Jump to content

Allentown, Pennsylvania

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by 146.229.139.228 (talk) at 18:50, 15 February 2008 (→Gang presence). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Allentown, Pennsylvania
Downtown Allentown in 2007
Downtown Allentown in 2007
Official seal of Allentown, Pennsylvania
Seal
Nickname: 
The Queen City
Motto: 
Sic Semper Tyrannis
Lehigh County's location in Pennsylvania
Lehigh County's location in Pennsylvania
Allentown's location in Lehigh County
Allentown's location in Lehigh County
CountryUnited States
StatePennsylvania
CountyLehigh
Founded1762
Government
 • MayorEd Pawlowski
Area
 • City
18.0 sq mi (46.5 km2)
 • Land17.8 sq mi (45.9 km2)
 • Water0.2 sq mi (0.6 km2)
 • Urban
289.50 sq mi (749.79 km2)
Elevation
338 ft (103 m)
Population
 (2000)
 • City
106,632
 • Density6,011.5/sq mi (2,320.8/km2)
 • Urban
576,408
 • Metro
740,395
Time zoneUTC-5 (EST)
 • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)
Websitehttp://www.allentownpa.org
For the song by Billy Joel, see "Allentown (song)."
For the neighborhood in Pittsburgh, see Allentown (Pittsburgh)

Allentown is a city located in Lehigh County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. It is Pennsylvania's third most populous city, after Philadelphia and Pittsburgh. As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 106,632. It is the county seat of Lehigh County.

Located on the Lehigh River, Allentown is the largest of three adjacent cities that make up a region of eastern Pennsylvania and western New Jersey known as the Lehigh Valley, with the cities of Bethlehem and Easton nearby. Allentown is 60 miles (95 km) north of Philadelphia, the sixth most populous city in the United States, and 90 miles (145 km) west of New York City, the largest city.

Dorney Park and Wildwater Kingdom, a highly popular amusement park, is located near Allentown. In addition, two four-year colleges, Cedar Crest College and Muhlenberg College, are located in Allentown.

Air transport to and from the city is available through Lehigh Valley International Airport (IATA: ABE, ICAO: KABE).

Allentown history

File:Allentown centersquare.jpg
Postcard (dated 1914) depicting the "Soldiers & Sailors Monument" in Allentown's Center Square. The monument was erected in 1889 to honor the Pennsylvania Volunteers' 47th Regiment in the American Civil War.

Founding

The area that is today the city of Allentown was first settled in 1735, and subsequently laid out as Northampton town (Northampton-Towne) in 1762 by William Allen, a wealthy shipping merchant, Chief Justice of the Province of Pennsylvania and former mayor of the city of Philadelphia.[1] The property on which the town was established was part of a 5,000-acre plot Allen purchased in 1735 from the sons of William Penn. Allen hoped that Northampton-Towne would displace Easton as the seat of Northampton County and also become a commercial center due to its location along the Lehigh River and proximity to Philadelphia. Allen gave the property to his son, James, who built a summer residence, Trout Hall, there in 1770, near the site of his father's former hunting lodge.

On March 18 1811, the town was formally incorporated as a borough. On March 6 1812, Lehigh County was formed from the western half of Northampton County, and Northampton was selected as the county seat. The town was officially renamed "Allentown" on April 16 1833, after years of popular usage. Allentown was formally incorporated as a city on March 12 1867.[1]

The Liberty Bell was hidden in Allentown's Old Zion Reformed Church from September 24 1777 to June 1778.

Liberty Bell

Main article: Liberty Bell

Allentown holds historical significance as the location where the Liberty Bell (then known as the Pennsylvania State House bell) was successfully hidden from the British during the American Revolutionary War. After George Washington's defeat at the Battle of Brandywine on September 11, 1777, the revolutionary capital of Philadelphia was defenseless, and that city prepared for the inevitable British attack. The Supreme Executive Council of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania ordered that eleven bells, including the State House bell and the bells from Philadelphia's Christ Church and St. Peter's Church, be taken down and removed from the city to prevent the British, who would melt the bells down to cast into cannons, from taking possession of them. The bells were transported north to Northampton-Towne, and hidden in the basement of the Old Zion Reformed Church, in what is now center city Allentown. Today, a shrine in the church's basement marks the exact spot where the Liberty Bell was hidden. It features a full-size official replica of the Liberty Bell, flanked by the flags of the original thirteen colonies.

