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Human penis size

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The human penis size is larger than that of any other primate, both in absolute terms and when compared to body size.[1]

Measuring the penis

Length

The length is typically measured with the subject standing and the penis held parallel to the floor. The penis is measured along the top, from the base to the tip. Results are less accurate if the measurement is taken along the underside of the penis, or if the subject is seated or prone.[2]

Circumference

Penis circumference or girth is measured by using a tape measure or a piece of string and a ruler while the penis is completely erect. It is variously quoted as an average of three measurements: just below the glans penis, in the middle of the shaft, and at the base.[2]

Problems

A penis must be completely erect in order to obtain an accurate measurement. This may be difficult to achieve in a clinical setting. At least one Brazilian doctor resorted to injecting penises with drugs to induce erection, which gave more consistent results.[3] Some clinicians measure the penis by stretching the flaccid penis as far as comfortably possible. Self-reported measurements tend to be unreliable because men often want to report a larger penis size.

Studies on penis size

Self-measurement studies are typically unreliable. Studies have consistently shown that when submitting measurements anonymously in online surveys, the average stated penis size is larger than in clinical studies. This is likely due to cultural factors.

Size at birth

File:Penis frequency.jpg
Frequency graph of LifeStyles data
Percentile plot of LifeStyles data
File:Penis circum.jpg
Plot of LifeStyles data of circumference
File:Penis circum percentile.jpg
Percentile plot of LifeStyles data of circumference

The average stretched penile length at birth is about 4 cm (1.6 in), and 90% of newborn boys will be between 2.4 and 5.5 cm (0.9 and 2.2 in). Limited growth of the penis occurs between birth and 5 years of age, but very little occurs between 5 years and the onset of puberty. The average size at the beginning of puberty is 6 cm (2.4 in) with adult size reached about 5 years later. W.A. Schonfeld published a penis growth curve in 1943.[4]

Size with aging

Age is not believed to negatively correlate with penis size. "Individual research studies have ... suggested that penis size is smaller in studies focusing on older men, but Wylie and Eardley found no overall differences when they collated the results of various studies [over a 60 year period].[5]"

Erect length

Several scientific studies have been performed on the erect length of the adult penis. Studies which have relied on self-measurement, including those from Internet surveys, consistently reported a higher average length than those which used medical or scientific methods to obtain measurements.[citation needed]

  • A study published in the September 1996 Journal of Urology concluded that average erect length was 12.9 cm (5.08 in) (Measured by staff).[6] The purpose of the study was to "provide guidelines of penile length and circumference to assist in counseling patients considering penile augmentation". Erection was pharmacologically induced in 80 physically normal American men (varying ethnicity, average age 54). It was concluded: "Neither patient age nor size of the flaccid penis accurately predicted erectile length".
  • A study published in the December 2000 International Journal of Impotence Research found that average erect penis length was 13.6 cm (5.35 in) (Measured by staff).[7] Quote: "The aim of this prospective study was to identify clinical and engineering parameters of the flaccid penis for prediction of penile size during erection." Erection was pharmacologically induced in 50 Jewish Caucasian patients who had been evaluated for Erectile dysfunction (average age 47±14y). Patients with penis abnormalities or whose ED could be attributed to more than one psychological origin were omitted from the study.
  • A study conducted by LifeStyles Condoms found an average of 14.9 cm (5.9 in) with a standard deviation of 2.1 cm (0.8 in) (Measured by staff).[8] The purpose of this study was to ensure properly sized condoms were available. 401 college students volunteered to be measured during 2001 Spring Break in Cancún, Mexico, of which 300 gained an erection to be clinically measured (without pharmacological aid). Some of these factors may meet the definition of possible sample bias.[9]

Erect circumference

  • A study conducted by LifeStyles Condoms during 2001 Spring Break in Cancún found an average of 12.6 cm (5.0 in) with a standard deviation of 1.3 cm (0.5 in).[8]

Similar results exist regarding studies of the circumference of the adult fully erect penis, with the measurement taken mid-shaft.[citation needed] As with length, studies that relied on self-measurement consistently reported a higher average than those with staff measuring.

