List of Gakuen Alice characters
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The following is a list of characters from the anime and manga Alice Academy (Gakuen Alice).
Note that the names are in Western order (given name before surname).
Classmates
Mikan Sakura
Sakura Mikan (佐倉蜜柑) Voiced by: Kana Ueda
- Nicknames: Polka-dot, Ichigo-kara (lit. Strawberry Pattern)
- Gender: Female
- Age: 10 (start of the series)
- Birthday: January 1
- Horoscope: Capricorn
- Blood Type: O
- Weight: 33kg
- Height: 138cm
- Alice: Nullifying , Alice-stealing
- Alice Stone Colour: Mandarin Orange
Mikan is the protagonist of the story. She is an energetic, good-natured girl, but time and again, her clumsiness lands her into trouble. She is a very up-an-at-it person, much to annoyance of her down-to-earth friend, Hotaru. She used to live with her grandfather in the country.
When she was in second grade, Hotaru transferred to her school from the city and had a hard time fitting in with the others due to her being a genius. At first, Mikan didn't really want to be friends with Hotaru, but when they entered a dance and singing competition and won it together she decided to be Hotaru's best friend. From then on, she cared deeply about Hotaru and they were both as close as sisters, even though their personalities are the exact opposite. When she heard that her school was going to be demolished, she led a protest to stop it, since it contained so many memories. However, no one joined her. (This section is elaborated in the anime more than in the manga.) She was shocked to hear that Hotaru was moving back to the city to go to an academy for young 'geniuses' like her. When she heard rumors that students were like slaves in Alice Academy (which she felt was a possibility, since they gave money to parents for sending their children to the school), Mikan left her grandfather and her home to go after Hotaru by herself.
She was then accepted to Alice Academy by Narumi-sensei and could attend Alice Academy with Hotaru and many other children with extraordinary powers. While she makes friends later on, she is initially accepted with skepticism by her classmates, with whom friendship she was to win as an "entrance exam" into the Academy. This is emphasized all the more by the fact that she does not initially know what her Alice is. There was a challenge 'offered' by Natsume, which Mikan managed to complete. Thrown together with several confident classmates who have already been in the system for a while, she asks what the audience would -- "How are people with Alices different? We are all human, aren't we?" While she is below average in academics and the school's star ranking system, she has a strong willpower and a happy-go-lucky attitude.
Her 'Alice', or magical ability, is the power to nullify the Alice of others, which is the reason why the Academy administration keeps an eye on her, and also why she received a no star. In chapter 70 of the manga, it was shown that Mikan has a second Alice, the Alice of stealing the Alice of others (revealed to be the Alice of her mother), which she didn't know she had. She is the daughter of Azumi Yuka, who has the Alice of stealing the Alice of others (demonstrated when she stole the Alice of Yuu), and an unknown teacher in the Academy, who had the nullifying Alice that she also inherited. This was proven in chapter 70 of the manga, in which Mikan drew out Persona's Alice from his body and into a stone. The later chapters of the manga revealed that the Academy has watched out for her because they suspected she has two Alices, due to the fact that she is the daughter of two people with Alice.
Her nickname 'Polka-dot' was given to her by Natsume, who saw her underwear when they got into a small fight on Mikan's first day in the Academy. She later grows a slight crush on Natsume and constantly worries about him. Other than Natsume, she has also grown to like Ruka (as a friend) (She also has innocent crushes on Tsubasa and Kaname).
She's the only girl that Natsume called by her first name. She was originally a 'No Star'(the lowest rank in the academy's star-ranking system), but moved on to being a 'One Star' after her combined effort with Sumire rescued (more or less) Natsume from Reo.
She's in the Special Ability Class. Currently with One Star.
Hotaru Imai
Imai Hotaru (今井 蛍) Voiced by: Rie Kugimiya
- Gender: Female
- Age: 10
- Birthday: October 25
- Horoscope: Scorpio
- Blood Type: AB
- Weight: 33kg
- Height: 139cm
- Alice: Invention
- Alice Stone Colour: Purple
Hotaru is the reason why Mikan come to Alice Academy . Her Alice is Invention and her favourite subject is Nano Technology . In the shows , she appears to be cold and sometimes mean . But deep in her heart , she really cares about Mikan .
