Balloon

A balloon is a flexible bag normally filled with air or gas. Some balloons are purely decorative, while others are used for specific purposes. Early balloons were made of dried animal bladders.

See balun for impedance converter.

Usage

small balloons(volume a few Liter)
- toy balloon
- decoration
- solar balloon
- balloon mail as part of a balloon flight competition or to spread propaganda
- Balloon helicopter
- Demonstration of rocket propulsion by let the gas streaming off

balloon of medium size(Inhalt einige hundert bis 4000 Liter)
- transport of bombs (in World War II, FUGU-Balloon)
- transport of propaganda (in World War II and in cold war)
- radiosonde

as fixed balloon
- for carrying up advertising signs
- pushing antennas for LF and VLF upwards
- party balloon

big balloon (Volume 4000 until 12000 Kubikmeter)
- fixed balloon
  - as manned outlock (before World War II)
  - barrage balloon
  - positioning atomic bombs at atomic bomb tests in the atmosphere

- free flying balloons
  - lofting people, often with hot air
  - airship
  - research balloon with extended instrumentations. Also carrying teleguided telescopes
  - espionage balloon for military reconnaissance
  - rockoon
  - carrier for tests of atomic bombs in the upper atmosphere

A further application is the balloon satellite. A balloon satellite must be launched as each satellite with a rocket in the orbit, where it deflates.

Balloons as flying machines

Large balloons filled with hot air or buoyant gas have been used as flying machines since the 18th century. See Balloon (aircraft) and Hot air balloon

Such balloons, which lift a payload using buoyancy in an atmosphere, should not be confused with balloons in space, launched with a rocket, which are simply large deployable structures.

Balloons are sometimes used in form of a rockoon as carrier for rockets.

Examples:

Echo satellite
Decoys accompanying ICBMs in midcourse, see also countermeasure

Balloons as decoration or entertainment

Party balloons are mostly made of natural latex tapped from rubber trees and can be filled with air, helium, water, or any other suitable liquid or gas. The rubber makes the volume adjustable. If the balloon is blown up too much the balloon bursts with a bang. Rubbing a balloon produces a special sound that is very unpleasant for some people.

Filling with air is done with the mouth or with a pump.

When rubber balloons are filled with helium so that they float (restrained by ribbons or strings) they can hold their shape for only a few hours. The enclosed air or helium escapes through small pores, and helium atoms being much smaller than the nitrogen and oxygen molecules in air, it escapes much quicker. Even a perfect rubber membrane eventually loses helium to the outside, and its contents are contaminated by oxygen and nitrogen migrating inward from the outside. The gases in question actually dissolve in the rubber on one side and are released from solution on the other. The process by which a substance migrates from a region of high concentration, through a barrier to a region of lower concentration is called osmosis. The inside of balloons can be treated with a special gel (e.g. "Hi Float" brand) which coats the inside of the balloon to reduce the helium leakage, thus increasing float time. Latex rubber balloons can safely be released into the environment as they are completely biodegradable.

Beginning in the early 1990s, some more expensive (and longer-lasting) helium balloons have been made of thin, unstretchable, impermeable metallized nylon films. These balloons are often, incorrectly, called Mylar® balloons. These balloons have attractive shiny reflective surfaces and are often printed with colour pictures and patterns. The most important attributes of Mylar® for balloons are its light weight, increasing buoyancy and its ability to keep the helium gas from escaping for several weeks. However, there has been some environmental concern, since the Mylar® does not biodegrade or shred as a rubber balloon does, and a helium balloon released into the atmosphere can travel a long way before finally bursting or deflating. Release of these types of balloons into the atmosphere is harmful to the environment.

Partygoers sometimes entertain each other by untying a balloon and inhaling the helium. Because the speed of sound in helium is about twice that in air, the helium causes the vocal tract to become more responsive to high-pitched sounds and less responsive to lower ones. The result is a voice that sounds high-pitched (and usually very funny).

Balloon artists are entertainers who twist and tie inflated tubular balloons into sculptures (see balloon animal). The balloons used for balloon sculpture are made of extra-stretchy rubber so that they can be twisted and tied without bursting. Since the pressure required to inflate a balloon is inversely proportional to the diameter of the balloon, these tiny tubular balloons are extremely hard to inflate initially. A pump is usually used to inflate these balloons.

Decorators may use dozens of helium balloons to create balloon sculptures. Usually the round shape of the balloon restricts these to simple arches or walls, but on occasion more ambitious "sculptures" have been attempted with great success. The balloon decorating industry is a widely diverse industry offering everything from simple balloon columns to stunning, very large and detailed sculptures.

Water balloons are thin, small rubber balloons intended to be easily broken. They are usually used by children, who throw them at each other, trying to get each other wet. (See practical joke.) A popular game with this idea is a water balloon toss, where two lines of people stand opposite each other and throw balloons back and forth. This continues until the balloons burst, showering whoever failed to catch it.

Balloons in medicine

Angioplasty is a surgical procedure in which very small balloons made of a special material are inserted into blocked or partially blocked blood vessels near the heart. Once in place, the balloon can be inflated to clear or compress arterial plaque, and to stretch the walls of the vein. A small stent can be inserted in its place to keep the vessel open after the balloon's removal. See myocardial infarction.

Records

Maximum flight heights

Manned Balloon

The altitude record for manned ballons is 24668 metres. It was made in 1961 by Malcolm D. Ross and Victor E. Prather at their ascent over the Gulf of Mexico in 1961.

Unmanned Balloon

The altitude record for unmanned balloons is acording to the 1991 edition of Guinnes Book 51.8 kilometres. It was reached by a Winzen-Balloon with a volume of 1,35 Million cube metres, which was launched in October 1972 in Chico, Kalifornien, USA. This was until now the greatest altitude reached by a flying object requiring the surrounding air. Bigger altitudes can be only reached by ballistic flight objects as rockets, rocket planes or projectiles.

Balloon tank

See Atlas (rocket).

Balloon dancers

See Oddballs.

Usage of Balloons on other planets

The Russian space probe Vega abandoned in 1984 two aerobots in the atmosphere of Venus, from which signals could be received two days long.

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