Brazilian Catholic Apostolic Church

Brazilian Catholic Apostolic Church
Classification	Catholic
Polity	Episcopal
Region	Brazil
Founder	Carlos Duarte Costa
Origin	1945
Separated from	Roman Catholic Church
Members	500,000-700,000

The Brazilian Catholic Apostolic Church (ICAB - Igreja Católica Apostólica Brasileira) is an independent Catholic church established in 1945 by Brazilian Bishop Dom Carlos Duarte Costa, a former Roman Catholic bishop of Botucatu.

The denomination has 48 dioceses and claims 500,000-700,000 members. Its most famous leader, Patriarch Dom Luis Fernando Castillo Mendez, died of peritonitis on november 12 2007 and the Church is currently without a head. Don Josivaldo Pereira de Oliveira currently serves as President of the National Council. There are clear indications that the next Patriarch will be a European, most probably the British Archbishop James Atkinson-Wake. The Church is the mother church of the Worldwide Communion of Catholic Apostolic National Churches (ICAN -Igrejas Católicas Apostólicas Nacionais), a loose communion of churches in 14 countries.

Beliefs and organization

The Church accepts the Nicene, Apostles', and Athanasian creeds, and observes seven sacraments (baptism, Eucharist, confirmation, penance, unction, ordination, and matrimony). ICAB practices open communion for all Christians who acknowledge the Real Presence of Christ in the Eucharist. The Church acknowledges divorce as a reality of life and permitted in Holy Scripture, and will marry divorced persons and baptize the children of divorced or single parents.

ICAB teaches that birth control is acceptable in certain circumstances (such as for disease prevention). It opposes abortion, euthanasia, capital punishment, and any other taking of human life. The Church has three administrative branches, in line with the conception of a nation state: executive (Episcopal Council), legislative (National Council), and judicial (Superior Ecclesiastical Court). There are currently 48 bishops and 38 dioceses within Brazil. There also appears to be a 'rogue' version of the ICAB present in Brazil under Dom Ivan Dutra Moraes, which offers an alternative list of national clergy, some names appearing on both lists.

History

Bishop Carlos Duarte Costa was an outspoken critic of the regime of Brazilian president Getúlio Vargas (1930-1945) and of the Vatican's perceived cozy relationship with fascist regimes. He also publicly criticized the doctrine of papal infallibility and Roman Catholic views on divorce and clerical celibacy. Largely as a result of his outspoken views, he was moved from his post as bishop of Botucatu in 1937, and was redesignated as the titular bishop of Maura (an extinct diocese of North Africa). Duarte Costa continued to criticize the government and the Church, advocating policies that were regarded by the authorities as Communist. In 1944 the Brazilian government imprisoned him, but later freed him under political pressure by the United States and Great Britain.

When, in the following year (1945), Duarte Costa denounced the Odessa Operation, which was allegedly organized by the Vatican in order to facilitate the escape of Nazi officers, he was excommunicated by Pope Pius XII. One month later on August 18, he formed the Brazilian Catholic Apostolic Church (ICAB), declaring: "The Brazilian Catholic Church is a religious society, established for the propagation of the Christianity in all the national territory, which is separated from the Roman Apostolic Church because of the errors that it has been committing since the moment when it left the catacombs, exchanging the beauty of the teachings of Christ -- simplicity, humility, poverty, love of neighbor -- for a preeminently mercantilistic institution, where pomp reigns, doing damage to true Christianity, which is found in the humble, the laborers, the legitimate representatives of Jesus of Nazareth."

In 1949 the Brazilian government temporarily suppressed all public worship by ICAB, maintaining that the similarity of its liturgy and vestments to those of the Roman Catholic Church would result in confusion and were tantamount to deception of the public. However, a few months later the churches were permitted to reopen, provided that their liturgy would not duplicate the Roman Catholic liturgy, and their clergy would wear gray clerical attire in contrast to the black clothing worn by Catholic clergy.

Dom Carlos set about to implement a number of reforms in ICAB of what he saw as problems in the Roman Catholic Church. Clerical celibacy was abolished. Rules for the reconciliation of divorced persons were implemented. The liturgy was translated into the vernacular, and in emulation of a short-lived experiment in France, clergy were expected to live and work amongst the people, and support themselves and their ministries, by holding secular employment. Within a short time ICAB began to be identified as “The Church of the Poor”.