Hotaru is Mikan's best friend. She and Mikan have what may seem to be a doubtful and strange relationship. Hotaru comes off as cold, quiet, composed, and is often cruel to Mikan (it must be some very tough love). She is also greedy and loves to make a profit, which doesn't out-shine her love for food. Her Alice is Invention. She can create very unique and strange inventions. Even though she is always calling Mikan "baka" ( idiot ), dummy, and treats her unkindly most of the time, she really does care for her and loves her. She isn't very good at showing how she feels. Like Natsume, she is mostly polker-faced and rarely smiles. (except Natsume seems to be more like an empty shell sometimes). Hotaru seems to have a serious humor about her which is very entertaining.
Natsume Hyuuga
Hyūga Natsume (日向 棗) Voiced by: Romi Paku
- Nicknames: Black Cat, Natsume-kun
- Gender: Male
- Age: 10
- Birthday: November 27
- Horoscope: Sagittarius
- Blood Type: B
- Weight: 34.5kg
- Height: 140cm
- Alice: Fire
- Alice Stone Colour: Red
Natsume is a genius and ditches class frequently throughout the story. He is thoroughly unhappy with the school, and is suspicious of the intentions of adults. It seems that he is involved in top-secret missions for the academy. He is paired up as Mikan's "partner" by the their mostly-absent class teacher, Narumi. He possesses the Alice of Fire, and is classified into the Dangerous ability type.
Generally moody and silent, but seems to have softened only to Mikan, as well as his childhood friend, Ruka. He also has feelings for her, and this is evident when he throws an apple at Mikan's head on the stage, when she was about to kiss Ruka for the play. This is Natsume's first real sign he likes Mikan. Later on, in episode 20 of the anime, during the "Last Dance", Natsume notices that his friend Ruka likes Mikan, so being the good friend that he is, he pushed Ruka towards Mikan and left the two behind. During the Christmas party, but only in the manga, he kisses Mikan on top of the tree and also hugs her on the bed when they had to sleep together because their hands were stuck. He often willingly hears Mikan's problems, but his replies can be insensitive or rude. According to Ruka, before Mikan entered the academy, Natsume never smiled before, but after her arrival, Natsume became more open to everyone and started to smile more. Since Natsume likes Mikan, he becomes jealous when he thinks Tsubasa is flirting with her and gave him a glare when he first saw him. He also gives glares when Tsubasa acts close to Mikan. He considers her as one of the most precious people to him, often urging her not to get too close to his 'darkness'. He is also a little perverted, which was proven in episode 16 of the anime wherein he pulled out Mikan's bra, and stated that, "I thought there should be mountains in here, but all I see are flatlands." Another encounter was in the manga, where he, Mikan, and Ruka had grown into their 15-year-old bodies through the use of the Gulliver's Candy. He held Mikan's breasts, and said that it had not grown, much to Mikan's chagrin.
His past remains veiled. Although, during the anime, there are hints that his family perished in a fire that burned down the village, which may have been due to Natsume's fire Alice. In the manga, through Ruka's narration, however, the fire that burned the entire village was caused by his sister, Aoi Hyuuga, who had the same fire Alice, but he took the rap for her. His father was injured in this incident, but not seriously. After the incident that happened in the Hana Princess Arc, Natsume managed to save his younger sister, but came out with a badly injured Mikan. With the help of his friends, Aoi was sent back to their father. Now with nothing tying him to the Academy, others think that he will leave, but he surprises them saying that he will stay. The main reason is that from now on, he will protect Mikan, who is targeted by the school even more then before.
Throughout the story, he constantly suffers from conscience pangs, and seems to be in a dilemma, concerning the danger he puts people close to him in (Persona seems to threaten to harm his friends, and possibly his sister, currently kept captive by the man, if he neglects his duty of using his Alice for the Academy's business/political purposes.). Due to frequent use of his Alice, Natsume suffers from a physical illness -- his Alice is of the Unlimited form, which drains his life span every time he uses it.
He's in the Dangerous Ability Class. Currently a Special Star.
Ruka Nogi
Nogi Luca (乃木流架) Voiced by: Miwa Yasuda
- Nickname: Ruka-pyon and "Ru-chan"
- Gender: Male
- Age: 10
- Birthday: March 16
- Horoscope: Pisces
- Blood Type: O
- Weight: 35kg
- Height: 140cm
- Alice: Animal Pheromone
- Alice Stone Colour: Milky White
Ruka is Natsume's childhood friend and often referred by Mikan throughout the story as "Ruka-pyon". He has a gentle and pleasant personality that balances out that of Natsume's.
