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Public aquarium

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This article is about public establishments that contain aquaria, for the water containing vivarium see Aquarium.

A 335,000 U.S. gallon (1.3 million litre) aquarium at the Monterey Bay Aquarium in California displaying a simulated kelp forest ecosystem

A public aquarium (plural: public aquaria or public aquariums) is the aquatic counterpart of a zoo, housing aquatic species for viewing. Most public aquaria feature a number of smaller tanks, as well as those greater in size than could be kept by most any home aquarist. Since the first public aquriums built in in the mid-1800s they have became very popular and their number have dramatically increased. Most modern aquaria focus on conservation issues and educating the public.[1]

History

Various aquaria at the Detroit Aquarium, Michigan c.1900, USA.

The first public aquarium was opened in London Zoo in May 1853; the "Fish House", as it came to be known, was constructed much like a greenhouse.[2] P.T. Barnum quickly followed in 1856 with the first American aquarium as part of his established Barnum's American Museum, which was located on Broadway in New York before it burned down.[2] In 1859, the Aquarial Gardens were founded in Boston.[2] A number of aquaria then sprung out over Europe, such as the Jardin d'Acclimatation in Paris and the Viennese Aquarium Salon (both founded 1860), the Marine Aquarium Temple as part of the Zoological Garden in Hamburg, as well as aquariums in Berlin (1869) and Brighton (1872).[2] The oldest American "national aquarium" is the National Aquarium in Washington, D.C., founded in 1873. This was followed by the opening of other public aquaria : San Francisco (Woodward's Garden, 1873-1890), Wood Hole (Science Aquarium, 1885), New York (Battery Park, 1896-1941), La Jolla (Scrips, 1903), Detroit (Belle Isle, 1904-2005), Philadelphia (Fairmount Water Works, 1911-1962), San Francisco (Steinhart Aquarium, 1923), Chicago (Shedd Aquarium, 1929). For many years, the Shedd Aquarium in Chicago was the largest aquarium in the world, until the Georgia Aquarium in Atlanta opened.

In 2005 the non-profit Georgia Aquarium with more than 8 million US gallons (30,000 m³; 30,000,000 liters) of marine and fresh water, and more than 100,000 animals of 500 different species opened in Atlanta, Georgia. The aquarium's notable specimens include whale sharks and beluga whales.

Current public aquaria

Picture of a male Whale Shark at Georgia Aquarium

Modern day aquarium tanks can hold millions of U.S. gallons of water and can house large species, including dolphins, sharks or beluga whales. This is accomplished though thick, clear acrylic glass windows. Aquatic and semiaquatic mammals, including otters,[3] and seals [4] are often cared for at aquaria. Some establishments, such as the Oregon Coast Aquarium, have aquatic aviaries.[5][6]

Most aquaria will have special exhibits to entice repeat visitors, in addition to its permanent collection. A few have their own version of a "petting zoo"; for instance, the Monterey Bay Aquarium has a shallow tank filled with common types of rays,[7] and one can reach in to feel their smooth skins as they pass by.

Also as with zoos, aquaria usually have specialized research staff who study the habits and biology of their specimens.

Logistics

Feeding time at the Melbourne Aquarium draws a large crowd

Most public aquaria are located close to the ocean, for a steady supply of natural seawater. An inland pioneer was Chicago's Shedd Aquarium[8] that received seawater shipped by rail in special tank cars. The early (1911) Philadelphia Aquarium, built in the city's disused water works, ironically had to switch to treated city water when the nearby river became too contaminated. [8]Similarly, the recently opened Georgia Aquarium filled its tanks with fresh water from the city water system and salinated its salt water exhibits using the same commercial salt and mineral additives available to home aquarists.

In January 1985 Kelly Tarlton began construction of the first aquarium to include a large transparent acrylic tunnel in Auckland, New Zealand, a task that took 10 months and cost NZ$3 million. The 110-meter tunnel was built from one-tonne slabs of German sheet plastic that were shaped locally in an oven. A moving walkway now transports visitors through, and groups of school children occasionally hold sleepovers there beneath the swimming sharks and rays.

Top public aquaria are often affiliated with important oceanographic research institutions or conduct their own research programs, and usually (though not always) specialize in species and ecosystems that can be found in local waters. For example, the Vancouver Aquarium in Vancouver, BC is a major center for marine research, conservation, and marine animal rehabilitation, particularly for the rich ecosystem of the Pacific Northwest.[9]

See also

References

  1. ^ [1], AZA official website official website, accessed February 3rd, 2007.
  2. ^ a b c d Brunner, Bernd (2003). The Ocean at Home. New York: Princeton Architectural Press. p. 99. ISBN 1-56898-502-9.
  3. ^ [2], Oregon Coast Aquarium's official website, accessed February 3rd, 2007.
  4. ^ [3], Oregon Coast Aquarium's official website, accessed February 3rd, 2007.
  5. ^ [4], accessed February 3rd, 2007.
  6. ^ [5], Monterey Bay Aquarium's official website, accessed February 3rd, 2007.
  7. ^ [6], Monterey Bay Aquarium's official website, accessed February 3rd, 2007.
  8. ^ a b [7], Shedd Aquarium's official website, accessed February 3rd, 2007. Cite error: The named reference "Shedd History" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  9. ^ [8], Vancouver Aquarium's official website, accessed February 3rd, 2007.
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