Gove Peninsula
The Gove Peninsula (12°17′S 136°49′E / 12.283°S 136.817°E) is at the northeastern corner of Arnhem Land in the Northern Territory of Australia. The peninsula became strategically important during World War II when an airforce base was constructed at what is now Gove Airport. The peninsula was named after Pilot Officer William Gove, who was killed in action in 1943.
Defining
Area
The Gove Peninsula is located on the east coast of the Gulf of Carpentaria within Arnhem Land, a vast tract of Aboriginal owned land on the Northern Territory coastline. The township of Nhulunbuy is the main commercial and service centre of the Peninsula and is 600 kilometres east of Darwin. Based on a 2004 NT Government Socio-Economic Snapshot, there is a population of 14,115 within the Gove Peninsula (East Arnhem Region), of which almost 64% are Indigenous people and a population of nearly 4,000 in Nhulunbuy, the majority being non-Indigenous people. Those people not living in Nhulunbuy live in surrounding communities and traditional homelands. It is interesting to note that in the five years to 2004, the population declined in Nhulunbuy and Groote Eylandt and increased in the non-urban areas. Nhulunbuy is a purpose built town developed by the former owner of Alcan Gove, a huge bauxite mine and alumina refinery 15 kilometres away. The town is built on a Special Purpose Lease on Aboriginal land and is now the largest town is East Arnhem Land, the fourth largest town in the Northern Territory and the administrative centre for the region [1]. Gove Peninsula is a place of spectacular beauty with unspoilt coastline, wetlands rich in birdlife, lush green monsoon forests and vast tropical savannahs. Owned by the traditional Aboriginal owners, the Yolngu people, it is a place rich in culture with Yolngu maintaining strong ties with their land, religion and traditions.
Status
Rather than the name of a clan or family group, Yolngu is the word that Aboriginal people from East Arnhem Land, including the Gove Peninsula, use to refer to themselves. The main five clan groups of the region are Gumatj, Rirratjingu, Djapu, Madarrpa and Dhalwangu [2].
Any non-Yolngu person is called a Managa (thought to originate from the word 'Hollander' for a white or Dutch person). [3] Aboriginal owned land is private land and holds many sites that are sacred and special to its owners. Therefore visitors need to obtain a permit when going onto Aboriginal owned land. This helps the owners of the land give access to visitors whilst still retaining their privacy and ensuring that their sacred and special sites are not disrupted.
Yolngu enjoy a settled and relatively dense population and Yirrkala is the largest Yolngu community in North-east Arnhem Land with a population of around 800 people. Many other Yolngu live in small family groups on their traditional lands through out the region. Their culture is strong and most people live a mix between a traditional and modern life. The land is abundant with flora and fauna that is still part of hunting and gathering today. Art and craft is an important part of Yolngu life and is now an important contributor to gain economic stability and independence.
Geography and climate
Topography and climate
Situated just 12 degrees south of the Equator, the Gove Peninsula has a monsoon climate. The non-Aboriginal people of the Northern Territory tropics recognise two distinct seasons, the dry season] from May to October, and the wet from November to April. During the dry, temperatures range from 15 to 18 degrees Celsius at night to 28 to 30 degrees Celsius during the day. There is virtually no rainfall, clear blue skies and cool ocean breezes. The wet season brings the monsoon weather with hot and humid days ranging from 31 to 35 degrees Celsius and warm nights. [4]. Electrical storms are spectacular and there can be cyclonic activity. Humidity is high and rainfall averages between 100 to 300 milli-metres per month with an annual rainfall around 1100 milli-metres. [5]
Yolngu however recognise eight seasons derived from changing behaviours and patterns apparent in the land, flora and fauna. Yolngu seasons calendar Dhuludur’ (‘the Pre-wet season’, October-November) when the weather is erratic, ‘female’ thunder and lightning storms are frequent, turtles and Threadfin Salmon are hunted, and the ‘male’ thunder shrinks the waterholes. Bärra’mirri (‘the season of Heavy Rain and Growth’, December-January) when there is heavy rains and prolific plant growth, the Magpie Geese arrive and shellfish are harvested. Mayaltha (‘the Flowering season’, February-March) when there are bright sunny days but little bush tucker, flies arrive and mosquito larvae are abundant in the pools. Midawarr (‘the Fruiting season’, March-April) when the east wind signals a time of abundant bush foods, including fruits, nuts and barramundi. Ngathangamakulingamirri (‘a two week Harvest season’, April) Dharratharramirri (‘the Early Dry season’, May-July) when the trade winds (south-southeast) arrive, the bush is fired, Magpie Lark flocks arrive and sharks and stingrays give birth. Burrugumirri (‘the time of the Birthing of Sharks and Stingrays’, three weeks in July to August) Rarrandharr (‘the Main Dry season’, August-October) when warm southeast winds blow, the soil is hot, young sharks and stingrays are hunted, and the stringybark flowers. National Oceans Office, 2003, Snapshot of the Northern Planning Area, Hobart.[6]
The Gove Peninsula is barely touched by western development, with the exceptions of Nhulunbuy and the bauxite mine and alumina refinery. There are vast tracts of unspoilt land, beaches and ocean. The land is characterised by a mixture of savannah woodland, wetlands and patches of monsoon forest and rocky escarpment. The beaches, bays and islands are idyllic with stretches of beautiful white sand and clear blue ocean waters. Some favourite destinations of locals and visitors alike are Nanydjaka (Cape Arnhem), Lurrupukurru (Oyster Beach), Rangura (Caves Beach), Baringura (Little Bondi), Ngumuy (Turtle Beach), Garanhan (Macassan Beach), and Daliwuy (Daliwoi Bay).