His animal pheromone Alice allows him to get cozy with animals, a fact that he is embarrassed about and is often blackmailed over -- Hotaru has pictures taken of him showing his affinity towards animals and him wearing girl's clothes. Despite this, he often carries a rabbit with him. It was also revealed in the manga, that Ruka is half-French due to the fact that his mother is French.
Though he usually stays away from girls, he has affections for Mikan, proven when he was ready to get kissed by her in a play (In the manga, this seems to have been a last-minute change to the script done by Narumi-sensei; Ruka seems more confused than expectant in this scene). The kissing scene was ended, however, when an apple thrown by Natsume hits Mikan on the head. After the play, it was evident that he wanted to be Mikan's "Last Dance" partner but he was too shy to ask her. The upperclass girls who were jealous of Mikan didn't help at all, but Mikan and Ruka did end up dancing some time during the festival. In the manga, Ruka only kisses Mikan once on the cheek.
He's in the Somatic Types. He is also a Three Star student.
Sumire Shoda
Shōda Sumire (正田スミレ) Voiced by: Chiwa Saito
- Nickname: Permy
- Gender: Female
- Age: 11
- Birthday: May 31
- Horoscope: Gemini
- Blood Type: B
- Weight: 36kg
- Height: 140cm
- Alice: Cat and Dog Physicality
- Alice Stone Colour: Blue
Sumire is the self-declared president of the Natsume and Ruka fanclub. She has a dog-cat Alice which gives her enhanced smell and hearing capabilities, as well as making her sprout cat whiskers and dog ears and promoting the desire to walk on all fours. Her brother is also known as 'seaweed head (Hair?)' by Mikan. To the viewer she seems to be the biggest fan-girl.
Even though she has a crush towards both Natsume and Ruka, she is not romantically interested in them, rather she sees them as matinée idols. Her affections are meant for Yome Kokoro, her long time partner and best friend.
She initially disliked Mikan for many reasons, but later becomes on "good terms" with her, though she still considers Mikan a rival of sorts. Sumire was also the reason why Mikan got a no star at the beginning of the series. She later becomes on "good terms" with Mikan.
She's also in the Somatic Types, with two stars.
Yuu Tobita
Tobita Yū (飛田裕) Voiced by: Fuyuka Oura
- Nickname: Iinchō (Class Representative)
- Gender: Male
- Age: 11
- Birthday: June 14
- Horoscope: Gemini
- Blood Type: A
- Weight: 32.5kg
- Height: 138cm
- Alice: Illusion
- Alice Stone Colour: Jade Green
Yuu is the class representative, known as "Iinchō" by the majority of the class. He has the Alice of Illusion, and frequently helps Mikan out by getting information about the school.
He's in the Latent Type Class, with three stars.
Mikan's mother steals his Alice in the manga causing Mikan, Natsume, Ruka, and Tsubasa to chase after them to get it back. (Although, they were mainly after a cure for Hotaru.)
Nonoko Ogasawara
Ogasawara Nonoko (小笠原野乃子) Voiced by: Ai Nonaka
- Gender: Female
- Age: 10
- Birthday: September 26
- Horoscope: Libra
- Blood Type: A
- Alice: Chemical
- Alice Stone Colour: Pink
Nonoko is a classmate of Mikan's. She has the Alice of Chemistry and likes to experiment with dangerous chemicals. A member of the "3 geeky sisters."
She's in the Technical Types, with One Star.
Anna Umenomiya
(アンナ 梅ノ宮) Voiced by: Rie Kanda
- Gender: Female
- Age: 9
- Birthday: March 2
- Horoscope: Pisces
- Blood Type: A
- Alice: Whatever she cooks will be something unique
- Alice Stone Colour: Pink
Anna is a classmate of Mikan's. She has the alice of cooking, which was shown in episode 17 of the anime, and makes up various dishes for her friends. She can make some of her dishes come to life. A member of the "3 geeky sisters."
She's also in the Technical Types, and has one Star.
