Republika Srpska
Република Српска Republika Srpska | |
|---|---|
Emblem1
| |
| Patron Saint Saint Stephen2 | |
 The Republika Srpska (red) within Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Brčko District (green) belongs to both entities.3 | |
| Capital | (de jure) Sarajevo, (de facto) Banja Luka |
| Largest | Banja Luka |
| Official languages | Serbian, Bosnian, and Croatian4 |
| Ethnic groups (2006 est) | Serbs: 88% Bosniaks: 11% Croats: 1% |
| Government | Republic |
| Igor Radojičić (acting) | |
| Milorad Dodik (SNSD) ... | |
| Entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina | |
• Proclaimed | 28 February 1992 |
• Recognized in BiH constitution | 14 December 1995 ... |
• Water (%) | N/A |
| Population | |
• 2006 estimate | 1,500,000 |
| Currency | Convertible Mark (BAM) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
• Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| |
Republika Srpska (Serbian: Република Српска or Republika Srpska (), also Српска or Srpska; Bosnian and Croatian: Republika Srpska; English: Republic of Srpska or Republika Srpska) is one of the two political entities that together compose the modern country of Bosnia and Herzegovina; the other entity is the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Although the de jure capital of Republika Srpska is Sarajevo, the de facto capital is Banja Luka.[5]. The entity is home to three ethnic "constituent peoples": Serbs, Bosniaks and Croats.
Name
The word "Srpska" can be interpreted as an adjective ("Serb"), and, bearing in mind language rules for the creation of names of countries in Serbian and other Slavic languages, also as a proper noun. The Serbian name for several countries is analogous: France - Republika Francuska, which is also the official French name for France (Republique Française); Croatia - Republika Hrvatska; Bulgaria - Republika Bugarska, and so on. However, in these cases there has long existed an appropriate Latinized translation of the name to English.
The government of Republika Srpska uses the term "Republic of Srpska" in English translations of official documents.
Republika Srpska is sometimes translated as "Serb Republic", although it should be mentioned that this is not universally accepted. Some believe that "Serb Republic" is the correct translation, others believe it to be a mistranslation. Those who oppose such translation argue that the Republika Srpska per its constitution is an entity of three ethnic groups so the possessive adjective in this translation tends to violate rights of other two constituent ethnicities in the entity by describing the entity as belonging to only one ethnic group. The similar name convention is given to the other BiH entity, Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, also referred to as Muslim-Croat Federation which is implied to violate the rights of the Serbs in that entity. Both naming conventions largely stem from the nationalist animosities apparent in both entities following the 1990's Bosnian War.
Geography
Boundary
The Inter-Entity Boundary Line (IEBL) that distinguishes Bosnia and Herzegovina's two entities essentially runs along the military front lines as they existed at the end of the Bosnian War, with adjustments (most importantly in the western part of the country and around Sarajevo) made at the Dayton peace conference. The total length of the IEBL is approximately 1,080 km and is not controlled by the military or police. The IEBL is an administrative demarcation; BiH citizens of whatever ethnicity are free to move across and back without hindrance.
Municipalities
Under the Law on Territorial Organization and Local Self-Government adopted in 1994, Republika Srpska was divided into 80 municipalities. After the conclusion of the Dayton Peace Agreement, the law was amended in 1996 to reflect the changes to the country's borders and now provides for the division of Republika Srpska into 63 municipalities.
Cities
The largest towns in Republika Srpska are:[citation needed]
- Banja Luka - 250,000
- Prijedor - 112,470
- East Sarajevo - 100,000
- Bijeljina - 80,000
- Doboj - 80,000
- Gradiška - 50,000
- Mrkonjić Grad - 40,000
- Prnjavor - 40,000
- Trebinje - 40,000
- Foča - 35,000
- Brčko - 30,000
- Bileća - 20,000
Note: the town of Brčko is part of the Brčko District, which is part of both entities (the Republika Srpska and the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina).
History
Creation of the Republika Srpska
During the political crisis that followed the secession of Slovenia and Croatia from the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia on June 25 1991, a separate Bosnian Serb Assembly was founded on October 24 1991, as the representative body of Serbs in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Most Bosnian Serbs opposed any suggestion that Bosnia should also leave Yugoslavia. At this point, Serbs constituted about 31.4% of the population of Bosnia, with Croats (17.3%), Bosniaks (43.7%) and Yugoslavs (5.5%) making up the rest of the population.
