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Catholic Church sexual abuse cases

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The Roman Catholic sex abuse cases are a series of accusations of child sexual abuse made against Roman Catholic priests and also concern accusations of related church cover-ups against said abuse.

The incidents involved diocesan priests and members of the various Roman Catholic religious orders, with reports coming from the United States and Ireland. Cases involved seminaries, schools and orphanages where children were in the care of clergy. Criticism of the Church and its leadership focused on the failure to act upon information, and often to move priests who had received complaints from church to church in order to protect them. Some allegations have led to successful prosecutions of the accused, as well as civil cases settling for millions of dollars.

One book publicizing the abuse stated that the "overwhelming majority" of the abused children were male.[1] There had been charges that a minority of the clergy had been practicing such behavior for decades, alleging that a "homosexual collective" within the priesthood viewed child sex abuse as a "religious rite" and "rite of passage" for altar boys and young priests.[2] While the reported sexual abuse dates primarily from the 1960s to the 1980s,[1] some cases occurred in the 1990s. Sexual abuse has also happened in past centuries, having been the topic of Pope Benedict XIV's apostolic constitution Sacramentum Poenitentiae in 1741.

The John Jay Report,[3] commissioned by the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops, found accusations against 4,392 priests in the USA, equalling about 4% of all U.S. priests. Figures supplied by the Catholic League, and the U. S. Department of Education theorize that the abuse figures in the Catholic Church are similar to abuse in other institutions such as education.[4][5][6]

Sexual abuse

Apart from direct family connections, many Catholic families sent their children to Catholic schools, where priests taught as teachers or visited regularly as the local parish priest or curate. Participation in the Catholic faith involved a close association with, and proximity to, priests. While the vast majority of priests are thought never to have abused any children (99.8%),[7] the small minority of priests who are known to have committed offenses had easy access to children.

One of the most pernicious cases of sex abuse occurred in Ireland, where Father Brendan Smyth systematically raped and sexually abused hundreds of boys between 1945 and 1990. The investigation of the Smyth case was obstructed by the Norbertine Order. This was also seen in other cases, such as that of Fr. Jim Grennan, a parish priest, who abused children as they prepared for First Communion, and Fr. Sean Fortune, who committed suicide before his trial for the rape of children. The abuse by Grennan and others in the Diocese of Ferns in south-east Ireland led to the resignation of the local bishop, Brendan Comiskey, while similar revelations in the Archdiocese of Dublin severely damaged the reputation of its archbishop[citation needed], Cardinal Connell. Some have argued[who?] that, although there were other social factors at play, the ten-year drop in the percentage of Irish people attending weekly Mass (from 63% to 48%) was related to these events.[citation needed]

Inquiries have established the existence of abuse in institutions, and a failure by those responsible for running and overseeing the institutions when confronted with evidence of abuse to act in the best interests of the victims, or in accordance with the criminal law in their jurisdiction.[citation needed] Governmental institutions have also been heavily criticised for neglecting to adequately ensure that young people placed in those institutions by agents of the state were properly looked after.[citation needed]

In Canada the Mount Cashel Orphanage sex abuse cases in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador and the Duplessis Orphans in the province of Quebec were of great public concern.

Ferns Report

Main article: Ferns Report

The Ferns Inquiry (2005) was an official Irish government inquiry into the allegations of clerical sexual abuse in the Irish Catholic Diocese of Ferns. The Inquiry recorded its revulsion at the extent, severity and duration of the child sexual abuse perpetrated on children by priests acting under the aegis of the Diocese of Ferns. The investigation was established in the wake of the broadcast of a BBC Television documentary "Suing the Pope", which highlighted the case of Fr Seán Fortune, one of the most notorious clerical sexual offenders. The film followed Colm O'Gorman as he investigated the story of how Fortune was allowed to abuse him and countless other teenage boys.[8] O'Gorman, through One in Four, the organisation he founded to support women and men who have experienced sexual violence, successfully campaigned for the Ferns Inquiry.