File:Luis Fernando Castillo Méndez.jpg

Dom Luis Fernando Castillo Méndez, current patriarch of ICAN

Shortly after founding the church Dom Carlos consecrated two more bishops, Salomão Barbosa Ferraz (August 15, 1945), and the Venezuelan Luis Fernando Castillo Mendez (May 3, 1948). These three bishops went on to establish similar autonomous Catholic Apostolic National Churches in several other Latin American countries. Dom Carlos personally served as consecrator or co-consecrator of eleven additional bishops, each of whom took a leadership role in either the Brazilian church or one of the other national churches.

In 1958 Bishop Ferraz left ICAB to rejoin the Catholic Church. Shortly thereafter, in 1961, Dom Carlos Duarte Costa died, and the ICAB underwent several years of tumult as dissensions, schisms, and multiple claimants to the patriarchal throne threw the church into disarray. José Aires da Cruz briefly succeeded Duarte Costa as primate in 1961, and by 1964 Antidio Jose Vargas of Santa Catarina was primate, consecrating the Italian Luigi Mascolo as Bishop of Rio de Janeiro.

Some sources indicate that Bishop Luis Castillo Méndez assumed leadership of ICAB upon Duarte Costa's death in 1961, but this seems unlikely based on contemporary accounts such as Anson's. What is clear is that in 1982 Castillo Méndez was elected president of the Episcopal Council, and was designated Patriarch of ICAB in 1988 and Patriarch of ICAN (the international communion) in 1990. While no longer president of the Episcopal Council, Dom Luis served as Patriarch up until his death in 2007. The Church is considered to have become more theologically, and generally, conservative since the Patriarchate of Dom Luis.

Apostolic succession

The ICAB holds that apostolic succession is maintained through the consecration of its bishops in unbroken personal succession back to the apostles. All ICAB bishops trace their line of succession back to Bishop Carlos Duarte Costa, who was consecrated by the Roman Catholic Church. Every consecration strictly follows the Roman Pontifical.

The ICAB cites the case of Salomão Barbosa Ferraz as evidence that its apostolic succession is valid, even by Roman Catholic standards. Just over a month after the church's foundation, on August 15, 1945, Bishop Duarte Costa presided as the principal celebrant at the episcopal consecration of Salomão Barbosa Ferraz. Thirteen years later (in 1958 under Pope John XXIII) Ferraz reconciled with the Roman Catholic Church and was fully recognized as a bishop, even though he was married at the time. Ferraz was not ordained or consecrated again, even conditionally; however he was not appointed to a diocese immediately. He did pastoral work in the Archdiocese of São Paulo until May 12 1963, when he was appointed titular bishop of Eleutherna by Pope John XXIII. He attended all four sessions of the Second Vatican Council, and Pope Paul VI appointed him to serve on one of Vatican II's working commissions. Upon his death in 1969, Bishop Ferraz was buried with full honors accorded a bishop of the Roman Catholic Church. Thus it is inferred that the Holy Orders conferred by Duarte Costa after having left the Roman Catholic are accepted as valid but illicit.

Nothing is thereby inferred, however, with regard to subsequent sacramental acts performed by Duarte Costa's successors, and some authorities continue to question the validity of sacraments performed by ICAB clergy, often due to ICAB's perceived failure to hold its clergy to tight doctrinal and ritual standards. The Roman Catholic Church in Brazil is instructed to treat ICAB clergy (including bishops) wishing to return to the Catholic Church as laypeople, except in extraordinary circumstances. It is also now evident that the Patriarch Luis Fernando Castillo Méndez was not, as the ICAB claims, ordained priest aged 21 in Spain on Thursday 10 August 1944; if this is the case, according to Catholic Theology it would not only render his episcopal consecration irregular, but would probably also render the consecration invalid. Most of the current ICAB clergy and their counterparts across the world derive their Holy Orders from Luis Fernando Castillo Méndez.

International communion

Main article: Worldwide Communion of Catholic Apostolic National Churches

Bishops Costa, Ferraz, and Méndez consecrated or assisted in the consecrations of dozens of bishops in various countries between the 1940s and 1990s. Some bishops in the Costa line maintained formal ties with the Brazilian mother church, but the majority appear to have gone their separate ways to found or participate in independent catholic bodies without ties to Brazil. Churches in full communion with ICAB are members of the Worldwide Communion of Catholic Apostolic National Churches (ICAN). There have been a fluctuating number of partner churches in the ICAN communion, and a current list of official ICAN members is not available. A World Council of the communion was held in Brazil in 2005, and a further Council in Mexico in 2010 is being planned.

External links

• Website of the Brazilian Catholic Apostolic Church
• Website of a parish in Brazil
• Website of another parish in Brazil