There are three marked coastal walking trails, providing relatively short and pleasant walks. These are Daliwuy to Garanhan (3 km, red trail marker), Garanhan to Ngumuy (2.5 km, yellow trail marker) and Ngumuy to Baringura (1.5 km, black trail marker). Yolngu elders have provided interpretive material along the way so visitors can enjoy and appreciate their rich culture and beliefs. [7]
For fishing enthusiasts, the secluded bays and abundant offshore reefs and islands provide are a tropical gem. There is reef, estuary, fly-fishing, beach and sport fishing available.
Diving and snorkelling are also popular activities in the region. Local charter operators can organize day trips and overnight camping trips and diving courses are available. The waters of Northern Australia are inhabited by box jellyfish and saltwater crocodiles. All precautions should be taken and safety signs adhered to. Vinegar should be carried and used to neutralize box jelly fish stings.
History
Early City
Yolngu have made this country home for at least 50,000 years. Their history is told in their dances, songs, stories and rock art. Their stories tell of creation ancestors who had adventures across the country forming the land formations, plants, rocks, oceans, animals, people and law. The law determines every aspect of life, from social obligations and religion to land ownership and responsibility. The earliest record of contact with outsiders was with the Macassan traders from the 16th century on. They were from Eastern Indonesia and visited Arnhem Land every wet season. For over three hundred years they collected and processed sea slugs for trade with China. They traded objects such as metal knives, tobacco and cloth with Yolngu any many Yolngu words, songs and dances encompass influence from these Macassan traders.
The first recorded contact with Europeans was in 1623 when William van Colster led an exploratory voyage for the Dutch. He named Cape Arnhem after his ship, which was named Arnhem. Several other explorations took European visitors fleetingly to this region, but it wasn’t until Matthew Flinders circumnavigated Australia, that the coast of Arnhem Land was detailed on a chart. Flinders recorded coming across a Macassan Fishing Fleet just north-west of the Gove Peninsula on the English Company’s Islands. The start of the 20th Century saw the end to Macassan trade when the South Australian Government refused to allow the trade with the introduction of legislation to protect Australia's "territorial integrity".
Modern City
As Europeans started land exploration throughout Australia and subsequently started to settle closer and closer to Yolngu homelands, conflict between Europeans and Yolngu became more frequent. In 1931 an area of 96,000 sq km was proclaimed Arnhem Land Aboriginal Reserve. Today the Land Trust holds about 1000,000 sq km as Aboriginal freehold land (with the exception of mining leases). [8] The Gove Peninsula was heavily involved in the defence of Australia during World War II. There were three operational air squadrons based here as well as an airfield on the site on the present Gove airport and a flying boat base at Drimmie Head. The Peninsula derived its name from a RAAF navigator who died in a mid air collision in the vicinity. [9] There are reminders of this time found through out the Peninsula and a war memorial in Yirkalla dedicated to the efforts of Yolngu trained to defend against the Japanese.
Government
Local Government
There are 10 local councils in the region which administer the townships of Nhulunbuy and Angurugu and a number of local communities that primarily service Indigenous people. Visitors are required to obtain a permit upon arrival in Nhulunbuy from Dhimurru Land Management for a nominal fee. This allows travel to recreation areas designated on a map received with the permit and advises where bush camping is available. The Land Council can also provide you with information about sacred and significant areas that cannot be disturbed and advise if and where recent crocodile sightings have been recorded.
Dhimurru Land Management Street Address: Arnhem Road, Nhulunbuy (opposite the Captain Cook Shopping Centre) Postal Address: PO Box 1551 Nhulunbuy Northern Territory 0881 Road transit permits and other recreational permits can be obtained from the Northern Land Council on 08 8920 5178.