Yome Kokoro
Kokoro Yome (心読君) Voiced by: Megumi Matsumoto
- Gender: Male
- Age: 9
- Birthday: March 18
- Horoscope: Pisces
- Blood Type: AB
- Alice: Mind Reading
Yome is a young boy from Mikan's class. He has the alice of reading a person's mind and repeating them out loud. He uses this against Mikan as she was being attacked by another student's telekinesis. He is not really bad, but can't help using his abilities. In one critical scene in one of the episodes when Reo struck, he derailed Reo's plans by reading his mind out loud. In the manga, he also read what Mikan was thinking when she got stuck with Natsume, saying that she'd rather be stuck with Ruka than with Natsume. This made her friends ask if she likes Ruka and Mikan answers 'yes' without thinking. It is also revealed in the manga that he was a very antisocial person when he first came to the academy, and that Sumire befriended him and made him open up to others.
He's in the Latent Ability Class, seen with One Star.
Other students
Tsubasa Andou
Andō Tsubasa (安藤翼) Voiced by: Makoto Naruse
- Gender: Male
- Age: 14
- Birthday; July 15
- Blood type: O
- Alice: Shadow Manipulation
Tsubasa is a middle school student who is one of the first students to be kind to Mikan. He has the Alice of manipulating shadows. Belongs to the Special Abilities Class with Mikan. They met when he saves her from bullies. After he saved Mikan from the bullies she really admired him and after awhile she develops an innocent crush on him.
He annoys Natsume because he is very close to Mikan. In the past, he caused trouble for the school, so he was marked with a "Seal/Mark of Obedience" in the shape of a star on his left cheek. The only one who can remove it is the person who put it and he has to follow that person or else... He now behaves. This is why he may be one of the only students who really understands Natsume's rebellion against the academy and his wish of freedom.
He may have a crush on Misaki. In the manga, when Mikan asked Tsubasa and Misaki if they are dating, Tsubasa said yes, but Misaki said, "Me and Tsubasa a couple, no way". And Mikan saw Tsubasa was disappointed to what Misaki said.
In the recent chapters of the manga, it is revealed that he was transferred to the Dangerous Ability type. He keeps this a secret from Mikan because if she finds out, she would blame herself for his transfer and he would not be able to face her then.
Misaki Harada
Harada Misaki (原田 美咲) Voiced by: Marina Inoue
- Gender: Female
- Age: 14
- Birthday: June 14
- Blood type: B
- Alice: Doppelganger
Misaki is a friend of Tsubasa and likes to pick on him a lot. She also belongs to the Special Abilities class and is one of the most normal looking people there. She has a Doppelganger Alice that allows her to multipy herself into two or more. She is very up-beat. She danced the Last Dance with Tsubasa during the festival, which, according to the Alice tradition, is a 'dance of love', and any couple that dances during this will be together forever. She and Tsubasa have even been described as a 'married couple' in the anime.
Kaname Sonδ
[Sonδ Kaname] Error: {{nihongo}}: transliteration text not Latin script (pos 4) (help) (園生 要)
- Gender: Male
- Age: 14
- Birthday: January 16
- Blood type: O
- Alice: Soul Transfer (into stuffed animals)
Sono is Tsubasa's best friend. Possesses the Alice of placing souls into stuffed animals (or making stuffed animals come to life). He has poor health and his usage of his Alice also affects his lifespan. Despite this, he still makes dolls, for it's his way of proving to himself that he can make people happy (he was a very lonely kid with no friends due to his condition) and the dolls he made serve as 'evidences of his existence'. He is also the creator of Mr. Bear.
According to the anime, his favorite flowers are rape blossoms (Mr. Bear brought them to Kaname daily during his hospital leave).
Shuuichi Sakurano
Sakurano Shūichi (櫻野秀一)
- Age: 18
- Birthday: January 26
- Blood type: AB
Sakurano is the High School Division Principle as seen in Episode 17 (Hotaru's Secret).
Subaru Imai
Imai Subaru (今井昴)
- Age: 18
- Birthday: April 21
- Blood type: O
- Alice: Healing, Transferring the feelings of pain
Imai is first seen in the Alice Festival Ceremony. He is Hotaru's older brother. He is second in-command to Sakurano. He came to the Alice Academy when he was 5 years old. His Alice can heal wounds and can memorize the pain and transfer it to another person.