John Jay Report

Main article: John Jay Report

The John Jay Report was commissioned by the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops and was based on surveys completed by the Catholic dioceses in the United States. The surveys provided information from diocesan files on each priest accused of sexual abuse and on each of the priest's victims. That information was filtered, so that the research team did not have access to the names of the accused priests or the dioceses where they worked. The report presents aggregate findings. The dioceses were encouraged to issue reports of their own based on the surveys that they had completed. The Report found accusations against 4,392 priests in the USA, about 4% of all priests.[9]

Policies

Abusers moved to different locations

Some bishops have been heavily criticized for moving offending priests from parish to parish, where they still had personal contact with male children, rather than seeking to have them permanently removed from the priesthood. Instead of reporting the incidents to police, many dioceses simply submitted the offending priests for psychological treatment and assessment. The priests resumed their previous duties with children only when the bishop was advised by the treating psychologists or psychiatrists that it was safe for them to resume their duties.

An example of the policy of shifting offenders from place to place is demonstrated in the case of Fr Ramos. Typical of these examples he was reassigned to another parish after treatment. An unknown Church official in 1985 took telephone notes that indicate an awareness of his continuing child molestation by Church officials well after his initial psychological treatment in the late 1970s. In spite of this knowledge that he re-offended, he continued to molest for a further two years and accumulated 25 allegations of abuse in total.

In response to questions, defenders of the Church's actions have suggested that in re-assigning priests after treatment, Bishops were acting on the best medical advice then available. Critics have questioned whether bishops are necessarily able to form accurate judgments on a priest's recovery.

Failure to report criminal acts to police

From a legal perspective, the most serious offense, aside from the incidents of pedophilia themselves, was the active institutional cover-up by the Roman Catholic Church's most senior Church leaders for failing to report these felonies to the police.

This institutionalized behavior repeatedly occurred in most countries, and is proving to have extremely negative consequences. The Norbertines, for example, knew not merely of Fr. Brendan Smyth's apparently criminal pedophilic tendencies but also of allegations of sexually interfering with children from as early as 1945. However, due to interference by the church's most senior officials, it was only in the late 1980s and early 1990s that the police forces of the Republic of Ireland, the Garda Síochána, and of Northern Ireland, the Royal Ulster Constabulary, were able to gather sufficient information to prosecute Smyth.

In May 2001, Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger, prefect for the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith and later elected Pope Benedict XVI on the death of his predecessor, sent a letter[10] to all Catholic Bishops declaring that the Church's investigations into claims of child sex abuse were subject to the pontifical secret and were not to be reported to law enforcement until investigations were completed, on pain of excommunication. This enforced secrecy was in direct violation of the laws of most countries, including the United States and most European countries. The coverup related only to church officials, and the letter did not address incidents of victims reporting abuse to the police.

In response to the failure to report abuse to the police, lawmakers have changed the law to make reporting of abuse to police compulsory. An example of this can be found in Massachusetts, USA. (See external link near bottom of article)

Allegations of systematic plots to conceal evidence

Reviewers of the Smyth case differ as to whether it was a deliberate plot to conceal his behaviour, incompetence by his superiors at Kilnacrott Abbey, an institution presuming that what happened to its members was its own business, a failure to grasp the human and legal consequences, or some combination of factors. Cardinal Daly, both as Bishop of Down and Connor, a diocese where some of the abuse took place, and later as Cardinal Archbishop of Armagh, is recorded as having been privately scathing at the Norbertine "incompetence".[citation needed]

William McMurry, a Louisville, Kentucky lawyer, filed suit against the Vatican[11] in June 2004 on behalf of three men alleging abuse as far back as 1928, accusing Church leaders of organising a cover-up of cases of sexual abuse of children. Legal experts predict an unsuccessful outcome to this case, given the sovereignty of the Holy See and the lack of evidence of Vatican complicity. Sovereign immunity however, was recently denied upon appeal in a separate (WW II/ Vatican Bank/Ustazhe Genocide) United States federal lawsuit.

Payments to victims

Some have alleged that Church members paid off victims of child abuse, either in settlement of compensation claims, or in order to prevent them reporting to the police. In the mid-1990s, Archbishop (later Cardinal) Connell of Dublin lent money to a priest who had abused altar boy Andrew Madden; this money was used to pay compensation to Madden and to prevent him from reporting the abuse to the police. Connell later claimed never to have paid money to a victim, insisting that he had simply lent money to a priest who independently used the money to pay off his victim.