Flaccid length

One study found the mean flaccid penis length to be 8.8 cm (3.5 in) (measured by staff).[6]Length of the flaccid penis does not necessarily correspond to length of the erect penis; some smaller flaccid penises can grow much larger, and some larger flaccid penises can not grow much larger.

The penis and scrotum can contract involuntarily in reaction to cold temperatures or nervousness, referred to by the slang term "shrinkage", due to action by the cremaster muscle.

Perceptions of penis size

Historical perceptions

A Priapus figure from Pompeii. Large penises were considered undesirable for men to possess and often depicted for comic effect in ancient Rome.[citation needed]

In ancient Greek art, it is common to see smaller male genitalia than one would expect for the size of the man.[10] Renaissance art also followed this aesthetic; note Michelangelo's David. Sources suggest in ancient Greece an uncircumcised and small penis was culturally seen as desirable in a man, whereas a bigger or circumcised penis was viewed as comical or grotesque, usually being found on "fertility gods, half-animal critters such as satyrs, ugly old men, and barbarians."[10]

Modern perceptions

A 2003 study found only 55% of men were satisfied with their penis size, whereas 85% of women were satisfied with their partner’s penis size.[11] Only 6% of women rated their partner as smaller than average. In the same data set, 70% of women expressed dissatisfaction with their breasts, whereas the majority of men (56%) were satisfied with their partner's breasts and only 20% of men wished their partner had larger breasts.[12]

A study undertaken at Utrecht University found that the majority of homosexual men surveyed regard a large penis as ideal, and having one is linked to self esteem.[13]

File:Penis1.JPG
A penis of average size.

Men may sometimes misjudge the size of their penis relative to that of other men because of the foreshortening obtained from looking down, or because of the accumulation of fat at the base of the penis.[14]

A survey by sexologists showed that many men who believed that their penis was of inadequate size actually had an average-sized penis.[citation needed] Another study found sex education of standard penile measurements to be helpful and relieving for patients concerned of small penis size, most of whom had incorrect beliefs of what is considered medically normal.[15]

In some cultures, mass hysteria involving the believed removal or shrinking of the penis has been observed, known as genital retraction syndrome.

Many beliefs in popular culture hold that it is possible to predict the size of someone's penis by observing other features, variously the hands, feet, nose or height.

The suggested link between penis size, foot size and height has been investigated by a relatively small number of groups. Two of these studies have suggested a link between penis size and foot size, while the most recent report dismissed these findings.[citation needed] One of the studies suggesting a link relied on the subjects measuring the size of their own penis, which may well be inaccurate. The second study found statistically significant although "weak" correlation between the size of the stretched penis and foot size and height.[citation needed] A potential explanation for these observations is that the development of the penis in an embryo is controlled by some of the same Hox genes (in particular HOXA13 and HOXD13)[16] as those that control the development of the limbs. Mutations of some Hox genes that control the growth of limbs cause malformed genitalia (hand–foot–genital syndrome).[17] However the most recent investigation[18] failed to find any evidence for a link between shoe size and stretched penis size.[19] Given the large number of genes which control the development of the human body shape, and the effects of hormones during childhood and adolescence, it would seem unlikely that an accurate prediction of penis size could be made by measuring a different part of the human body.

Other studies correlating the size of the human penis with other factors have given intriguing results. Notably one study analysing the self-reported Kinsey data set found that homosexual men had statistically larger penises than their heterosexual counterparts.[20] One potential explanation given is a difference in the exposure to androgen hormones in the developing embryo. The study author's opinion is that evidence points towards both orientations being equally likely to exaggerate.[21]

Recently, there has been greater media attention to the issue of penis size and women being more vocal about their preferences. Television shows such as Sex and the City and Ally McBeal popularized the penis-size issue when characters in these TV shows stated their preference for well-endowed men and rejected men who had only average endowment. Sex and the City has also shown a character expressing displeasure over her partner having too large a penis, described in comic hyperbolic terms. The media have also been criticized for making "penis envy" into a male body issue equivalent to Cosmopolitan magazine being criticized for their coverage of women's weight.

