Pipe fitting
Pipe fitting is the occupation of installing or repairing piping or tubing systems that convey liquid, gas, and occasionally solid materials. This work involves selecting and preparing pipe or tubing, joining it together by various means, and the location and repair of leaks.
Pipe fitting work is done in many different trades: Plumbing, HVAC, Manufacturing, Fire Prevention, and many others. Pipe fitters (sometimes called simply "fitters") are represented in the USA by the United Association of Journeymen and Apprentices of the Plumbing and Pipe Fitting Industry of the United States and Canada.
Fitters work with a variety of pipe and tubing materials including several types of plastic, copper, steel, iron, aluminum, clay, and lead.
Steel Pipe
Steel pipe (or Black Iron Pipe) was once the most popular choice for supply of water and flammable gases, but fell from favor as water pipe in the mid 20th century due to its tendency to rust. Steel pipe is still used in many homes and businesses to convey natural gas or Propane, and is a popular choice in fire sprinkler systems due to its high heat resistance.
Steel pipe is joined using thread connections, where tapered threads (See National Pipe Thread) are cut into the tubing section end, sealant is applied in the form of thread compound or PTFE tape (similar to teflon tape) and it is then threaded into a corresponding threaded fitting using a pipe wrench.
Usages vary from country to country as different nations have different standards to install pipe.
In Canada, in respect to Natural Gas (NG) and Propane (LP-Gas), Black Iron Pipe is used to connect an appliance to the supply, it must however be marked (either painted yellow or yellow banding attached at certain intervals) and certain restrictions apply to which Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) can be put through walls and buildings. With Propane in particular BIP can be run from an exterior tank (or cylinder) provided it is well protected from the elements and an annode-type of protection is in place for when the pipe is to be installed underground.
Copper Tubing
Copper tubing is most often used for supply of hot and cold water, and as refrigerant line in HVAC systems. There are two basic types of copper tubing, soft copper and rigid copper. Copper tubing is joined using flare connection, compression connection, or sweat (solder). Copper offers a high level of resistance to corrosion, but is becoming very costly.
Soft Copper
Soft (or ductile) copper tubing can be bent easily to travel around obstacles in the path of the tubing. It can be joined by any of the three methods, and it is the only type of copper tubing suitable for flare connections. Soft copper is the most popular choice for refrigerant lines in split-system air conditioners and heat pumps.
Flare Connections
Flare connections require that the end of a tubing section be spread outward in a bell shape using a flare tool. A flare nut then compresses this bell-shaped end onto a male fitting. Flare connections are the most labor intensive of the three options, but are quite reliable over the course of many years.
Rigid Copper
Rigid copper is a popular choice for water lines. It is joined using compression or sweat connection. Rigid copper cannot be bent and must use elbow fittings to go around corners or avoid obstacles.
Sweat Connections
Sweat fitting. These are smooth, and easily slip onto the end of a tubing section. The joint is then heated using a torch, and solder is melted into the connection. When the solder cools, it forms a very strong bond which can last for decades. Sweat connected rigid copper is the most popular choice for water supply lines in modern buildings. In situations where many connections must be made at once, (such as plumbing of a new building) sweat offers much quicker joinery than compression or flare.
Compression Connections
Compression fittings use a soft metal ring (the compression ring) which is squeezed onto the pipe and into the fitting by a compression nut. The soft metal conforms to the surface of the tubing and the fitting, and creates a seal. Compression connections do not typically have the long life that sweat connections offer, but are advantageous in many cases because they are easy to make using basic tools. A disadvantage in compression connections is that they take longer to make than sweat, and sometimes require retightening over time to stop leaks.
Plastic Pipe
Plastic pipe is becoming a very popular choice for water supply and drain lines. It offers good durability, is low in cost, and easy to install.
PVC and CPVC
PVC is the most popular choice in plastic pipe. It is rigid, and uses thread or solvent weld (glue) connections, it also can be heat fused. It is available in various pressure ratings, with the most common choice being Schedule 40" for pressurized uses, it is available for waste water lines. Standard PVC can only be used for cold water supply, and is a very popular choice for drain line.
CPVC is a diferente type of plastic it has an extra chlorine and can be used for hot water supply, and in the industry.
PolyEthylene
Polyethylene or PE pipe is often used for the supply of hot and cold water. It can be joined using barb-fittings with clamp rings, or it can be heat-fused (sections can be melted together) using an appropriate tool. Because PE pipe is flexible, it can be curved through a radius to make turns, and thus avoid the complexity and expense of fittings required to make turns with other types of piping.
Undyed PE is colorless, and uncolored PE tubing has a frosted, translucent appearance. Colored varieties include red, blue, black and gray.
PE is a popular choice for underground loops in Geothermal heating, as supply line for lawn sprinkler systems, and is marketed under the trade name of "PEX" for use in water supply applications.
ABS
ABS is recognizable by its rigidity and black color. It is used only for drainage lines and is lower in cost than PVC.
Nylon
Nylon tubing is often used for water lines inside appliances, and to convey various flammable fluids and solvents. It offers high resistance to chemical reaction.
Aluminum Tubing
Aluminum is sometimes used due to its low cost, resistance to corrosion and solvents, and for its ductility. Aluminum tube is more desirable than steel for the conveyance of flammable solvents, since it cannot create sparks when manipulated. Aluminum tubing can be connected by flare or compression fittings, or it can be welded by the TIG or Heliarc processes.
Occupational Hazards
Pipe fitters are often exposed to hazardous or dangerous materials, such as asbestos, lead, ammonia, steam, flammable gasses, various resins and solvents including benzene, and various refrigerants. Much progress was made in the 20th century toward eliminating hazardous materials. Many aspects of this are now regulated by law in most countries, including asbestos usage and removal, and refrigerant selection and handling; these being the result of many scientific discoveries in regard to the damage certain materials can cause to humans, animals, and the earth's ecological system.
See also
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External links
- Prevost Pipe & Tube Fittings and accessories for air compressed, water, other fluids