devonport, Waiheke Island and Rangitoto Island. The Waitakere Ranges Regional Park to the west of Auckland offers beautiful and relatively unspoiled bush territory, as do the Hunua Ranges to the south.

Sport

Locations

Auckland has its fair share of rugby and cricket grounds, and venues for motorsports, tennis, badminton, netball, swimming, soccer, rugby league, and many other sports.

  • Vector Arena is a new multi-purpose indoor arena, though its comparatively small field will prevent some types of sports from being played here.

Waitemata Harbour has popular swimming beaches at Mission Bay, Devonport, Takapuna, Long Bay and Maraetai, and the west coast has popular surf spots such as Piha and Muriwai. Many Auckland beaches are patrolled by surf lifesaving clubs, which are part of Surf Life Saving Northern Region.

With the sheltered Waitemata Harbour at its doorstep, Auckland is a mecca for everything nautical, and almost every week sees some nautical event taking place in the 'City of Sails'. There are also a large number of sailing clubs in Auckland.[16]

Main teams

Main article: Blues (rugby team)

The Auckland rugby franchise The Blues, formerly known as the 'Auckland Blues' is one of the more successful of New Zealand's five Super 14 franchises. Many All Blacks have also come from Auckland.

Main article: Auckland Aces

Cricket also has a strong following in Auckland. The Auckland cricket franchise, the Auckland Aces won the State Shield Trophy against the Otago Volts in February 2007. The Aces had narrowly lost against the Canterbury Wizards the previous year.

Major events

Popular annual sporting events include:

  • The 'Cross Harbour Swim' from Devonport to the Auckland CBD is a yearly summer event, covering 2.8 km (often with some considerable counter-currents) and attended by up to a thousand mostly amateur competitors.
  • The 'Round the Bays' fun-run, starting in the city and going 8.4 kilometres (5.2 miles) along the waterfront to the suburb of St Heliers. It attracts many tens of thousands of people and has been an annual March event since 1972.
  • The Auckland Marathon (and half-marathon), an annual competition for thousands of enthusiasts, with the course going over the Harbour Bridge from North Shore, through the Auckland CBD to St. Heliers and back to the CBD (for the full distance).

Employment

File:Auckland tower.jpg
The Sky Tower is the tallest free-standing structure in the Southern Hemisphere at 328 m.

Every business day, many professional and other service workers commute from all points of the region to downtown Auckland, often enduring long commuting times, drawn by and making Auckland City one of the best-earning cities in New Zealand with a median personal income per year of NZ$44,304 (approx US$30,000) for the region with CBD jobs often earning more (2005).[17] Median personal income (including all persons older than 15 years of age) per year was NZ$22,300 (2001),[18] behind only North Shore City (also part of the Greater Auckland area) and Wellington. While office workers still account for a large part of Auckland's commuters, large office developments in other parts of the city, for example in Takapuna, North Shore City, are becoming more common, reducing concentration on the Auckland CBD somewhat.

Most major international corporations have an Auckland office, as the city is seen as the economic capital of the nation - although firms increasingly run their New Zealand operations from Australia. The most expensive office space is around lower Queen Street and the Viaduct Basin. A large proportion of the technical and trades workforce is based in the industrial zones of South Auckland.

The largest commercial and industrial areas of Greater Auckland are in the southeast of Auckland City as well as in the western parts of Manukau City, mostly in the areas oriented towards the Manukau Harbour and the Tamaki River estuary.

Education

Auckland has a number of important educational institutions, including some of the largest universities in the country. Auckland is also known to be a major centre of overseas language education, with large numbers of foreign students (particularly East Asians) coming to the city for several months or years to learn English - although numbers New Zealand-wide have dropped substantially since peaking in 2003.[19] As of 2007, there are around 50 NZQA certified schools and institutes teaching English in the Auckland area.[20]

Auckland has a multitude of primary and secondary schools, with the Auckland [Boys'] Grammar School, Auckland Girls' Grammar School and the Epsom Girls' Grammar School being amongst the most famous.

