Gatwick Airport
London Gatwick Airport Gatwick Airport
File:BAA Gatwick logo.gif | |||||||||||||||
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| Summary | |||||||||||||||
| Airport type | Public | ||||||||||||||
| Owner/Operator | BAA | ||||||||||||||
| Serves | London | ||||||||||||||
| Location | Horley | ||||||||||||||
| Elevation AMSL | 202 ft / 62 m | ||||||||||||||
| Coordinates | 51°08′53″N 000°11′25″W / 51.14806°N 0.19028°W | ||||||||||||||
| Website | www.gatwickairport.com | ||||||||||||||
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| Runways | |||||||||||||||
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| Statistics (2006) | |||||||||||||||
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Statistics from the UK CAA[1] | |||||||||||||||
Gatwick Airport (IATA: LGW, ICAO: EGKK) is London's second largest airport and the second busiest airport in the UK after Heathrow. It is also the world's busiest single runway airport, and the world's 22nd busiest airport (7th in terms of international passengers) in terms of passengers per year. It is located in Crawley, West Sussex (originally Charlwood, Surrey) 2.7 nm (5 km or 3 miles) north of the town centre, 24.7 nm (46 km or 28 miles) south of London and 21.6 nm (40 km or 25 miles) north of Brighton.
London Gatwick has a CAA Public Use Aerodrome Licence (Number P528) that allows flights for the public transport of passengers or for flying instruction.
With about 200 destinations the airport handled over 34 million passengers with 263,363 aircraft movements[1] in 2006. Charter airlines are generally not allowed to operate from Heathrow and many use Gatwick instead as their base. Many flights to and from the USA also use Gatwick because of restrictions on transatlantic operations from Heathrow. The airport is a hub for British Airways and Virgin Atlantic.
In 1979, when the last major expansion took place, an agreement was reached with the local council not to expand further before 2019, but recent proposals to build a second runway suitable for large jets at Gatwick led to protests about increased noise and pollution and demolition of houses and villages. The government has now decided to expand Stansted and Heathrow but not Gatwick. Gatwick's owners BAA have published a new consultation which includes a possible second runway south of the airport, but leaves the villages of Charlwood and Hookwood intact, north of the airport.
Like many other airports, car parking is in limited supply at Gatwick. This is partly due to local planning restrictions. Facilities are often full to capacity in the summer months.
History
The name "Gatwick" dates back to 1241, and was the name of a manor on the site of today's airport until the 19th century. It is derived from the Anglo-Saxon words gāt, 'goat', and wīc, 'dairy farm', i.e. 'goat farm'.
In 1891, a racecourse was created at Gatwick beside the London-Brighton railway. A railway station was built which included sidings for horse boxes. The course was popular and held both steeplechase and flat races. During the First World War the course hosted the Grand National.
In the 1920s land adjacent to the racecourse at Hunts Green Farm along Tinsley Green Lane was used as an aerodrome and licensed in August 1930. The Surrey Aero Club was formed in 1930 and used the old Hunts Green farmhouse as the first club house.
The Redwing Aircraft Company bought the aerodrome in 1932 and operated a flying school. The aerodrome was also used for pilots flying in to watch the races. In 1933, the aerodrome was sold to an investor who had designs to run it as an airport. The Air Ministry approved commercial flights from Gatwick the following year, and by 1936, scheduled flights were operating to several destinations on the Continent. A circular terminal called "The Beehive" was built, with a subway connecting it to Gatwick railway station so that passengers could travel from Victoria Station to the aircraft without stepping into the elements. Two fatal accidents in 1936 questioned the safety of the airport, it was also prone to fogs and waterlogged soil. The new subway regularly flooded after heavy rain. As a consequence of the conditions and the need for longer landing areas British Airways Ltd moved out to Croydon Airport in 1937. Gatwick changed back to private flying and also a contract to run a Royal Air Force flying training school. The airport also attracted aircraft repair companies.