The leading Serb political party in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Serb Democratic Party, led by Radovan Karadžić, organized the creation of "Serb autonomous provinces" (SAOs) within Bosnia and the establishment of an assembly to represent them. In November 1991, the Bosnian Serbs held a referendum which resulted in an overwhelming vote in favour of staying in a common state with Serbia and Montenegro. On January 9, 1992, the Bosnian Serb Assembly proclaimed the Republic of the Serb people of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Република српског народа Босне и Херцеговина / Republika srpskog naroda Bosne i Hercegovine). On February 28 1992, the constitution of the Serb Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina was adopted and declared that the state's territory included Serb autonomous regions, municipalities, and other Serbian ethnic entities in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and it was declared to be a part of the federal Yugoslav state.
The referendum and creation of SARs were proclaimed unconstitutional by the government of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and declared illegal and invalid. However, from February 29 to March 2 1992 the government held a referendum on Bosnian independence from Yugoslavia. That referendum was in turn declared contrary to the BiH and Federal constitution by the Yugoslav Federal Constitutional court and rebel Bosnian Serb authorities; it was largely boycotted by the Bosnian Serbs. The turnout was somewhere between 64-67% and 98% of the voters voted for independence. It was unclear what the two-thirds majority requirement actually meant and whether it was satisfied.[citation needed] Almost all Bosnian Serbs boycotted the vote on the grounds that it was unconstitutional because the referendum bypassed the veto power of the representatives of the Serb people in the Bosnian parliament. An independent Bosnia was proclaimed in March, by which time the country had already plunged into ethnic conflict, caused by the secession. The resistance to the secession of Bosnia-Herzegovina was assisted by the Yugoslav National Army (JNA) and paramilitary forces from Serbia.[6] [7] On April 6 1992, the European Community formally recognised the independence of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Serb Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina declared its independence on April 7 1992. On August 12 1992, the reference to Bosnia and Herzegovina was dropped from the name, and it became simply Republika Srpska.
Republika Srpska and the Bosnian War
During the next three years, Republika Srpska was one of the three warring sides in the Bosnian War, the others being the pre-dominantly Bosniak (Bosnian Muslim) internationally-recognised Government of BiH and the Bosnian Croat statelet of Herzeg-Bosna. At the start of the war, the RS was in a much stronger military position compared to the other two sides. Its army, the VRS (Army of Republika Srpska), was created from Bosnian Serb members of the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) and was heavily armed and equipped from JNA stockpiles in Bosnia and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.[8] In addition, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia provided extensive humanitarian, logistical and financial support for the Republika Srpska and its military with the ultimate goal of annexing the territory controlled by the VRS and making it a part of Serbia. [9]
By 1994, the United Nations estimated that more than half a million non-Serbs had been driven out from the territory controlled by Republika Srpska[citation needed] and by the spring of 1996, a United Nations census indicated that Serbs constituted 96.8% of the population of the republic. However, the republic's actions produced worldwide condemnation, the establishment of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia in 1993 and the eventual indictment of the Republika Srpska military and civilian leadership for war crimes (see: the Srebrenica massacre, ethnic cleansing of the non-Serb population,[10] killing, torturing and raping at detention camps,[11] and the siege of Sarajevo).
In 1995, Republika Srpska came close to collapse in the face of military offensives by the Croat/Bosniak (Bosnian Muslim) forces and a concerted two-week campaign of NATO air strikes. Bosnian territory under RS control was reduced by one third and it later acceded to the Dayton Peace Agreement, accepted on its behalf by President Milošević (Bosnian Serb leaders were not able to attend the talks as arrest warrants against them had been issued by the ICTY). Under this accord, RS was recognized as one of two entities that would constitute a newly configured state of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The total area of Republika Srpska is 49% of Bosnia's territory, with the Bosniak/Croat Federation constituting the other 51%.