Implications of the accusations

Seminary training

The late Pope John Paul II took a number of steps to address the problem of priestly formation. On March 25, 1992, he completed the apostolic exhortation Pastores Dabo Vobis ("I Shall Give You Shepherds"), one of the longest papal documents in history.[1] This explored the crisis of priestly identity, the renewal of priestly life and the reform of seminaries in detail. Some have attributed the scant number of abuse allegations from the 1990s as evidence that the late Pope's reform efforts were fruitful.

Clergy themselves have suggested their seminary training offered little to prepare them for a lifetime of celibate sexuality; a report submitted to the Synod of Bishops in Rome in 1971, called The Role of the Church in the Causation, Treatment and Prevention of the Crisis in the Priesthood by Dr. Conrad Baars, a Dutch-born Catholic psychiatrist from Minnesota, and based on a study of 1500 priests, suggested that some clergy had "psychosexual" problems. It is a matter of speculation as to how much of the Catholic Church's mishandling of sex abuse cases was influenced by such problems.

In some countries in the aftermath of the crisis caused by the sex abuse allegations, the Church has begun reforming seminary training to provide candidates for the priesthood with training to deal with a life of celibacy and sexual abstention.

Homosexuality within the clergy has also come under scrutiny, as most of the Roman Catholic sex abuse cases involved post-pubescent males. (See Ephebophilia.)[1]

Rome's Congregation for Catholic Education issued an official document, the Instruction Concerning the Criteria for the Discernment of Vocations with regard to Persons with Homosexual Tendencies in view of their Admission to the Seminary and to Holy Orders (2005). Controversially drawing a parallel between homosexuality and paedophilia, the document states that the Church "cannot admit to the seminary or to Holy Orders those who practice homosexuality, present deep-seated homosexual tendencies or support the so-called 'gay culture'".

Declining standards explanation

Traditional Catholics have made the charge that the Second Vatican Council (1962-1965) fostered a climate that encouraged priests to abuse children. The council essentially directed an opening of the doors to meet the world. This was considered an appropriate way of going forth and spreading the Good News. However traditional Catholics believe that this led to a conversion of Catholics to secularism rather than vice versa. In the January 27, 2003 edition of Time Magazine, actor and traditional Catholic Mel Gibson charged that "...Vatican II corrupted the institution of the church. Look at the main fruits: dwindling numbers and pedophilia." However it is important to note that abuse by priests was occurring long before the start of Vatican II and that many of the Roman Catholic sex abuse cases did not, strictly speaking, involve pedophilia. For instance the apostolic constitution Sacramentum Poenitentiae which established general notice of the problem of sexual abuse amongst the clergy was published by Pope Benedict XIV in 1741.

Cardinal Theodore E. McCarrick, a retired Archbishop of Washington, blamed the declining morals of the 1960s as a cause of the high number of paedophile priests. [12]

Supply and demand explanation

Catholic clergy are in short supply in North America, Europe, Australia and New Zealand.[13][14]

Catholic doctrines and this understaffing combine, it has been claimed, to make Catholic clergy extraordinarily valuable. It is alleged that the Catholic hierarchy acted to preserve the number of clergy and ensure that they were still available to supply priestly services, in the face of serious allegations that these priests were unfit for duty.

Others disagree and believe that the Church's mishandling of the sex abuse cases merely reflected prevailing attitudes of the time towards such activity, in which the tendency was to suppress the information lest it cause scandal and a loss of trust in the institution. Evidence for this view includes the manner in which the media and secular organisations hid damaging information or ignored it, from the sexual promiscuity of leading politicians to domestic violence. They see the Church as having made horrendous but genuine mistakes resulting from their leaders being out of touch with society's increasing demand for accountability.

Celibacy explanation

It has been suggested by some that the discipline of celibacy in the Catholic priesthood has historically played a role in cases of sexual abuse. It is believed that those with a predisposition toward child molestation may be drawn to the celibate lifestyle due to a confusion about their sexual identity or orientation, and that such individuals may be harder to detect. It has also been suggested that some individuals may join the priesthood to gain access to children.

In response, it has been said that there is no indication of a higher level of child-oriented sexual activity among the unmarried Catholic clergy than that of the married clergy of other denominations[15] and of schoolteachers.[16] If this is the case, (i) those with a predisposition to molest children are no more likely to end up among the Catholic clergy, and (ii) already active child molesters as a group have not specially targeted the Catholic clergy for entry, though it seems likely that some child molesters have entered its ordained ministry as they have other ministries elsewhere. It has also been noted that the easiest way to access children is to have a family and child sexual abuse is statistically most commonly associated with families. Thus deliberately choosing a celibate profession can also be considered to make things harder for a prospective child molester.