Gatwick Airport was requisitioned by the Royal Air Force in September 1939 and used for aircraft maintenance. Although night-fighters, an army co-operation squadron and later fighters were based at Gatwick it was mainly used as a repair and maintenance facility.
Aircraft maintenance continued after the war, but a number of charter companies (using war-surplus aircraft) started to use Gatwick. Most of the services were cargo flights. The airport still suffered from bad drainage and was little used. In November 1948 the airport owners warned that the airport could be de-requesitioned by November 1949 and revert back to private use.
Stansted airport was favoured as London's second airport and Gatwick's future was in doubt. Despite opposition from the neighbouring local authorities the cabinet in 1950 decided that Gatwick was to be designated as an alternative to Heathrow Airport. British European Airways started flying from Gatwick and BEA Helicopters opened a base at the airport. The government announced in July 1952 that the airport was to be developed, and the airport was closed for an extensive (£7.8 million) renovation between 1956 and 1958. On 9 June 1958 Queen Elizabeth II flew into the new airport, in a De Havilland Heron, to perform the official opening.
The new Gatwick was the world's first airport with a direct railway connection, and was one of the first to use a fully enclosed pier-based terminal design which allowed passengers to walk under cover to waiting areas very close to their aircraft with only minimal walking distance outdoors. Full extendible jetbridge access was added when the piers were rebuilt and extended in the 1970s and 1980s.
Throughout the 1950s and 60s passenger figures grew and despite all modifications to the existing terminal and the opening of the satellite pier in 1983, there was still a need for more capacity. In 1988, the North Terminal was completed; it is connected to the South Terminal by an automated rapid transit system. In 2005, the £110 million Pier 6 opened, adding an extra 11 pier-served aircraft stands to the North Terminal. Linked by the world's largest air passenger bridge to the main terminal building, it spans a live aircraft taxiway, giving arriving and departing passengers at Gatwick amazing views of the airport and taxiing aircraft.
Runways
Gatwick has two runways but the northern runway 08L/26R is a non-instrument runway and is only used when 08R/26L is temporarily non-operational because of maintenance or an accident.
Both runways cannot be used at the same time because of insufficient separation between them. It can take up to 15 minutes to change over from one runway to the other.
The northern runway 08L/26R does not have an Instrument Landing System and aircraft need to use a combination of Distance Measuring Equipment, Non-directional beacons, and assistance from the airport approach controller using a surveillance radar.
Terminals
There are two terminals at Gatwick; North and South.
North TerminalConstruction began on the North Terminal in 1983: it was the largest construction project south of London to have taken place in the 1980s. The terminal was opened by Queen Elizabeth II in 1988 and was expanded in 1991. A major extension to the North Terminal departure lounge was completed in 2001 and an additional aircraft pier was added in 2005.
South TerminalThe main pier of the South Terminal was built during the 1956-58 construction of Gatwick. In 1962, two additional piers were added, and in 1983, a circular satellite pier was opened, connected to the main terminal by the UK's first automated people mover system, now withdrawn. In 2000, a major extension to the South Terminal departure lounge was completed, and in 2005 an extension and refurbishment was also completed to the baggage reclaim hall, doubling it in size. The entire terminal is currently undergoing a further refurbishment.
Gatwick Airport Transit |
The Gatwick Airport Transit provides free transportation between the North and South Terminals. The transit system uses transit vehicles that run along a 1.2km long elevated two-way track system. The transit vehicles are automatic driverless people movers each with three cars. The transit is free to use with a travel time of only one minute fifty-six seconds. The transit runs every three minutes in peak travel periods (when two vehicles are used) and every six minutes at all other times (when one vehicle shuttles back and forth).