The legal existence of Republika Srpska was postulated by the Agreed Basic Principles issued on September 8 1995, and the Further Agreed Basic Principles issued on September 26 1995, and was confirmed by the Dayton Peace Agreement. According to this peace agreement, the Republika Srpska was recognized as one of the two entities that compose the state of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
The post-war Republika Srpska
Since the war, Republika Srpska has undergone many changes. Several of its wartime leaders were arrested or went into hiding following war crimes indictments, although in practice Radovan Karadžić continued to exert a degree of influence for years after the war's end. Some of the non-Serbs expelled during the war have returned to their former homes in Republika Srpska; the non-Serb population has increased to about 10% of the total. However, as in many other former communist countries, both of Bosnia's entities have experienced severe economic problems during the transition to a market economy. In addition, widespread corruption has seriously hampered Bosnia's recovery from the conflict. Some have alleged that corruption is hidden behind nationalism. [12]
The UN-appointed High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina has greatly influenced the post-war development of Republika Srpska. Several of its wartime aspects of independence, such as a separate currency, have been abolished. A number of senior Republika Srpska officials have been removed from their posts by the High Representative after being accused of corruption and blocking the process of reform and reconstruction. It is likely that the powers of the republic will be further reduced in future, along with those of its Muslim/Croat counterpart, as a more centralized Bosnian-Herzegovinian state is further re-established by the international community.[citation needed] However, since the position of the High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina is scheduled to be abolished in 2007 with his authority transferred to local politicians, the reform of the country would depend of the will of the politicians from both entities. Also, following Montenegro's decision to split from Serbia following a referendum in Montenegro and increasing dissatisfaction displayed by many Serbs in Republika Srpska, many of the citizens would like a referendum through which an independent Republika Srpska would be created, although the international community deems that entities do not have a right to hold a referendum.
Demographics
Republika Srpska comprises 49% of the land area of Bosnia and Herzegovina and is home to about 34% of the population. All data dealing with population, including ethnic distributions, are subject to considerable error because:
- the lack of official post-war census figures.
- the forced removal and murder of members of minority ethnic groups (Croats and Bosnian Muslims/Bosniaks) by the RS authorities during the war.
- the huge refugee inflows of Serbs from the Federation of BiH and, to a lesser extent, the territory of the Republika Srpska Krajina.
1991
According to the 1991 census of BiH, the population of present-day territory of Republika Srpska numbered 1,619,165 inhabitants, including: [13]
- Serbs = 880,171 (54.4%)
- Ethnic Muslims = 466,458 (28.8%)
- Croats = 150,414 (9.3%)
- others = 122,122 (7.5%)
Note that most who used to declare as Muslims now consider themselves Bosniaks.
1996
In 1996, the population of Republika Srpska numbered 1,475,288 inhabitants, including: [13]
2005
In 2005, the population of Republika Srpska was estimated to stand at about 1,411,000 people, including:
Economy
 |
Republika Srpska uses the convertible mark currency of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Since a so-called "regulatory guillotine" it takes a few days to register a business in RS, in contrast to the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, where it takes several months.[14]
Foreign investment
An agreement on strategic partnership was concluded between the Iron Ore Mine Ljubija Prijedor and the British company LNM, a leading world steel producer. The Russian company Yuzhuralzoloto also signed a strategic partnership with the Lead and Zinc Mine Sase Srebrenica. Recent foreign investments include privatisation of Telekom Srpske, sold to the Serbian Telekom Srbija for (€646mln, and the sale of the petroleum and oil industry, based in Brod, Modriča and Banja Luka, to Zarubezhneft of Russia, whose investment is expected to total US$970mln in the coming years.[15] On May 16 2007 the Czech power utility ČEZ signed a €1.4 bln contract with the Elektroprivreda Republike Srpske, to renovate the Gacko I power plant and build a second, Gacko II.[16]
External trade
In recent years exports (not including trade with the Federation of BiH) have grown significantly, and the level of import coverage has improved - from 1,130,518mln KM (€565mln) and 38.3% in 2005, to 1,539,229mln KM (€770mln) and 55.8% in 2006. In the first two months of 2007 exports grew 19% year on year, and imports by 39%.[17][18][19][20]
Taxation