In recent years, penis pumps, pills, and other dubious means of penis enlargement have had increased sales.[citation needed] They are one of the most advertised products in spam mail.

Sexual preference

One source of continued debate is the extent to which heterosexual and bisexual women actually prefer certain penis sizes. In a 2005 UCLA study, 85% of women said they were "very satisfied" with the size of their romantic partner's penis.[22]

A study published in BMC Women's Health, surveyed women's preferences concerning penis size and concluded that width rather than length is a more important factor of sexual stimulation.[23]

Similar results were found in a cover story published in Psychology Today,[24][25] which surveyed 1,500 readers (about 2/3 women) about male body image. Many of the women were not particularly concerned with penis size and over 71% thought men overemphasized the importance of penis size and shape. Details were examined among the women with a size preference. Generally women cared more about width than men thought, and less about length. "...the number one reason women preferred a thicker penis was that it was more satisfying during intercourse." It's suggested this is because a wider penis provides more friction to the clitoral area while a longer penis reaches an area less stimulable. However, it must be noted that in the very same article it is revealed that there is a strong correlation between women who believe they are physically attractive, and a preference for thicker and longer penises: Women who rated themselves as more attractive were particularly concerned with larger size. Of women describing themselves as much more attractive than average," 64 percent cared strongly or moderately about penis width, and 54 percent cared about penis length. Women who rated their own looks as average were about 20 percentage points lower.

Another study, conducted at Groningen University Hospital, asked 375 sexually active women (who had recently given birth) the importance of penis size and concluded: "Although clearly in the minority, a nevertheless considerable percentage of the women respondents attached substantial importance to the size of the male sexual organ".[26]

The term size queen is slang terminology for a person of either sex who prefers a larger-than-average penis on their sexual partner(s).[27][28]

Penis size and vaginal response

According to some sex researchers and therapists, several misconceptions have developed surrounding penile-vaginal intercourse.[29] Many men exaggerate the importance of deep vaginal penetration in stimulating a woman to orgasm.

The most sensitive area of the vagina is the section closest to the outside of a woman's body, which is roughly 10 centimeters (4 in) in length. Given that the average penis size is above this length, the majority of penises are of sufficient length to satisfy their partners. Some writers have claimed that a shorter than average penis might better stimulate the G-spot, however the actual existence of the Grafenberg spot is doubted by many researchers.[30][31]

Long penises (over ~20 centimeters (8 in)[citation needed]) can be susceptible to rubbing on, or striking, the cervix. Most women find this to be uncomfortable or painful, while others report enjoying stimulation of the cervix.[32] The cervix may be confused with the anterior or posterior fornix, the deepest point of the vagina, above and below the cervix, respectively.[33]

The fornix is said to be another possible orgasm trigger area.[34] Tests have shown that pressure on this area causes the vagina to lubricate very quickly.[35] The area of sexual response in the anterior fornix has also been called the epicentre, T-Spot, AFE-Zone, AFE or A-Spot; while in the posterior fornix it has been called epicenter (as well) or cul-de-sac (since the cul-de-sac may be indirectly stimulated by pressure on the posterior fornix).