American Industrial Revolution

File:USA-Allentown-PA AdelaideSilkMill 1905.jpg
Allentown's Adelaide Silk Mill was one of the largest silk mills in the world during the late 1800s.
Further information: [[:Industrial Revolution and Second Industrial Revolution]]

Prior to the 1830s, Allentown was a small town with only local markets. The arrival of the Lehigh Canal, however, expanded the city's commerce and industrial capacity greatly. With this, the town underwent significant industrialization, ultimately becoming one of the nation's largest centers for heavy industry and manufacturing. While Allentown was not as large as neighboring Bethlehem, the local iron industry still brought many jobs to the city. Railroads, such as the Lehigh Valley Railroad, were vital to the movement of raw materials and finished goods, and employed a significant workforce during this time. This period of rapid economic growth in the region was halted by two events, the Panic of 1873 and the Long Depression.

In addition to the iron and railroad industries, Allentown also had a strong tradition in the brewing of beer and was home to several notable breweries, including the Horlacher Brewery (founded 1897, closed 1978),[2] the Neuweiler Brewery (founded 1875, closed 1968)[3] and Schaefer Beer, whose brewery was later sold to Guinness.[4]

Early 20th century to present

An bird's-eye view of Allentown in 1901.

Economic recovery in the early 20th century was brought about by the silk and textile industry. The Adelaide Silk Mill, one of the largest in the world at the time, opened in Allentown in 1881. By 1928, there were over 140 silk and textile mills in the Lehigh Valley, making it the second largest industry in the region. By the 1930s, the silk industry was in worldwide decline, as synthetics were taking the place of silk. Catoir Silk Mill, the last silk mill in Allentown, closed in 1989. In 1905, Mack Trucks moved to Allentown, beginning Allentown's focus on heavy industrial manufacturing. Today, Allentown's economy, like most of Pennsylvania's, is primarily based in the service industry.

Geography

Allentown is located at 40°36'6" North, 75°28'38" West (40.601697, -75.477328).Template:GR According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 46.5 km² (18.0 mi²). 45.9 km² (17.7 mi²) of it is land and 0.6 km² (0.2 mi²) of it is water.

Climate

Allentown's climate is considered to fall in the humid continental climate zone. Summers are typically hot and muggy, fall and spring are generally mild, and winter is cold. Precipitation is almost uniformly distributed throughout the year. Allentown's weather is affected by the Blue Mountain, a ridge from 1,000 to 1,600 feet in height about 12 miles north of the city, and South Mountain, a ridge of 500 to 1,000 feet in height that borders the southern edge of the city.

January lows average -7.3 °C and highs average 1.3 °C. The lowest officially recorded temperature was -26.7 °C in 1912 . July lows average 17.6 °C and highs average 29.2 °C, with an average relative humidity (morning) of 82%. The highest temperature on record was 40.6 °C in 1966 . Early fall and mid winter are generally driest, with October being the driest month with only 74.7 mm of average precipitation.[5]

Snowfall is variable, with some winters bringing light snow and others bringing numerous significant snowstorms. Average snowfall is 823 mm per year,[6] with the months of January and February receiving the highest at just over 228.6 mm each. Rainfall is generally spread throughout the year, with eight to twelve wet days per month,[7] at an average annual rate of 1105.4 mm.[8]Template:Allentown Pennsylvania weatherbox

Demographics and statistics

Population

Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
189025,288—
190035,41640.1%
191051,91346.6%
192073,50241.6%
193092,56325.9%
194096,9044.7%
1950106,75610.2%
1960108,3471.5%
1970109,8711.4%
1980103,758−5.6%
1990105,3011.5%
2000106,6321.3%
2006 (est.)107,294
US Census Bureau[9]

As of the censusTemplate:GR of 2000, there were 106,632 people, 42,032 households, and 25,135 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,320.8/km² (6,011.5/mi²). There were 45,960 housing units at an average density of 1,000.3/km² (2,591.1/mi²). The racial makeup of the city was 72.55% White, 7.85% African American, 0.33% Native American, 2.27% Asian, 0.07% Pacific Islander, 13.37% from other races, and 3.55% from two or more races. 24.44% of the population were Hispanic or Latino.

There are 42,032 households in the city, of which 28.8% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 39.4% were married couples living together, 15.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40.2% were non-families. 33.1% of all households were made up of individuals and 12.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The city's average household size is 2.42 and the average family size was 3.09.

In the city, the population was spread out with 24.8% under the age of 18, 11.2% from 18 to 24, 29.8% from 25 to 44, 19.1% from 45 to 64, and 15.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there are 91.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.7 males.

Median household income

The median income for a household in the city was $32,016, and the median income for a family was $37,356. Males had a median income of $30,426 versus $23,882 for females. The per capita income for the city was $16,282. 18.5% of the population and 14.6% of families were below the poverty line. 29.4% of those under the age of 18 and 10.3% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.