Incidents and accidents
- 17 February 1959 - a Turkish Airlines Vickers Viscount crashed near Horley whilst approaching to land at Gatwick. The plane hit some trees and went into a house. 12 of 22 on board the plane died. On board at the time was then-Turkish Prime Minister Adnan Menderes, who was amongst the survivors.[1]
- 5 January 1969 - Ariana Flight 701, a Boeing 727-113C of Ariana Afghan Airlines was arriving at Gatwick from Frankfurt International Airport in Frankfurt am Main, Germany, and crashed into a house while attempting to land in low visibility conditions. The flaps were not extended far enough to maintain flight at final approach speed. 50 of the 66 people on board died as well as two on the ground.[2]
Facilities
Both terminals at Gatwick offer a range of facilities for travellers. Business travellers are catered for by several executive lounges offering peace and quiet and modern business facilities. There is also a conference and business centre with meeting facilities and business services. Business Travellers are also offered Fast Track which enables an efficient car park to airport to check-in and then to flight service.
Children are catered for with facilities for baby changing and feeding and there are play areas and video games to keep them amused.
Disabled passengers can travel easily through Gatwick too with all areas being accessible and added special needs facilities.
Both North and South terminals have a range of shops and restaurants both landside and airside.
The airport and the surrounding area has many hotels of differing grades from executive accommodation to a capsule hotel.
Worship
Gatwick Airport has Anglican, Catholic and Free Church Chaplains. There is a multi-faith prayer room and counselling room in each terminal. A daily service is led by one of the chaplains. The prayer room is open to all faiths for prayer and devotion by all passengers.
Policing
Gatwick Airport is policed by a unit of Sussex Police. The unit has jurisdiction over the whole airport, including any aircraft within its boundaries, except ones on the active runways. There are currently 150 officers in this unit including a significant number of armed officers, unarmed officers and community support officers who help out with the airport community and help to deal with minor offences. They are part of a Neighbourhood Specialist team.
The airport also has a sub-unit which protects against MANPADS by patrolling the area in and around the airport.
A separate sub-unit has also set up vehicle check points around the airport.[2]
Ground transportation
The airport is located at junction 9A of the M23; a spur road itself from the main M23 motorway. The M23 connects with London's orbital motorway; the M25, 9 miles away at junction 8, offering road access to surrounding areas and beyond. Gatwick is on the A23 London to Brighton road and is also located at the southern end of the A217.
The Gatwick Airport railway station is located next to the South Terminal and provides fast and frequent connections along the Brighton Main Line to London Victoria and London Bridge stations, as well as Brighton to the south. The Gatwick Express service to Victoria is the best-known rail service from the station, but several other companies, including Southern, First Capital Connect, Virgin Trains and First Great Western Link, use the station as well. First Capital Connect provide direct trains to Luton Airport, and foot passengers with modest luggage can reach Heathrow Airport by catching a X26 Express Bus from the bus stops outside East Croydon station.
National Express operates coach services from Gatwick to both Heathrow and Stansted Airport, as well as smaller cities throughout the region.
Route 21 of the National Cycle Network passes under the South Terminal, allowing virtually traffic-free cycling northwards to Horley and southwards to Three Bridges and Crawley. A goods-style lift runs between the terminal and ground level (signed "Lift to Cycle Route"), near Zone L.
A large network of direct local bus services connect the North and South terminals with Crawley, Horley, Redhill, Horsham and other local destinations. Services are offered by Metrobus and Fastway; a guided bus rapid transit system which was the first of its kind to be constructed outside a major city. There are at least two sets of stairs which foot-passengers can use to leave the South Terminal and get to ground-level (near the cycle route) from the vicinity of Zone L and the train-station area (steps are labelled Exit Q and Exit P on the ground). These allow access to bus stops for local services.
The airport has several long and short stay car parks, both at the airport and off-site.
References
- United Kingdom AIP
- Gwynne, Peter. (1990) A History of Crawley (2nd Edition) Philmore. ISBN 0-85033-718-6
- King, John, with Tait, Geoff, (1980) Golden Gatwick, 50 Years of Aviation, British Airports Authority.
- ^ a b Aircraft Movements, Terminal and Transit Passengers
- ^ ^ "Guarding Gatwick", Airports - September/October 2007 (Key Publishing), P17