During arousal, the vagina lengthens rapidly to an average of about 4 in.(8.5 cm), but can continue to lengthen in response to pressure.[36] As the woman becomes fully aroused, the vagina tents (last ²⁄₃ expands in length and width) while the cervix retracts,[37] meaning that at certain angles of penetration, longer penises will slide over or under the cervix (to the anterior/posterior fornix walls)[citation needed]. The walls of the vagina are composed of soft elastic folds of mucous membrane skin which stretch or contract (with support from pelvic muscles) to the size of the penis.[38] This means (with proper arousal) the vagina stretches/contracts to accommodate virtually any size penis, from small to large.[39]

Other variance in penis size

Micropenis

Main article: Micropenis

An adult penis with an erect length of less than 7 cm or just over 2 inches but otherwise formed normally is referred to in a medical context as having the micropenis condition.[40] Some of the identifiable causes are deficiency of pituitary growth hormone and/or gonadotropins, mild degrees of androgen insensitivity, a variety of genetic syndromes, and variations in certain Homeobox genes. Some types of micropenis can be addressed with growth hormone or testosterone treatment in early childhood.

A news post on New Scientist dated December 6, 2004 reads "A new surgical procedure has allowed men with abnormally short penises to enjoy a full sex life and urinate standing up, some for the first time. Tiny "micro-penises" have been enlarged to normal size without losing any erogenous sensation, say UK doctors."[41]

Race and penis size

  • Family Health International states "The World Health Organization bases its specifications for condom width on consumer preference and penis size, citing three studies. The studies used varying methods of measurements between sources, such as maximum circumference (US measurements) instead of base circumference (Thai measurements)." The Kinsey reports were based on subjective, self-reported results from African and Caucasian Americans. Taken together, the studies show the most significant variations in penis size are within the population groups themselves, and in general. Two of these self-reported surveys showed that the men of African descent in the study, on average, reported a couple of centimeters more in penis length and width than the Caucasian American men reported. However, the difference between Caucasian and African American penis size found in these subjective tests was insignificant. The study also found that Thai men reported a slightly narrower and shorter size than Caucasian and African Americans. The Kinsey reports also found that homosexual men reported larger penises than heterosexual men, which underscores the questionablitiy of these studies and self-reported survey methods. The WHO document referred to only specifies data for the US, Australia and Thailand, and not races in general.[42]
  • Based on the hypothesis that anatomical differences exist among regions, a series of FHI studies were conducted in three Asian countries to compare small and standard width condoms (3.9 cm and 4.9 cm), and in three African countries to compare larger and standard width condoms (5.5 cm and 5.2 cm). According to FHI, "Among the African sites, breakage rates were slightly higher and slippage was slightly lower for the smaller of the two condoms being compared."[43] The data from the Asian sites was inconsistent, due to the small size.[44][45] FHI concluded that "almost none of the differences in breakage and slippage rates from either the Asian or African sites were statistically significant. Thus, results from these studies pertaining to penis size and condom failure were inconclusive."[46]
  • One of the earliest researchers on the subject, Frantz Fanon, covers this subject in some detail in Black Skin, White Masks (1952), where he tends towards the view that the supposed positive correlation between penis size and African ancestry is erroneous.
  • In 2001 Schneider et al, tested Korean men whose age ranged from 18-19 and 40-68 and measured an erect length of 14.48 cm for the former and 14.18 cm for the latter (14.48±5.7 cm, 14.18±5.58 cm).
  • The BBC reported an Indian Council of Medical Research study finding that "about 60% of Indian men have penises which are between three and five centimetres shorter than international standards used in condom manufacture."[47] However, the study also stated that "data collected in Mumbai till 2001 showed that 60% of the participants measured 126 to 156 mm [5 to 6.1 inches] in length and 30 percent between 100 and 125 mm [4 to 5 inches] [48]."[49] The international size standard for condom length is 150mm to 180mm (6 to 7 inches),[50] larger than the average human penis size; thus, the average human penis falls short of international condom size standards.[51]
  • In a 2005 study, "Penile measurements in normal adult Jordanians and in patients with erectile dysfunction," the purpose of the work was to determine penile size in adult normal (group one, 271) and impotent (group two, 109) men. In group one mean midshaft circumference was 8.98±1.4 cm (3.54±0.55 in), mean flaccid length was mean 9.3±1.9 cm (3.66±.75 in), and mean stretched length was 13.5±2.3 cm (5.31±.91 in). In group two, mean flaccid length was 7.7±1.3 cm (3.03±.51 in), and mean stretched length was 11.6±1.4 cm (4.57±.55 in).[52]

Penis size and condom use

Ninety-two monogamous heterosexual couples (aged 18 to 40 for women, 18-50 for men) were enrolled in a prospective study of Durex Ramses condoms.[53] At each sexual encounter, a diary was completed which included information on condom use, and breaks and slips.