National Government
The Commonwealth Government carried out mineral explorations in the 1950s and was successful in discovering a bauxite deposit that covered 65 sq km and contained an estimated 250 million tonnes. After initial resistance by the government to mine, in 1964 Nabalco, the former owner of the mine and refinery, was set up and granted a lease with a commitment build a township, port facility and mine.[10] In 1968 The Gove Agreement was negotiated between Nabalco and the Commonwealth Government. This agreement sets out the terms and conditions under which the mine and refinery still operate today and includes the granting of a series of leases to Nabalco and set out obligations and responsibilities, including relations with the local Aboriginal people. Today this agreement stands between Alcan Gove and Commonwealth Government. Royalties are paid on the bauxite exported and refined, with the level of royalties reviewed every seven years. These royalties are paid directly to the Northern Territory Government and an equivalent amount is paid by the Commonwealth Government to the Aboriginal Benefit Trust Account and distributed according to a formula set out in the Commonwealth Land Rights Act. [11]
Economy
The economy of the Gove Peninsula is centred on the Alcan Gove Mine and Refinery which is located of leasehold land within the boundaries of Aboriginal freehold land. This the Aboriginal traditional owners are Alcan Gove’s landlords. Therefore Alcan Gove are obligated to sustain a close relationship with the traditional owners both in the township and the surrounding communities. Alcan lists their community contributions as:
- Financial and in-kind sponsorship of local community and cultural groups for ceremonies, homeland needs and festivities including the annual Garma Festival
- Major sponsorship of the Northern Territory Landcare Awards, sponsorship of the National Landcare Awards and active support of local Landcare projects
- Vocational training and apprenticeship programs at each of our Australian operations
- Our global Environment, Health and Safety (EHS) policy, TARGET greenhouse gas management program and annual US $1 million Sustainability Prize
- Financial, infrastructure and educational support to local schools and service providers
They make a major economic and social contribution to surrounding communities, the Northern Territory and the wider Australian community. Their annual contribution includes:
- Direct employment of around 1,100 employees and contractors, which is makes Alcan the largest private secot employer in the Northern Territory.
- Annual injection of more than $130 million into the Northern Territory economy through employment and related payments
- Annual Material purchases in the Northern Territory of more than $30 million
- Provision of around 40 apprenticeships and traineeships
- Contribution of $60 million annually to Northern Territory and Federal Government revenues through taxation
- Ongoing royalty payments of around $9 million annually for the benefit of Aboriginal organisations and traditional landowners
- Active support for Indigenous business development including contracts worth around $10 million with Aboriginal enterprises
- Annual Support of around $1 million each year for Indigenous community development, training and cultural activities
- Generous support for community activities and facilities, both in Nhulunbuy and elsewhere in the Northern Territory.
Demographics
On the night of the 2001 Census there were 13,080 people living in the ‘Indigenous region’ of Nhulunbuy, which covers most of the Gove Peninsula. Of these 60.7% were Aboriginal people.
| Population | Percentage | |
|---|---|---|
| Total Persons | 13,080 | - |
| Total Indigenous persons | 7,940 | 60.7% |
| Males | 3,905 | 49.2% |
| Females | 4,035 | 50.8% |
On the night of the 2001 there were 3,766 people living in the ‘Urban Centre’ of Nhulunbuy. Of these 7.3% were Aboriginal people.
| Population | Percentage | |
|---|---|---|
| Total Persons | 3,766 | - |
| Total Indigenous persons | 275 | 7.3% |
| Males | 2,135 | 56.7% |
| Females | 1,631 | 43.3% |
Transport
It is possible to hire four wheel drives, conventional vehicles or bicycles in Nhulunbuy and an airport bus and taxi company service the town.
Air
The Gove Airport is located 13 kilometres from the town centre of Nhulunbuy. Qantas and Flight West have a daily flight to Gove from Cairns and Darwin which then connect to cities around the world. The Cairns – Gove flight is 1 hour and 40 minutes duration and Darwin – Gove is 1 hour and 10 minutes. [14]
Road
The most direct route to Nhulunbuy from a major Highway is via the Central Arnhem Road which leaves the Stuart Highway 52km south of Katherine. The first 30 kilometres are sealed and then the rest is a gravel road. A four wheel drive vehicle is recommended, particularly for the 2 major river crossings, the Wilton River near Bulman Aboriginals Community and the Goyder River, about 300 kilometres from Nhulunbuy. Fuel needs to be carried as travellers may not be able to purchase fuel along the way. The Central Arnhem Road is 682 kilometres long, plus the 52 kilometres from Katherine to the turn off makes a long drive, approximately 8 or 9 hours drive with good conditions. Travellers do require a permit as the road runs across many Yolngu Clan lands. This can be obtained from the Northern Land Council on 08 8920 5178.