Since 2001, Republika Srpska initiated significant reforms in the sector of the tax system, which lowered the tax burden to 28.6%, one of the lowest in the region. The 10% rate of capital gains tax and income tax are the lowest in Europe and highly stimulating for foreign investment, and there are no limits on the amount of earnings. Increasing the number of taxpayers and budgeted incomes, and creating a stable fiscal system, were necessary for further reforms in the fields of taxation and duties; this area is a priority goal of the RS authorities. VAT has been introduced in 2006. Income tax is 46% in the RS, compared to nearly 70% in the Federation, and the corporate tax rate is 10%, compared to 30% in the Federation. These tax advantages have led to some companies moving their business to RS from the other entity.[14]
Salaries
The average gross salary in August 2004 was 660KM (around 340 EUR). From 1998-2003, the average monthly salary in Republika Srpska increased from 280 to 660KM, according to the Agency for Statistics of Bosnia and Hercegovina.[citation needed] In January 2007, the average wage was 804KM (€400; gross) or 531KM (€265; net).[21]
Government and politics
Under its constitution, Republika Srpska has a president, parliament (the 83-member National Assembly of Republika Srpska), executive (with a prime minister and several ministries), supreme court and lower courts, customs service (under the state-level customs service), and postal service. It also has its own coat of arms, flag (the Slavic tricolour), and national anthem. The Constitutional Law on Coat of Arms and Anthem of the Republika Srpska was ruled not in conformance with the Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina as it states that those symbols "represent statehood of the Republika Srpska" and are used "in accordance with moral norms of Serb people". According to the Constitutional Court's decision, the Law was to be corrected by September 2006. The national assembly of Republika Srpska formed a board which is going to make a proposal for the anthem and coat of arms of Republika Srpska. Its flagship airline, Air Srpska, ceased operations in 2003.
Although the constitution names Sarajevo as the capital of Republika Srpska, the northwestern city of Banja Luka is the headquarters of most of the institutions of government — including the parliament — and is therefore the de facto capital.
After the war, Republika Srpska retained its army, but in August 2005, under considerable foreign pressure (acting primarily through the Office of the High Representative), the parliament consented to transfer control of Army of Republika Srpska to a state-level ministry and abolish the Republic's defense ministry and army by January 1, 2006. These reforms were required by NATO as a precondition of Bosnia and Herzegovina's admission to the Partnership for Peace. As of December 14 2006, Bosnia and Herzegovina is a part of the Partnership for Peace-project.
Republika Srpska has its own police force, but in October 2005, again under pressure, the parliament consented to the creation over a five-year period of a single integrated police service at the state level, with local police areas that may cross the Inter-Entity Boundary Line if required based on technical considerations. These reforms were insisted upon by the European Union as a precondition for the negotiation of a Stabilization and Association Agreement with Bosnia and Herzegovina. The leading Bosnian Serb party, the Alliance of Independent Social Democrats (SNSD), called on other political parties in Republika Srpska to organize a referendum on police reform in Bosnia-Herzegovina. The SNSD said the referendum should give a clear picture on whether the Bosnian Serb police should be dismissed or not in the process reforms under which a single police force is to be created on the state level.
"I do expect that the answer of most of citizens of Republika Srpska would be no," Rajko Vasić, member of the SNSD leadership said. He also said the party, which won exactly half the seats in the National Assembly of Republika Srpska on October 1 2006, would suggest the referendum on police reform as an issue to be discussed at the first next session of the entity's parliament. Earlier this year the leader of the SNSD and the current RS Prime Minister Milorad Dodik said he would be ready to sacrifice negotiations with the European Union on the eventual integration of BiH into the Union, if the RS police is to be abolished as part of the police reform on Bosnia's state-level.
As the response to the latest initiatives from Banja Luka, the Chairman of Bosnia's central government, the Council of Ministers, Adnan Terzić, blamed the international community and its passive stand towards the RS stance on police reform.
"Considering the reactions of the international community's officials to the obstructions from the Republika Srpska, they (Bosnian Serbs) can do whatever they want," Terzić told Sarajevo daily Dnevni avaz.
The police reform was aimed at joining police troops of the two ethnic entities into a single state-level police. The police reform fulfills three EU requests - establishment of a statewide police service, elimination of political interference and creation of patrol regions based on professional criteria. It is not clear why this requires the abolishment of the RS police.