The PPL building in 2007

Crime statistics

In 2006, the known criminal offenses in Allentown, as reported to the FBI, included around 800 violent crimes and over 7,000 property crimes. With the exception of aggravated assault, Allentown exceeded national averages in all criminal categories. Most notable, cases of arson in Allentown were nearly double the national average.[10] Other crimes in Allentown that substantially exceeded national averages were robbery, murder and forcible rape.

The total reported violent crimes in Allentown was comparable to the 2003 national average (1.01 times the average). Individual violent crime rates per capita compared to U.S. national averages were: robbery (1.54 times avg.), murder (1.47 times avg.), forcible rape (1.32 times avg.), and aggravated assault (0.57 times avg.).

The total reported property crimes in Allentown exceeded the 2003 national average by 1.21 times. Individual property crime rates per capita compared to the U.S. national average were: arson (1.71 times avg.), burglary (1.23 times avg.), larceny/theft (1.22 times avg.), and automobile theft (1.08 times avg.).

Gang presence

The city's crime statistics have been heightened by growing gang-related crime and gang rival violence. The Allentown region is one of several national strongholds for MS-13, considered the nation's single most violent gang.[11] The Bloods, another notoriously violent gang, also has a presence in the city. These and other gangs, including the Crips, the Ku Klux Klan, the Aryan Brotherhood, and the Keystone State Skinheads, have been responsible for gang signal graffiti, which typically is a reference to their presence on a certain block and sometimes an advance warning of forthcoming retaliatory gang violence or other crimes.[12] Allentown also has seen a growth in drug trafficking and prostitution in recent years.

Economy

The PPL Building (seen here in the distance) is the tallest building in Allentown. In the foreground is the Albertus L. Meyers Bridge, commonly known as the Eighth Street Bridge.

While many of Allentown's major industrial businesses have disappeared over the past two decades, the city continues to serve as the location of corporate headquarters for several large, global companies, including Agere Systems, Air Products & Chemicals, Mack Trucks, Olympus Corporation USA, PPL and others.[13]

The largest employer in Allentown is Lehigh Valley Hospital and Health Network, with over 7,800 employees.[13][14]

Notable residents

Main article: List of notable people from Allentown, Pennsylvania

Allentown is the birthplace of, or home to, several notable Americans, including:

Allentown's national reputation as a rugged blue collar city has led to many references to the city in popular culture:

  • The city is globally known as the subject of the popular Billy Joel song, "Allentown," which was originally released on Joel's The Nylon Curtain album in 1982. The song depicts the resolve of Allentonians, amidst the rough and hardened life that characterizes this East Coast, industrial city. "Allentown" also references nearby Bethlehem, home of then-declining (and now defunct) Bethlehem Steel.
  • Allentown features very prominently in the famed Broadway musical 42nd Street as the hometown of up and coming showgirl Peggy Sawyer. When Sawyer is asked to fill in for the show's star, who breaks her ankle prior to the show's debut, Sawyer tells director Julian Marsh that she would prefer to return to Allentown. In an effort to keep her with the musical, Marsh then sings to her perhaps the most famed lyrics in Broadway theatre history: "Come on along and listen to the lullaby of Broadway," which convinces Sawyer to stay. On the musical's opening night, just before the curtains rise, Marsh tells the fictional Allentown native the famous, now often repeated Broadway line: "You're going out there a youngster, but you've got to come back a star!" Sawyer is a surprising smash hit, and Marsh's musical, starring Sawyer, goes on to great success.

Media

Print

Allentown-based print media include The Morning Call, Allentown's daily newspaper, and Pulse Weekly, a weekly arts and entertainment publication.

Television

Allentown is part of the Philadelphia DMA, though numerous New York City and Scranton/WIlkes-Barre radio and television stations are also available in Allentown and its suburbs. There are two Allentown-based television stations: WLVT Channel 39 (PBS) and WFMZ Channel 69 (independent). Allentown is also one of a limited number of cities in the United States to be served by two cable television companies, RCN Corporation and Service Electric. Most places in the USA are served by one company, as a result of exclusive franchise agreements with city governments. Both cable providers separately produce some of their own locally originated programming.

Radio

Allentown's radio market is ranked the 68th largest in the United States by Arbitron's ranking system.[15] Stations operating in Allentown and its neighboring townships include:

Education

Public schools

The City of Allentown is served by the Allentown School District, which is the fourth largest school district in Pennsylvania, with 17,521 students (based on 2004-2005 enrollment data).[16]

The city maintains two public high schools for grades 9 through 12, William Allen High School (which typically serves students from the southern and western parts of the city) and Louis E. Dieruff High School (which serves students from the eastern and northern parts). Although not located within the city limits, five large suburban high schools, Emmaus High School (in Emmaus), Parkland High School (in South Whitehall Township), Whitehall High School (in Whitehall Township), Salisbury High School (in Salisbury Township), and Catasauqua High School (in Catasauqua) also serve the area.