In France a random telephone survey[54] of 20,000 individuals drew on 4,500 sexually active people, of whom 731 had used a condom in the previous year and 707 provided information on difficulties of use.

In Australia 3658 condoms were used by 184 men in a study which looked, inter alia, at penis size as a factor for breakage or slippage.[55]

The rate of breakage was 1.34% and of slippage 2.05%, with a total failure rate of 3.39%. Penis size was not related to slippage, but penis circumference was strongly correlated with breakage, with larger sizes increasing the rate of breakage.

Men famous for their large penis

In the world of pornography, an unusually large penis is a high commercial asset. Several porn stars are famous for their penises. The most famous, and perhaps the largest penis belonged to the late John Holmes. The size of his erect penis is highly disputed with some claims ranging from 11 to 16 inches, while some actually fall below 10 inches. One issue with Holmes' penis, however, was that it never actually was stiff. The list which follows of contemporary porn actors known for their penis sizes is highly unofficial with varying reliability of the claims presented:

End material

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Penis.

Notes

  1. ^ Small, Meredith F., What's Love Got to Do With It? The Evolution of Human Mating, 1995, Anchor Books
  2. ^ a b "Correctly measuring your erection: Length * circumference". www.afraidtoask.com. 2007-03-02. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |o yea= ignored (help) Cite error: The named reference "afraidtoask" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  3. ^ http://www.free-condom-stuff.com/penis_size.asp
  4. ^ Schonfeld, W. A. (1943). Primary and secondary sexual characteristics: Study of their development in males from birth through maturity, with biometric study of penis and testes. American Journal of Diseases of Children, 65, 535.
  5. ^ "Men Worry More About Penile Size Than Women, Says 60-year-old Research Review". ScienceDaily. December 7, 2004. Retrieved 2007-06-25.
  6. ^ a b Wessels, H (1996-9-1). "Penile Length in the Flaccid and Erect States: Guidelines for Penile Augmentation". Retrieved 2007-06-05. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  7. ^ Chen, J (2000-12-1). "Predicting penile size during erection". Retrieved 2006-09-23. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  8. ^ a b "ANSELL RESEARCH - The Penis Size Survey". 2001. Retrieved 2006-07-13. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  9. ^ "A sample that is not representative of the population to which generalizations are to be made. FOR EXAMPLE, a group of band students would not be representative of all students at the middle school, and thus would constitute a biased sample if the intent was to generalize to all middle school students."[1]
  10. ^ a b Cecil, Adams (2006-12-09). "Why does so much ancient Greek art feature males with small genitalia?". The Straight Dope. Retrieved 2006-08-05. "From this vast array of XXX-rated artwork we can make a few deductions about Greek aesthetic preferences, genitaliawise (here I mainly follow Kenneth Dover's landmark study Greek Homosexuality, 1978): (1) Long, thick penises were considered--at least in the highbrow view-- grotesque, comic, or both and were usually found on fertility gods, half-animal critters such as satyrs, ugly old men, and barbarians. A circumcised penis was particularly gross. (2) The ideal penis was small, thin, and covered with a long, tapered foreskin. Dover thinks the immature male's equipment was especially admired, which may account not only for the small size but the scarcity of body hair in classical art. A passage from Aristophanes sums up the most desirable masculine features: 'a gleaming chest, bright skin, broad shoulders, tiny tongue, strong buttocks, and a little prick.'"
  11. ^ Lever, J., Frederick, D. A., Peplau, L. A. (2006). "Does Size Matter? Men's and Women's Views on Penis Size Across the Lifespan" (PDF). Psychology of Men & Masculinity. Retrieved 2007-07-06. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |vol= ignored (|volume= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Derived from data from Lever, J. (2003, June). The Elle/MSNBC.com sex and body image survey. Elle, pp. 111–113.
  12. ^ E.J. Mundell (May 27, 2005). "Does Size Matter? Most Romantic Partners Say 'No'". Forbes. Retrieved 2007-07-06.
  13. ^ "Size does matter (to gays)". Mail&Guardianonline. February 20, 2006. Retrieved 2006-11-09. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  14. ^ Partial concealment of the penis by the abdomen was noted in Paul Fussell's memoirs.
  15. ^ http://www.altpenis.com/penis_news/20050610180934data_trunc_sys.shtml
  16. ^ "Limb malformations and the human HOX genes". American Journal of Medical Genetics. 112 (3): 256–265. 2002-08-27. Retrieved 2006-08-05.