Molestation of pre-pubescent children was rare in the Roman Catholic sex abuse cases and opinion is very divided on whether there is any connection between the Catholic institution of celibacy and the incidence of child abuse. Factual analysis is difficult for a number of reasons, including that there are relatively few statistical studies on the issue of sexual abuse among the clergy and that sexual abuse rates among the general population are almost impossible to determine, since not all of the instances are reported. Therefore, no consensus can be reported here. Examples from each side of the debate are shown below.

Advocacy against mandatory celibacy

The Center for the Study of Religious Issues (CSRI), the research division of CITI Ministries (an anti-celibacy advocacy organization), published a book about quantitative studies 1999-2004,[17] which argues that a connection exists between mandatory celibacy and sexual abuse. Based on her research, the author states that the evidence strongly ties mandatory celibacy to the child abuse cases.[18] The book concludes:

"A demonstrable link exists between mandatory celibacy and clergy sexual abuse. Sexual abuse by Roman Catholic clergy is different from sexual abuse by other populations in almost every aspect of the victim/perpetrator profiles and characteristics, differences that can only be seen by segregating respective demographics and other specifics from general population abuse."[19]

The author of The Bingo Report, Louise Haggett, has been a leading activist in the push for married priests for over a decade. In 1992, she founded Celibacy is the Issue (CITI) Ministries, whose "Rent-a-Priest"[20] program promotes the activities of priests or laicized priests who have married without authorization.

Advocacy for mandatory celibacy

Philip Jenkins, an Episcopalian and Professor of History and Religious Studies at Penn State University, published the book Pedophiles and Priests: Anatomy of a Contemporary Crisis in 1996. In it, he calculated that approximately 0.2 percent of Catholic priests are child molesters.[21] His 2002 article "The myth of the 'pedophile priest'"[22] expresses his views. In contrast to Louise Haggett's statement, Professor Jenkins states:

"My research of cases over the past 20 years indicates no evidence whatever that Catholic or other celibate clergy are any more likely to be involved in misconduct or abuse than clergy of any other denomination -- or indeed, than nonclergy. However determined news media may be to see this affair as a crisis of celibacy, the charge is just unsupported."

Supporters of celibacy claim that Catholic priests suffering sexual temptations are not likely to turn immediately to a teenage boy simply because Church discipline does not permit clergy to marry. Supporters of clerical celibacy suggest, then, that there is some other factor at work.

Crimen sollicitationis

Main article: Crimen sollicitationis

Crimen sollicitationis (translated from Latin as The crime of solicitation or The crime of harassment) is a document issued by the Holy Office of the Vatican (now named the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith) in 1962, instructing bishops about how to deal with cases in which priests were accused of abusing the sacrament of penance to sexually proposition penitents, thus its title. The same legal procedure, but with some adjustment, is also extended to clerics accused of homosexuality, pedophilia and zoophilia. The document calls for all cases to be handled in secret but did not require the silence to extend to criminal investigations [23] In 2006 the Panorama documentary television series did an episode on Crimen sollicitationis named Sex Crimes and the Vatican which investigated how the document was used to cover up sexual abuse by priests. Crimen Solicitationis was preceded by the apostolic constitution Sacramentum Poenitentiae which established general notice of the problem of sexual abuse amongst the clergy was published by Pope Benedict XIV in 1741.

Media hype explanation

Philip Jenkins claims that the Catholic Church is being unfairly singled out by a secular media which he claims fails to highlight similar sexual accusations in other religious groups, such as the Anglican Communion, various Protestant churches, and the Jewish and Islamic communities. He also claims that the Catholic Church may have a lower incidence of molesting priests than Churches that allow married clergy because statistically child molestation generally occurs within families but Catholic priests do not have families. He also claims that the term "pedophile priests" widely used in the media, implies a distinctly higher rate of child molesters within the Roman Catholic priesthood when in reality the incidence is lower than most other segments of society".[24] Jenkins later authored the book The New Anti-Catholicism: The Last Acceptable Prejudice in 2003, touching on some of the same issues.[25]