"We do not want suspension of the talks on Stabilization and Association Agreement. However, we won't make concession on what we consider as a minimum requirement, that is retaining of the Republika Srpska Police as an organizational unit with clear competencies and jurisdiction within the reconstructed Police of BiH", Dodik said.
He announced that the RS side will step out of the police reforms process, if their wishes are not respected.
On the November 14 2006, Uroš Pena, the RS chief of police, was quoted as saying that the agreement was being broken by the international community, not RS. In the agreement, it is written that the "Directorate for Police Reform shall be made up of professionals and experts from all levels of government (BiH, entities, cantons)...", which was ignored when a EU Police Mission representative was included.[22]
External relations
On September 26 2006 Republika Srpska officials signed a 'special ties agreement' with Serbia aimed at promoting economic and institutional cooperation between Serbia and the Republika Srpska (RS). The accord was signed by Serbia's President Boris Tadić and Prime Minister Vojislav Koštunica, former RS President Dragan Čavić, and Prime Minister Milorad Dodik.
Tadić and Koštunica, accompanied by several ministers and some 300 businessmen, arrived in Banja Luka, the de facto capital of the Republika Srpska, on two special planes from Belgrade, in what was seen as the biggest-ever boost to strengthening ties in all spheres of life between the Republika Srpska and Serbia. The Serbian bank, the Komercijalna banka, and the "Dunav osiguranje" insurance company opened branches in Banja Luka and the Serbian news agency Tanjug also inaugurated its international press center in Banja Luka, in a day packed with business engagements.
The document sets out steps taken by Serbia and Republika Srpska officials to increase economic and political ties. It is similar to a previous one signed in 2001 between the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and the Republika Srpska, which had envisaged close cooperation in economy, defense, education and dual citizenship for the residents, said a Serbian government statement. The agreement gives Republika Srpska, the same status with Serbia as the state of Bosnia-Herzegovina as a whole.
"This agreement will stabilize the relations between countries in the region and it will promote economic, political and cultural relations between Serbia and Republika Srpska," Čavić told reporters after the signing ceremony. Koštunica added "We have long waited for this day," and insisting that the agreement would not be "a dead letter on paper," but would "live and be useful to the citizens of Serbia and Republika Srpska."
The signing of "a special ties agreement” was greeted with suspicion and scorn by the Bosniaks and Bosnian Croats. Sulejman Tihić, former Bosniak member of Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina, said the agreement was bad "for internal relations in Bosnia as well as interstate relations in the region." Tihić has openly demanded the abolition of RS, saying it was "created from genocide" during Bosnian 1992-1995 war and accused Belgrade of meddling in Bosnia’s internal affairs.
"The government of Serbia has shown all its political hypocrisy towards Bosnia-Herzegovina, openly ignoring the fact that other constituent peoples don’t support this agreement," said Tihić.
Croatian President Stipe Mesić criticized the agreement, saying it could have "long-term negative consequences" not only on Bosnia and Herzegovina, but the whole region. Bosnian entities "are not states and is unacceptable that they behave as states," Mesić said in a statement released in Zagreb, adding the agreement moves Bosnia and the whole region further away from reaching a lasting peace.
Čavić denied these claims that the accord was an attempt to create cross-border Serbian hegemony, saying it was "the best way to create good and stable relations in the region." The agreement clearly emphasises that cooperation between Belgrade and the RS is a legitimate right enshrined in the Dayton Accord, and also contains a reference to the "respect for the sovereignty, territorial integrity and political independence of Bosnia-Herzegovina.".