Amongst the most important tertiary educational institutes are the University of Auckland, Unitec New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Massey University and the Manukau Institute of Technology.

Housing

Housing varies considerably between some suburbs having state owned housing in the lower income neighbourhoods, to palatial waterfront estates. The most common residence of Aucklanders is a bungalow on a "quarter acre" (1,000 m²), with the resulting large urban sprawl and reliance on motor vehicles. The regional council is trying to curb this trend, with housing density strategies such as more townhouses and apartments, and prohibiting subdivision of properties on the city fringes.

In some areas, the Victorian villas are being increasingly torn down to make way for large plaster mansions with tennis courts and swimming pools. The rampant demolition of the older properties is being combatted by the Auckland City Council passing laws that cover heritage suburbs or streets.

Transport

Main article Transport in Auckland

Vehicle transport

File:HarbourBridge Watchman.jpg
The bridge from Watchman Island, west of it.

Auckland is highly dependent on private vehicles as the main form of transportation, to a level unusual for such a large city. This results in substantial traffic congestion during peak times, especially for New Zealand levels, though comparable to many other cities worldwide.

With public transport usage declining heavily during the second half of the 20th century, and increased spending on roading and motorways, New Zealand (and specifically Auckland) now has the second-highest vehicle ownership rate in the world, with around 578 vehicles per 1000 people.[21] This focus has been partly due to the low population density of the Auckland region (compared to most cities in Europe and Asia), and is further accentuated by the comparatively long travel distances on the isthmus. This results in public transport being less cost-effective compared to denser urban centres.

Partly as a result, Auckland suffers from associated problems such as chronic traffic congestion on the main routes, and vehicle-induced air pollution. Recent studies show that New Zealanders take fewer than 2% of all journeys by bus and only 1% of journeys by rail.[22] Organisations such as the Campaign for Better Transport and the Auckland Regional Council advocate, among other measures, for better provision of rail services to improve public transport use percentages. Other groups such as Climaction and the Residents Action Movement have held protests demanding a free public transport system.

Road network

File:CMJ-1-.jpg
Auckland's Central Motorway Junction.
Ferry travel is a popular type of public transport type for some Auckland destinations. Here, the Kea can be seen at Devonport Wharf.

The State Highway network connects the cities located in the Auckland urban area, the most frequently travelled being the Northern, Southern, Northwestern and Southwestern Motorways. The Auckland Harbour Bridge (Northern Motorway) is the main connection to North Shore City.

The Central Motorway Junction, also called 'Spaghetti Junction' for its complexity, forms the intersection between the two major motorways of Auckland (State Highway 1 and State Highway 16), and also provides various accesses from these routes to the city centre. It is located in a series of gullies and cuttings forming a semicircle around the southern end of the CBD. The Western Ring Route, a wide-area bypass of the Central Motorway Junction through southern Auckland, is currently under construction, though the completion of the project may easily be a decade away.

Two of the longest arterial roads within Greater Auckland are Great North Road and Great South Road - the main connections in those directions before the construction of the State Highway network.

Commercial shipping

Aucklands ports are the largest of the country, and a large part of both inbound and outbound New Zealand commerce travels through them, mostly via the facilities located to the northeast of the Auckland City CBD. Freight usually arrives / is distributed from the port via road, though the port facilities also have rail access. Auckland is also a major cruise ship stopver point, with the ships usually tying up at Princes Wharf.

Other travel modes

Public transport use is still very light in terms of the modal share, and remains widely unpopular and expensive in spite of recent increases in ridership and funding.

  • Auckland has three main railway lines, serving the general western, southern, and central eastern directions from the Britomart Transport Centre in downtown Auckland.
  • The bus network has enjoyed increased patronage and service, but service is still limited in comparison to other cities of the same size (and higher density). The services are mostly radial rather than ring-routes, due to Auckland being on an isthmus. Late-night services (i.e. past midnight) are limited, even on weekends.
  • Auckland CBD is connected to various outlying coastal suburbs, to North Shore City and to outlying islands by ferry.