Other Catholic teachings, practices

The Catholic Church clearly teaches the sexual abuse of children to be gravely sinful. In the Catechism of the Catholic Church's list of moral offences, one finds:

"...any sexual abuse perpetrated by adults on children or adolescents entrusted to their care. The offense is compounded by the scandalous harm done to the physical and moral integrity of the young, who will remain scarred by it, all their lives; and the violation of responsibility for their upbringing." (CCC 2389).[26]

In the Bible's New Testament, Jesus tells his disciples, "Whoever causes one of these little ones who believe in me to sin, it would be better for him if a great millstone were put around his neck and he were thrown into the sea." (see Matthew 18:6; Mark 9:42; and Luke 17:2)

The Apostle Paul in his 1st and 2nd letter towards Timothy notes that, if they are to marry at all, "Bishops, Presbyters, and Deacons, should be the husband of one wife...". This tradition can be seen practiced in the Eastern Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches, although no bishop of any church may be married, and bishops are therefore either widowers or lifelong monastics.

Despite these teachings, some critics have charged that specific doctrines or traditional practices in Catholicism contributed to the problem. Catholic teaching affirms that so long as the officiant has been validly ordained, his personal sins have no effect on the validity of the Masses, absolutions, baptisms, and other sacraments he has administered. The doctrine of apostolic succession makes valid ordinations and institutional affiliation the chief consideration in clerical status.

Diocesan priests versus those from orders

  • While most claims have been against diocesan priests, there have been sexual abuse cases concerning those in orders.[27][28][29] In the United States, Salesian High in Richmond, California lost a sexual abuse case,[30] whilst in Australia there are allegations that the Salesians moved a priest convicted of abuse in Melbourne to Samoa in order to avoid further police investigation and charges.[31][32]
  • The Christian Brothers in Canada more than 300 former pupils were physically and sexually abused at the Mount Cashel orphanage in Newfoundland. When allegations of physical and sexual abuse started to surface in the late 1980s, the government, police and church conspired in an unsuccessful cover-up. In Ontario in January of 1993 the Christian Brothers reached a financial settlement totaling $23 million with 700 former students who alleged abuse.[33] In Ireland in March of 1998, the Congregation of the Christian Brothers published full-page advertisements in newspapers apologizing to former pupils who had been ill-treated whilst in their care. The unprecedented advertising campaign expressed "deep regret" on behalf of the Christian Brothers and listed telephone lines which former pupils could ring if they needed help.[34] In Australia the Christian Brothers protected Brothers accused of sex offenses.[35][36]
  • In July of 2007 in the United States a lawsuit was filed against the Brothers of the Sacred Heart which alleged that they moved around a Brother who was accused of sexual misconduct with an adolescent.[37][38]

Episcopal resignations

  • Bernard Francis Law, Cardinal and Archbishop of Boston, Massachusetts, United States resigned after Church documents were revealed which suggested he had covered up sexual abuse committed by priests in his archdiocese.[39] For example, Father John Geoghan was shifted from one parish to another although Cardinal Law had often been informed of his abuse. In December 1984 auxiliary Bishop John M. D’Arcy wrote to Cardinal Law complaining about the reassignment of Geoghan to another Boston-area parish because of his “history of homosexual involvement with young boys."[40] The Vatican announced on December 13, 2002 that Pope John Paul II had accepted Law's resignation as Archbishop and reassigned him to an administrative position in the Roman Curia and named him archpriest of the Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore. Cardinal Law later presided at one of the Pope's funeral masses. Bishop Séan P. O'Malley, the Capuchin friar who replaced Law as archbishop, was forced to sell a good deal of valuable real estate and to close a number of churches in order to pay $120,000,000 in claims against the archdiocese.