Youichi Hijiri
Hijiri Yōichi (聖陽一)
- Gender: Male
- Age: 3
- Birthday: April 13
- Blood type: AB
- Alice: Ghost Manipulation
Youichi is attached to Natsume, but seems to dislike Mikan at first. Later, he grows very attached to Mikan and once even kissed her on her cheek.
Has the Alice of summoning bad spirits, a Dangerous Ability type. He is very bright for a three year old. Natsume likes him since he feels that the boy is just like him. He loves "Fluff puffs," (Howalon in Japanese) the best selling candy in Central Town.
During the Hana Princess Arc, he gains the ability to turn into a 13-year-old.
Youichi also appeared in the author's other work, M to N no Shouzou.
Faculty members
Narumi
(鳴海) Voiced by: Akira Ishida
- Gender: Male
- Age: 27
- Alice: Human Pheromone
Narumi is the homeroom teacher of Mikan's class. He teaches Japanese and often deals with Natsume when he gets in trouble or tries to break out. He has the human pheromone Alice; he can make older people do what he wants, but most children pass out. Mikan calls Narumi "father" because she misses her grandfather. Narumi considered himself to be too young to be a "grandfather", so Narumi asks Mikan to call him "dad" instead.
Later in the manga (also in the anime) , it is revealed that he harbored unrequited feelings for Mikan's mother. It was proven that he is not Mikan's father, but he made a promise to Mikan's mother that he will take care of Mikan during her stay in the Academy. When he was a student at Alice Academy, he did missions for the academy like Natsume. He was the upperclassman that Reo looked up to. His ability control device is a pair of earrings, which caused Mikan to misunderstand him for a woman.
He and Misaki, who owns the greenhouse where Narumi steals those whipbeans, are best friends, even though they always fight. Later in the manga, the Special Ability students found an album containing pictures of him and Misaki, which actually looks like Natsume and Ruka.
When he was just a student, he and Reo were specials just like Natsume.
Misaki
(岬) Voiced by: Takahiro Sakurai
- Gender: Male
- Age: 20
- Alice: Plant Manipulation
Misaki is a teacher of biology at the academy. Seems to be stoic in his expressions, yet cares for the students. During his first meeting with Mikan, he helped her and introduced her to the academy. He has the alice to control plants, and is often annoyed by Narumi, who steals his 'bean whips'. He is appealing to the girls of the Technical Ability class, especially Anna and Nonoko, which invited him to go with them in the last dance but he rejected them.There is a chapter in the manga where Narumi kissed him so Narumi can talk to Mikan's mother.
Serina Yamada
Yamada Serina (山田瀬里奈) Voiced by: Miho Yamada
- Gender: Female
- Age: 27
- Alice: Enhanced Sight in a Crystal Ball
Serina is a mysterious teacher at the school. Almost always seen with her crystal ball. Especially since her alice is of 'sight', which enables her to see things happening anywhere at present time. She is seen often with Narumi, but in the series, she rarely leaves the faculty room.
Noda
(野田) Voiced by: Mamoru Miyano
- Gender: Male
- Age: 32
- Alice: Time-travel
Noda appears later in the series. He has the alice of time-travelling. Seems to like appearing out of nowhere, but in fact, it's because he often cannot control when he is going to disappear or appear -- caused by faults in his ability.
He is the moderator of the Special Abilities Classes. His ability control device is a bangle he wears on his wrist.
Jinno
(神野) Voiced by: Hiroshi Matsumoto
- Gender: Male
- Age: 38
- Alice: Lightning
Jinno teaches math. A cold-hearted teacher who does not hesitate in using his alice of lightning to punish his students and is least trustful of Mikan. He is the reason for Mikan's 'no star' rating in the beginning. In the end, he softened up and adapted Mr. Narumi's style of teaching.
He may look tough, but he easily gets scared by ghosts or haunted houses and releases a large amount of electricity in the process.