  17. ^ "Mutation of HOXA13 in hand-foot-genital syndrome". Nature Genetics. 15: 179–180. 1997. Retrieved 2006-08-05. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  18. ^ "Can shoe size predict penile length?". JU International. 90 (6): 586. 2006-10. Retrieved 2006-08-05. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  19. ^ Cecil, Adams (2003-08-26). "The size of things to come". The Straight Dope. Retrieved 2006-08-05.
  20. ^ "The relation between sexual orientation and penile size". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 28 (3). Springer Netherlands: 213–221. June 1999. Retrieved 2006-08-05. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  21. ^ "Research says erect gay penises are bigger". Salon.com. November 04, 1999. Retrieved 2006-11-09. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  22. ^ Mundell, E.J. "Does Size Matter? Most Romantic Partners Say 'No'," MSN Health & Fitness: Men's Sexual Health, MSN.com, 27 May, 2005. Retrieved 23 September, 2006.
  23. ^ Eisenman, Russell. "Penis size: Survey of female perceptions of sexual satisfaction," BMC Women's Health 1: 1, 8 June 2001.
  24. ^ "Men's bodies--the survey". Psychology Today. Retrieved 2007-07-17. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |Author= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  25. ^ "The beefcaking of America". Psychology Today Nov-Dec 1994 (web edition last reviewed 2004-8-30). Retrieved 2007-07-20. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |Author= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  26. ^ "What importance do women attribute to the size of the penis?"
  27. ^ The Happy Hook-Up: A Single Girl's Guide to Casual Sex. Alexa Joy Sherman, Nicole Tocantins. p208. Ten Speed Press, 2004.
  28. ^ "Size queen" at gaylife.about.com
  29. ^ "Does Penis Size Really Matter?". WebMD. May 27, 2002. Retrieved 2006-08-04. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  30. ^ Gardos, Sandor (1999). "The G-Spot". WebMD. Retrieved 2006-08-06.
  31. ^ Hines, T (2001). "The G-Spot: A modern gynecologic myth". Am J Obstet Gynecol. 185 (2): 359–62. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  32. ^ "How to Achieve Orgasm During Intercourse". Discovery Health. Retrieved 2006-09-21.
  33. ^ ""Cul-de-sac": Increase Her Orgasm". AskMen.com. Retrieved 2006-09-22.
  34. ^ "The Female Orgasm During Intercourse". WebMD. Retrieved 2006-09-21.
  35. ^ Dr. Chua Chee Ann, British Journal of Sexual & Marital Therapy Vol. 12, No 4, November 1997
  36. ^ "Does size matter". TheSite.org. Retrieved 2006-08-12.
  37. ^ "do big penises hurt?". AskMen.com. Retrieved 2006-08-14.
  38. ^ "The female reproductive system". birth.com.au. Retrieved 2007-05-07.
  39. ^ "Facts about penis size". netdoctor.co.uk. Retrieved 2007-05-14.
  40. ^ "Surgeons Pinch More Than An Inch From The Arm To Rebuild A Micropenis". December 7, 2004. Retrieved 2007-25-07. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) "Whereas the average size of the human penis is around 12.5 cm or 5 inches, a micropenis spans less than 7 cm or just over two inches."
  41. ^ "Length-boosting surgery for 'micro-penises'". New Scientist. 2004-12-06. Retrieved 2006-08-06. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  42. ^ WHO Global Programme on AIDS. Specification and Guidelines for Condom Procurement. Appendix VII, Regional or Ethnic Differences in Erect Penis Size. Geneva: WHO, 1995. Cited in [2]
  43. ^ Joanis C, Brookshire T, Piedrahita C, et al. Evaluation of Two Condom Designs: A Comparison of Standard and Larger Condoms in Ghana, Kenya, and Mali. Durham, NC: Family Health International, 1990. Cited in [3]
  44. ^ Neupane S, Abeywickrema D, Martinez K, et al. Acceptability and Actual Use Breakage and Slippage Rates of Standard and Smaller Latex Condoms: Nepal and Sri Lanka. Durham, NC: Family Health International, 1992. Cited in [4]
  45. ^ Andrada A, Ravelo N, Spruyt A, et al. Acceptability and Functionality of Standard and Smaller Latex Condoms during Human Use: Philippines. Durham, NC: Family Health International, 1993. Cited in [5]
  46. ^ "The Latex Condom: Recent Advances, Future Directions; Chapter 3: User Behaviors and Characteristics Related to Condom Failure," Family Health International.
  47. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6161691.stm
  48. ^ http://scienceagogo.com/news/20061111222312data_trunc_sys.shtml
  49. ^ Human penis size#Erect length
  50. ^ http://www.slate.com/id/2154841/
  51. ^ http://sexuality.about.com/b/a/257877.htm
  52. ^ Int J Impot Res. 2005 Mar-Apr;17(2):191-5
  53. ^ http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=2841589
  54. ^ http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/journals/3127299.html
  55. ^ http://www.nature.com/ijir/journal/v14/n4/full/3900887a.html