Compensation payouts

  • In December 2006 the Archdiocese of Los Angeles (Roger Cardinal Mahony) agreed to a payout of $60 million to settle 45 of the over 500 pending cases concerning abuse by priests.[41] In July 2007 the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Los Angeles agreed to pay a $660 million settlement to hundreds of people who claimed to have been abused by clergy. [42]
  • In December of 2006 the Diocese of Phoenix agreed to pay $100,000 to William Cesolini who claimed he was sexually assaulted as a teenager by a priest.[47]

Bankruptcy

  • Citing monetary concerns arising from impending trials on sex abuse claims, the Archdiocese of Portland (Oregon) filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy on July 6, 2004, hours before two abuse trials were set to begin, becoming the first Catholic diocese to file for bankruptcy. If granted, bankruptcy would mean pending and future lawsuits would be settled in federal bankruptcy court. The archdiocese had settled more than one hundred previous claims for a sum of over $53 million. The filing seeks to protect parish assets, school money and trust funds from abuse victims: the archdiocese's contention is that parish assets are not the archdiocese's assets. Plaintiffs in the cases against the archdiocese have argued that the Catholic church is a single entity, and that the Vatican should be liable for any damages awarded in judgment of pending sexual abuse cases.
  • The Diocese of Spokane in December of 2004. The diocese of Spokane in Washington as part of its bankruptcy has agreed to pay at least 48 million dollars as compensation to people abused by priests. This payout has to be agreed with by the victims and another Judge before it will be made.[49]
  • The Diocese of Tucson filed for bankruptcy in September, 2004. The Diocese of Tucson reached an agreement with its victims, which the bankruptcy judge approved June 11, 2005, specifying terms that included allowing the diocese reorganization to continue in return for a $22.2 million settlement.[50]

Abuse in literature

The Magdalene laundries caught the public's attention in the late 1990s as revelations of widespread abuse from former inmates gathered momentum and were made the subject an award-winning film called The Magdalene Sisters (2002). In 2006, a documentary called Deliver Us From Evil was made about the sex abuse cases and one priest's confession of abuse. A number of books have been written, see Pedophilia and child sexual abuse in fiction, about the abuse suffered from priests and nuns including Andrew Madden in Altar Boy: A Story of Life After Abuse, Carolyn Lehman's Strong at the Heart: How it feels to heal from sexual abuse and the bestselling Kathy's Story by Kathy O'Beirne which details physical and sexual abuse suffered in a Magdalene laundry in Ireland. However grave doubts have been expressed about the authenticity of the latter book. A new book 'Kathy's Real Story' published by Prefect Press, Ireland in October 2007 (Title: Kathy’s Real Story by author Hermann Kelly ISBN ISBN 978-1-906351-00-7) In it 'Kathy O’Beirne’s family tell the story behind her bestselling book, casting light on a destructive culture of false allegations hurting innocent people in Ireland, all fueled by the government compensation scheme.' (cf. www.prefectpress.com)

Abuse on film

There were numerous movies made about sex abuse within catholic church, some are included here