Under the Dayton peace accord, which ended the Bosnian war in 1995, the country was divided into two entities - Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the Republika Srpska. Each entity was accorded most of the powers of a state and the accord left room for special ties between the RS and Serbia, as well as between Croatia and the Bosnian Croats.[citation needed]
The status of Republika Srpska
The political platform of some Bosniak political parties in the other entity (the Federation of BiH), most notably that of the SBiH party, includes the abolition of the Republika Srpska. The party's leader, Haris Silajdžić, has repeatedly stated that he wishes to see the RS dismantled.[23][24]
In response to such statements, the Prime Minister of Republika Srpska Milorad Dodik brought the idea of an independence referendum for RS into public debate when Montenegro seceded from the union with Serbia in an independence referendum. In an interview published in the Serbian media, Dodik said a referendum on independence for RS was a fair solution and that 99 percent of Bosnian Serbs support secession from Bosnia-Herzegovina.[citation needed] Dodik stated that this referendum is "inevitable" since Bosnia and Herzegovina has no viable future.[citation needed]
Sulejman Tihić, the Bosniak member of BiH's tripartite presidency, responded by saying that those who want to secede from Bosnia can pack up and leave, "but can’t take away an inch of Bosnian territory". Borislav Paravac, the Serb member of the state presidency, responded that Tihić's statement was an "irresponsible and scandalous act". "Bosnia isn’t his private property," said Paravac, adding that RS covers 49% of Bosnia’s territory and that Serbs are one of three constituent (autochthonous or native) peoples, with equal rights.
Prime Minister Dodik also stated that Tihić’s statement represented a drastic example of “hate and chauvinism” which would only further inflame ethnic passions in Bosnia. "In Tihić’s statement one can easily recognize an Islamic concept which sees Bosnia as its exclusive right," said Dodik. "Serbs are a constituent people in Bosnia and claim the same right to the country and to live in it," said Dodik.
The high representative of the international community in Bosnia has appealed to the leaders of all three nationalities to stop with their “inflammatory rhetoric”. However, Haris Silajdžić continued his calls for the RS to be abolished, and Dodik continued to propose that the Bosnian Serbs may seek a referendum on independence, despite a warning that he may be punished for such statements. The international community's high representative to Bosnia, German diplomat Christian Schwarz-Schilling, warned in Vienna, that "if he [Dodik] continues to talk about the referendum, I will have to remove him from office.”.
Dodik responded: "Let him be my guest and sack me. I stand by everything I said about the referendum". Dodik went further and explained that his statements were a response to repeated threats from Sarajevo that Republika Srpska should be dissolved.[citation needed]
More recently, the President of Republika Srpska, Milan Jelić, a member of Dodik's party, said that: "If the abolition of the RS is raised again we will continue the rhetoric of a referendum. However, that's not our aim, but to reform RS according to European standards, to make it the better part of BiH, which will drag the rest of BiH into Euro-Atlantic integration."[25]
Culture
![[icon]](/enwiki/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg){kind=small} | This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (April 2007) |
People
Musician Filip Višnjić and poet Petar Kočić were from the territory of today's Republika Srpska.
Museums
The Museum of the Republika Srpska is located in Banja Luka, as well as the Museum of Contemporary Art.
Sport
Notable football clubs in the RS include Borac Banja Luka, Slavija Istočno Sarajevo, FK Radnik Bijeljina, FK Modriča, and FK Leotar Trebinje, which all play in the Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Education
There are two public universities in the Republika Srpska: the University of Banja Luka, and the University of East Sarajevo (formerly the University of Serb Sarajevo) and several recently founded private universities, such Slobomir P University. The University of Banja Luka was founded on November 7, 1975 and currently consist of about 17 faculties. Among them are Faculty of Electrical engineering [1], Faculty of Architecture, Faculty of Medicine, Faculty of Economics [2], Faculty of Law, Academy of Arts ... The University of East Sarajevo traces its roots to 1946. Slobomir P University was founded by Mira and Slobodan Pavlovic, known as the foremost Serbian benefactors, who became legends of its nation in this hardship of the twentieth century, while still alive.
Media
The main media organisations of the Republika Srpska, such as RTRS and ATV, are based in Banja Luka. A notable exception is the BN TV station, based in Bijeljina, in the Semberija region.
Currency
The present currency is the Convertible Mark, the national currency of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
In 1992, the new government of Republika Srpska had issued postage stamps and currency — now prized worldwide by collectors. From 1992 to 1994, Republika Srpska had its own currency, the Republika Srpska dinar.