Persona
(ペルソナ) Voiced by: Shinichiro Miki
- Gender: Male
- Age: Unknown
- Alice: Mark of Death
Persona is a mysterious teacher who wears a mask at all times. Seems to be the source of much of Natsume's troubles. His Alice is making objects dissolve. There was only one time he was seen without his mask. He disguised himself as a substitute teacher in one of Natsume's exams to see who was the cause of Natsume's 'change' (but he was found out easily by Natsume). He also held Natsume's sister captive in order to make Natsume bahave. Persona also calls Natsume his "Best Student." In later chapters of the manga, Mikan became one of his victims with the use of his Alice. Mikan had a serious illness from the day that Persona used his Alice on her. Later on, it was revealed that Hotaru's older brother, Subaru Imai had been a victim and is the only one to have survived Persona's Alice. Therefore, the school administration appoints him to cure Mikan's illness. When Mikan is in the hospital, the high school principal, Sakurano, noticed something in Mikan's hand; it was a disgusting black colored stone. Suddenly, all of Mikan's wounds disappeared and the color of the stone also changed. Sakurano believes that it's actually Persona's Alice; Mikan had another ability to draw out a person's Alice and into the stone.
Also wears a lot of ability control devices such as bracelets, earrings, etc.
Misc
Hyuuga Aoi
- Gender: Female
- Age: 9
- Alice: Fire
Aoi is Natsume's sister. Ever since Natsume entered the academy, she has been held captive by Persona as a way to make Natsume behave. She, however, doesn't know how cruel Persona is and thinks of him as a kind person. Aoi is blind and has lost all of her memories of Natsume and of her previous home when she used her Alice the night the town she grew up in was destroyed. She does regain her memories and sight later in the story.
Aoi has lost her Alice, thus being the only Non-Alice person on campus. Natsume uses this as a way to save Aoi from Persona and she is reunited with her father and leaves.
Reo Mori
毛利玲生 (Mori Reo)
- Gender: Male
- Age: 23
- Birthday: August 20
- Blood type: B
- Alice: Voice Pheromone
Reo is a graduate from the Academy, who turned into a celebrity. He was first seen in Episode 12. He came to Alice Academy to perform in the Opening Ceremony of the Alice Festival. During the performance, he faked an injury and took the chance to kidnap Natsume in the hospital. After he failed to kidnap Natsume the first time, he manipulates Ruka (in another episode) to do his bidding.
Yuka Azumi
安積柚香 (Azumi Yuka)
- Gender: Female
- Age: 29
- Birthday: July 24
- Blood type: O
- Alice: Alice-stealing
Azumi is a member of the Anti-Alice organization. Later, Azumi is revealed to be Mikan's mother, who is referred to as 'That Person'. Reo obviously stays in contact with her as he says things like 'check her profile'. Azumi was part of the Anti-Alice organization.
In the past, Noda-sensei accidentally went there and saw her carrying a baby. He never saw her face, but the baby was most likely Mikan. Azumi's Alice is supposedly a special Alice, one that can steal another person's Alice, but 10 years ago, the Special Ability types wasn't given a field. Nothing else is known about her, except that she is 29 years old. During her time in the Academy, she had a romantic relationship with another teacher, which is revealed to be Mikan's father, who had the nullifying Alice that is inherited by Mikan.
Mikan encounters Yuka during the Z Arc in the manga, but didn't realize that she was her mother.
Mr. Bear
A mute teddy bear with a freedom-loving soul. Commonly referred to as "Bear". Despite its cute outward appearance, it is extremely short-tempered and as a result, frequently lashes out his incredibly quick and heavy punches to any stranger that approaches him. It seems to enjoy beating up Mikan, punching her like a punching bag.
Only listens to Kaname, its maker; and Kaname's friend, Tsubasa Andou. Yuu best describes this creature as a 'homicidal stuffed animal'.
Piyo
The gigantic mutated chick under the care of the Elementary Class B students. Mikan once included Piyo to her dodgeball team, which was not a good idea because of its sheer size. Ruka was blackmailed by Hotaru when he showed his 'affection' towards Piyo.
Takahashi
She is the robotic rector of the Gakuen Alice Dormitory. Takahashi can be really strict sometimes.
Amanatsu
A robot that looks exactly like Mikan (who unfortunately acts like her too), which Hotaru first invented when she came to the Academy. According to Amanatsu, she was made to look like Mikan so that she can make people's heart warm with her smile, just like what Mikan did to Hotaru. In the anime, Amanatsu fights with the robot invented by a highscool student who has the same Alice as Hotaru. She wins the fight, but broke herself when she tried to save Mikan.
Amanatsu appeared in episode 26 again, where she walked along with Hotaru when they were 'suppose' to transfer from the academy (but the truth is, Hotaru just changed her lab).