Roman Catholic sex abuse cases by country

Main article: Roman Catholic sex abuse cases by country

List of Roman Catholic priests accused of sex offenses

Main article: List of Roman Catholic priests accused of sex offenses

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d George Weigel, The Courage To Be Catholic (Basic Books, 2002), ISBN 0-465-09261-6 p47
  2. ^ for example, see Rite of Sodomy by Randy Engel (1989); see Anne McGinn Cillis's review at: http://www.riteofsodomy.com/reviews/cillis.mht (accessed 11 October 2006)
  3. ^ http://www.bishop-accountability.org/reports/2004_02_27_JohnJay/index.html
  4. ^ http://www.catholicleague.org/research/abuse_in_social_context.htm
  5. ^ http://www.ed.gov/rschstat/research/pubs/misconductreview/report.pdf
  6. ^ http://bul.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/90/4/343.pdf Charol Shakeshaft, "Educator Sexual Misconduct: A Synthesis of Existing Literature," U.S. Department of Education, 2004-JUN
  7. ^ Philip Jenkins, Pedophiles and Priests: Anatomy of a Contemporary Crisis (Oxford University Press, 2001). ISBN 0-19-514597-6
  8. ^ Suing the Pope BBC News
  9. ^ http://www.bishop-accountability.org/reports/2004_02_27_JohnJay/index.html
  10. ^ Ratzinger, Joseph (2001-05-18). "EPISTULA". Vatican. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  11. ^ http://www.courtroomlaw.com/news_vatican.shtml
  12. ^ [1]
  13. ^ http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1141/is_n15_v34/ai_20324598 retrieved on July 6, 2007
  14. ^ http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/news/1152801/posts?page=1
  15. ^ Indeed an estimate in Protestant clergy of 2 to 3 percent was made Lloyd Rediger, Ministry and Sexuality (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1990). p55
  16. ^ Philip Jenkins, Pedophiles and Priests: Anatomy of a Contemporary Crisis (Oxford University Press, 2001). p50
  17. ^ The Bingo Report, pub. CSRI Books, 2005, ISBN 0-9770402-0-8
  18. ^ http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0MKY/is_19_29/ai_n15952173#continue
  19. ^ http://www.rentapriest.com/web/docs/NFPC-Ch01.pdf
  20. ^ http://www.rentapriest.com/web/?_p=1001
  21. ^ Philip Jenkins, Pedophiles and Priests: Anatomy of a Contemporary Crisis (Oxford University Press, 2001). p81
  22. ^ http://www.post-gazette.com/forum/comm/20020303edjenk03p6.asp
  23. ^ Crimen sollicitationis, paragraph 15
  24. ^ Philip Jenkins, Pedophiles and Priests: Anatomy of a Contemporary Crisis (Oxford University Press, 2001). ISBN 0-19-514597-6
  25. ^ Jenkins, Philip (2003). The New Anti-Catholicism: The Last Acceptable Prejudice. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195154800. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  26. ^ http://www.scborromeo.org/ccc/para/2389.htm
  27. ^ Hundreds of priests shuffled worldwide, despite abuse allegations
  28. ^ House of the Accused. When priests within the Salesian order based in San Francisco were accused of sex abuse, the leaders chose to keep quiet
  29. ^ Vatican sued in sex abuse cases
  30. ^ Troubled Order
  31. ^ Abuse. International investigation implicates Salesians/Australia
  32. ^ http://www.dallasnews.com/s/dws/spe/2004/runawaypriests
  33. ^ http://www.religioustolerance.org/clergy_sex3.htm
  34. ^ BBC News story
  35. ^ http://www.multiline.com.au/~johnm/ethics/exceptional.htm
  36. ^ http://brokenrites.alphalink.com.au/nletter/page122-dowlan.html
  37. ^ http://208.62.60.4/40/article_1371.shtml
  38. ^ http://208.62.60.4/40/article_1383.shtml
  39. ^ http://www.bostonphoenix.com/boston/news_features/top/features/documents/00882888.htm
  40. ^ http://www.beliefnet.com/story/108/story_10824_1.html
  41. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/6200882.stm
  42. ^ http://www.pr-inside.com/parishioners-react-to-los-angeles-archdiocese-s-r172959.htm
  43. ^ http://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/030922/22church.htm
  44. ^ http://www.bishop-accountability.org/tx-dallas/Dallas-2002-04.htm
  45. ^ http://www.courtroomlaw.com/news_arch.shtml
  46. ^ http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/11/23/national/main657155.shtml California Diocese Settles Abuse Cases
  47. ^ http://www.bishop-accountability.org/news2006/11_12/2006_12_27_AP_CatholicDiocese.htm
  48. ^ http://www.religioustolerance.org/clergy_sex3.htm
  49. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/6232947.stm
  50. ^ http://www.azcentral.com/arizonarepublic/local/articles/0921diocese21.html
  51. ^ http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/10/10/national/main2079538.shtml?source=RSSattr=U.S._2079538
  52. ^ http://www.radioiowa.com/gestalt/go.cfm?objectid=EBFBFD11-0458-42B8-A37CA7389CCE932A
  53. ^ http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/metro/20070228-9999-7n28diocese.html

General

Ireland

United States

Additional reading

  • Groeschel, F. Benedict, From Scandal to Hope (OSV, 2002)
  • Jenkins, Philip, Pedophiles and Priests: Anatomy of a Contemporary Crisis (Oxford University Press, 2001). ISBN 0-19-514597-6.
  • Lobdell, William, Missionary's Dark Legacy; Two remote Alaska villages are still reeling from a Catholic volunteer's sojourn three decades ago, when he allegedly molested nearly every Eskimo boy in the parishes. The accusers, now men, are scarred emotionally and struggle to cope. They are seeking justice., Los Angeles Times, Nov 19, 2005, p. A.1
  • Ranan, David, Double Cross: The Code of the Catholic Church, Theo Press Ltd. 2007. ISBN 978-0-95541-330-8.
  • Rose, Michael S., Goodbye, Good Men : How Liberals Brought Corruption Into the Catholic Church, Regnery Publishing, Inc. (June 25, 2002). ISBN 0-89526-144-8 Reviewed here
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