Education
Nhulunbuy has one public primary school, which incorporates pre-school, and one public secondary school which provides education to a Year 12 level. There is also a private school, Nhulunbuy Christian School, which provides education from Transition to Year 7. Yirrkala has a school which supports further a field community schools. Tertiary education can be obtained through Batchelor College and Charles Darwin University. Students have the option studying on campus or by correspondence.
Society and culture
Yolngu culture and ties to the land are still very strong and sacred. Many people still live mainly a traditional life. It is important for visitors to remember that Yolngu solely own the entire Arnhem Land region and it is important to respect the access restrictions this brings. Each August, Gulkula near Nhulunbuy, holds the Garma festival. This is a celebration of Yolngu culture is considered one of the most important indigenous festivals in Australia. Around 2,000 Indigenous and non-Indigenous people travel from around Australia and the world to attend the festival to learn and contribute. Garma is a Yolngu word for ‘two-way learning process’. There is traditional and contemporary music and dance, art and craft, education, performances and sport. Art and craft is gaining worldwide recognition and is an opportunity for Yolngu to gain economic independence. The Gove Peninsula has three outstanding art centres, Nambara Arts and Crafts near Nhulunbuy, Buku Larrngay Mulka in Yirrkala and Elcho Island Art and Craft. The artists of North East Arnhem continue to paint their sacred designs using ochres on bark. This not only reflects the sanctity of their connection with the land they paint but an artistic discipline that is recognised internationally. All are open to visitors and are a must on any itinerary. [15]
Music
Arnhem Land, including the Gove Peninsula, is home to what is commonly referred to as the didgeridoo and Yolngu are master players and craftsmen of the instrument. In this region, therhythms, techniques and compositions endemic to the people are of outstanding musical interest. Characteristic features in the playing styles of north-east Arnhem Land include sharp tongued accents, syncopated overtone rhythms, and variable time metering.
Didgeridoos from north-east Arnhem Land are instruments of the highest cultural integrity. The use of the didgeridoo in this part of Australia continues as an unbroken tradition since time immemorial. In recent times, the Yothu Yindi band and Djalu Gurruwiwi - Mr Didgeridoo himself - has done much to popularise the yidaki around the world. Yidaki are commonly made in north-east Arnhem Land from gadayka - Eucalyptus tetradonta or Stringybark, gungurru - Eucalyptus miniata or Woolybutt, and badawili - Eucalyptus feruginea or Rusty Bloodwood. [16]
Sport
Sport is a big part of the lives of people in Nhulunbuy and there are excellent facilities including a sports ground, golf course, yacht club, swimming pool, fishing club, surf-lifesaving club, speedway and skate park. Along with this many take part in four-wheel driving, fishing, diving, camping and boating.
Sailing
Gove Harbour is a popular stop off point for yachts sailing the northern coast of Australia or heading to the countries to the north of Australia and beyond. Apart from the months of December to April when cyclones can affect the coast line, the waters surrounding the Gove Peninsula provide excellent sailing conditions. The Gove Sailing Club is often packed full of visiting yachties from all over the world and the club often holds regattas and other annual events.
Fishing
Fishing on and around the Gove Peninsula is perhaps the most popular recreational pursuit of locals and travellers alike. There is some of the best tropical reef and sport fishing in the world in the virtually untouched seas surrounding Nhulunbuy. There are numerous well established fishing tour operators than run full day and extended tours from both Nhulunbuy as well as a number of fishing clubs in the region that organise renowned fishing competitions through out the year. Anglers have the chance of hooking up one of more than 30 fish species, including red emperor, coral trout and golden snapper, Spanish mackerel, giant trevally and, in the billabongs, the prized barramundi.
Diving
Diving the colourful and rich coral reefs in the clear waters offshore from Gove is becoming more and more popular. There is drift, deep and multi-level diving available and many reefs and offshore islands to explore. It is recommended to dive in company of an experienced dive charter operator to ensure safety in these remote tropical waters. There are two reputable dive companies in Nhulunbuy who offer dive tours and short courses.
Sister Cities
See also
References
- ^ http://www.alcangove.com.au/home/
- ^ http://www.alcangove.com.au/home/
- ^ http://www.ealta.org
- ^ http://www.alcangove.com.au/home/
- ^ http://www.pfes.nt.gov.au/
- ^ http://www.environment.gov.au/coasts/mbp/publications/pubs/northern-snapshot.pdf
- ^ http://www.ealta.org
- ^ http://www.ealta.org/localhistory.html
- ^ http://www.ealta.org/localhistory.html
- ^ http://www.walkabout.com.au/locations/NTGove.shtml
- ^ http://www.alcangove.com.au/home/
- ^ http://www.alcangove.com.au/home/
- ^ http://www.abs.gov.au
- ^ http://www.totaltravel.com.au
- ^ http://www.ealta.org
- ^ http://www.ididj.com.au/exhibitions/neal.html
External Links