Internet domains
Republika Srpska does not have its own Internet domain name and its institutions do not prefer the Bosnia-Herzegovina TLD (.ba) or indeed any other single Top level domain. Third parties offer the subdomain .rs under either one of the TLDs .ba (Bosnia & Herzegovina) (e.g. http://www.rs.ba/) or .sr (e.g. http://www.rs.sr/, which is actually the code for Suriname, but it resembles Serbia , which used to use .yu, but is now bringing in the .rs top level domain)
References
- ^ Ustavni sud Bosnie i Hercegovina (2007-01-27). "Završena XXXVII plenarna sjednica (Completed 37th plenary session)". Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Retrieved 2007-04-19.
- ^ "Simboli odlaze u sitoriju". Glas Srpske. 2007-04-02. Retrieved 2007-04-19.
- ^ "Brčko as a "condominium" : sovereignty in the Special District is now shared". Office of the High Representative and EU Special Representative. 2001-08-28. Retrieved 2007-04-19.
- ^ "Brčko Final Award". Office of the High Representative and EU Special Representative. 1999-03-05. Retrieved 2007-04-19.
- ^ "About Republika Srpska - Geography". Official website of RS government. Retrieved 2007-04-19.
- ^ CCPR Human Rights Committee (30 October 1992). "Bosnia and Herzegovina Report". United Nations. Retrieved 2007-04-19.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Gutman, Roy (1993-04-19). "Rape Camps: Evidence Serb leaders in Bosnia OKd attacks".
{{cite web}}: Text "work-Newsday" ignored (help) - ^ ICTY (1006-06-30). "The Plan to Create a New Serbian State" (PDF). United Nations. Retrieved 2007-04-19.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ ICTY (1006-06-30). "Outbreak of Armed Conflict in Bosnia and Herzegovina (page 33)" (PDF). United Nations. Retrieved 2007-04-19.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Human Rights Watch (June 1994). "War Crimes in Bosnia-Hercegovina: U.N. Cease-Fire Won't Help Banja Luka (Introduction)". Retrieved 2007-04-19.
- ^ ICTY. "Case No. IT-94-1-I (First Amendment to the Indictment)". United Nations.
- ^ Bechev, Dimitar. "Bosnia and Herzegovina: Challenges and opportunities". The Bridge. Retrieved 2007-04-19.
- ^ a b "Republika Srpska Population Information". Wikipedia.
- ^ a b "Bosnian Territory Opens Doors for Business". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2007-06-17.
- ^ "Investicija za preporod privrede BiH". Nezavisine novine. 2007-01-25. Retrieved 2007-04-19.
- ^ "CEZ signs contract on energy project in Bosnia". Prague Daily Monitor. 2007-05-17. Retrieved 2007-06-17.
- ^ Republika Srpska Institute of Statistics (December 2005). "External Trade Statistics Release" (PDF). Retrieved 2007-04-19.
- ^ Republika Srpska Institute of Statistics (December 2006). "External Trade Statistics Release" (PDF). Retrieved 2007-04-19.
- ^ Republika Srpska Institute of Statistics (February 2007). "External Trade Statistics Release" (PDF). Retrieved 2007-04-19.
- ^ Republika Srpska Institute of Statistics (February 2006). "External Trade Statistics Release" (PDF). Retrieved 2007-04-19.
- ^ Republika Srpska Institute of Statistics (January 2007). "Monthly Statistical Review". Retrieved 2007-04-19.
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|1=(help) - ^ "Uroš Pena: RS nije prekršila sporazum". Nezavisne novine. 2006-11-14. Retrieved 2007-04-19.
- ^ "Bosnian Sackings". BBC. 2004-07-13. Retrieved 2007-04-19.
- ^ "Bosnian Elections". BBC News. 2006-10-13. Retrieved 2007-04-19.
- ^ "Јелић: Уколико Космет буде независан, РС ће адекватно одговорити". Radio-Televizija Republike Srpske (PTPS). Retrieved 2007-04-19.
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (July 2007) |
See also
- Republika Srpska Police
- Army of Republika Srpska
- Political divisions of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Brčko District
- Regions of Republika Srpska
- Republika Srpska dinar
- History of Republika Srpska
- History of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Air Srpska
- Republic of Serbian Krajina
External links
- Articles with unsourced statements from January 2007
- Articles needing cleanup from May 2007
- Cleanup tagged articles without a reason field from May 2007
- Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from May 2007
- Articles to be expanded from April 2007
- Republika Srpska
- Subdivisions of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- First-level administrative country subdivisions