References

  • The Kinsey Institute penis size bibliography
  • Sutherland et al. "The effect of prepubertal androgen exposure on adult penile length." Journal of Urology, Vol. 156(2S), 783-787, 1996.
  • Lee PA, et al. "Micropenis. I. Criteria, etiologies, and classification." Johns Hopkins Med J 1980; 146:156.
  • W.A. Schonfeld, Am J Dis Child 1943;65:135
  • Niels Lauersen, M.D. and Steven Whitney, "It's Your Body: A Woman's Guide to Gynecology", 3rd Edition 1983, p. 480 (Berkley Publishing Co.: New York), ISBN 0-425-09917-2
  • Bogaert, A. F., & Hershberger, S. L. (1999). The relation between sexual orientation and penile size. Archives of Sexual Behavior 28:213-221.(PMID:10410197)[6]
  • Mortlock DP, Innis JW (1997) Mutation of HOXA13 in hand-foot-genital syndrome.Nat Genet 15(2):179-80.(PMID:9020844)[7]
  • Goodman FR (2002) Limb malformations and the human HOX genes. Am J Med Genet 112(3):256-265(PMID:12357469)[8]
  • Shah, J. & Christopher, N. (2002) Can Shoe Size Predict Penile Length? BJU Int 90(6):586-7 (PMID:12230622)[9]
  • Siminoski K and Bain J (1993) The Relationship Among Height, Penile Length, and Foot Size. Annals of Sex Research 6(3):231-235
  • Kondo T, Zakany J, Innis JW, Duboule D.(1997) Of fingers, toes and penises. Nature 390(6655):29(PMID:9363887)[10]
  • Rushton, J.P. & Bogaert, A.F. (1987) Race differences in sexual behavior: Testing an evolutionary hypothesis. Journal Research in Personality 21(4): pp. 536-7
  • Eisenman, Russell (2001) "Penis size: Survey of female perceptions of sexual satisfaction", PubMed Central (PMC)
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