Famous sites

360-degree view from Sky Tower, showing many landmarks in the CBD.

The following is a list of tourist attractions and landmarks in the Auckland metropolitan area:

Attractions & Buildings

  • Auckland Civic Theatre - a famous heritage "atmospheric theatre" in downtown Auckland. It is still operating as a theatre and was recently renovated to its original condition.
  • Aotea Square - the hub of downtown Auckland besides Queen Street, it is often the site of crafts markets, rallies or arts festivals.
  • Karangahape Road - known as "K' Road", a street in upper central Auckland famous for its bars, clubs and smaller shops.
  • Ponsonby - a suburb and main street west of central Auckland known for arts, cafes and culture.
  • Queen Street - the main street of the city, from Karangahape Road down to the harbour. Somewhat rundown, it is currently (2006-2008) undergoing extensive works.
  • Vector Arena - the recently completed new events centre in downtown Auckland. Holding 12,000 people, it can be used for sports and concert events.
  • Viaduct Basin - a marina and residential development in downtown Auckland, the venue for the America's Cup regattas in 2000 and 2003.

Landmarks & Nature

  • Auckland Domain - one of the largest parks of the city, close to the CBD and having a good view of the harbour and of Rangitoto Island.
  • Mount Eden - a volcanic cone with a grassy crater. As the highest natural point in Auckland City, it offers 360-degree views of Auckland and is thus a favorite tourist outlook.
  • One Tree Hill (Maungakiekie) - a volcanic cone that dominates the skyline in the southern, inner suburbs. It no longer has a tree on the summit (after a politically motivated attack on the old tree) but is still crowned by an obelisk.

See also

References

  1. ^ "GEOnet Names Server (GNS)". {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  2. ^ Subnational Population Estimates (from the Statistics New Zealand website)
  3. ^ Density of urban activity and journey costs - Vivier, Jean, UITP - Public Transport International 1/99
  4. ^ From Urban Sprawl to Compact City: an analysis of Auckland's Urban Growth Management Strategies - Arbury, Joshua - MA Thesis, University of Auckland
  5. ^ "NIWA, Climate Summary for 2005". {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  6. ^ "Monthly Climate Statistics for Auckland". {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  7. ^ "Summary, climate information for selected New Zealand locations". {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  8. ^ "Snowstorms (pdf file)" (PDF). {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  9. ^ Auckland, the Capital of New Zealand - Swainson, William, Smith Elder, 1853
  10. ^ How Polluted is Auckland's Air (from the Auckland Regional Council website)
  11. ^ 2001 Regional Summary (from the Statistics New Zealand website)
  12. ^ a b 2006 Regional Summary Tables by Regional Council (from the Statistics New Zealand website)
  13. ^ Central Transit Corridor Project (Auckland City website, includes mention of effects of transport on public satisfaction)
  14. ^ Quality of life survey (Mercer Management Consulting)
  15. ^ City Mayors: World's richest cities (UBS via www.citymajors.com website, August 2006)
  16. ^ [Sailing Club] directory (from the yachtingnz.org website)
  17. ^ Auckland Regional Profile (from labourmarket.co.nz, composed from various sources)
  18. ^ Comparison of New Zealand's cities (from ENZ emigration consulting)
  19. ^ Survey of English Language Providers - Year ended March 2006 (from Statistics New Zealand. Auckland is assumed to follow national pattern)
  20. ^ English Language Schools in New Zealand - Auckland (list linked from the Immigration New Zealand website)
  21. ^ Sustainable Transport North Shore City Council website
  22. ^ Interesting facts about New Zealand (from ENZ emigration consulting)
  • Gordon McLauchlan (1992). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of New Zealand. David Bateman Ltd, Glenfield, NZ. ISBN 1-86953-007-1.
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