Each of these Allentown area high schools competes athletically in the Lehigh Valley Conference with the exception of Salisbury and Catasauqua which have slightly smaller student populations. Allentown's high schools play their home football games at J. Birney Crum Stadium, a 15,000 capacity stadium in the city that once held the distinction as the largest capacity high school stadium in the state of Pennsylvania.

Allentown School District's four middle schools, for grades six through eight, include: Francis D. Raub Middle School, Harrison-Morton Middle School, South Mountain Middle School and Trexler Middle School. The city is served by 16 elementary schools, for kindergarten through fifth grade, including: Central, Cleveland, Hiram W. Dodd, Jackson, Jefferson, Lehigh Parkway, Lincoln, McKinley, Midway Manor, Mosser, Muhlenberg, Ritter, Roosevelt, Sheridan, Union Terrace and Washington. Several middle schools also house fifth graders.

The Roberto Clemente Charter School, also located in the Allentown School District, is a Title I charter school which provides educational services to mainly Hispanic students in grades 6 through 12.

Private schools

Allentown has two parochial high schools, Allentown Central Catholic High School and Lehigh Valley Christian High School, though both schools draw students from both Allentown and the city's suburbs. Other Allentown-based parochial schools (serving all grades) include: Cathedral of Saint Catharine of Siena School, Holy Spirit School, Lehigh Christian Academy, Mercy Special Learning Center, Our Lady Help of Christians School, Sacred Heart School, Saint Francis of Assisi School, Saint Paul School, and Saint Thomas More School. Parochial schools in Allentown are operated by the Roman Catholic Diocese of Allentown. The Grace Montessori School is a pre-school and early elementary montessori school run as an outreach of Grace Episcopal Church. The Swain School, a non-sectarian private school founded in 1929, is also located in Allentown.

Higher education

Two four-year colleges are located in Allentown: Cedar Crest College and Muhlenberg College.

Sports

Club League Venue Established Championships
Lehigh Valley IronPigs IL, Baseball Coca-Cola Park 2008 0

Allentown plans to unveil Coca-Cola Park, a $34 million, 7,000-seat stadium, in early 2008 . The stadium is being constructed in east-side Allentown and, beginning in April 2008, will be used as the home field for the Philadelphia Phillies' future AAA-level Minor League baseball affiliate, the Lehigh Valley IronPigs. Official groundbreaking ceremonies for the new stadium were held September 6 2006 with construction scheduled to be completed in February 2008.

Allentown was also the home, from 1997 to 2003, of the now defunct Allentown Ambassadors.

Transportation infrastructure

Air transit

The city's primary airport, Lehigh Valley International Airport (IATA: ABE, ICAO: KABE), is located three miles northeast of Allentown in Hanover Township. The city is also served by Allentown Queen City Municipal Airport, a two-runway general aviation facility that was awarded General Aviation Airport of the year by the Eastern Region of the Federal Aviation Administration in 2006. Queen City is used predominatly by private aviation.[17]

Bus transit

File:Berninger eighthstbridge.jpg
Eighth Street Bridge (dated 1933) by Allentown artist John E. Berninger. Now known as the Albertus L. Meyers Bridge, this painting depicts a long since demolished neighborhood on Allentown's Lawrence Street.

Public transportation services provided within Allentown is provided by LANTA, a public bus system serving both Lehigh County and Northampton County. Several private bus lines provide nearly round-the-clock roundtrip daily bus service to New York City's Port Authority Bus Terminal, Philadelphia, Atlantic City, and other regional locations.

Roads

Four expressways run through the Allentown area, with associated exits to the city:

There are nine major inbound roads to Allentown: Airport Road, Cedar Crest Boulevard, Fullerton Avenue, Hamilton Boulevard, Lehigh Street, Mauch Chunk Road, Pennsylvania Route 145 (MacArthur Road), Tilghman Street, and Union Boulevard.

Rail

Allentown is a major regional center for commercial rail traffic. Currently, Norfolk Southern's primary hump classification yards are located in Allentown.[18] The city is also served by R.J. Corman Railroad.[19] Historically, Allentown has been served by Central Railroad of New Jersey, Conrail, Lehigh and New England Railroad, Lehigh Valley Railroad, and Reading Railroad. While Allentown currently has no passenger rail service (the last public rail service, which was part of the Bethlehem-Philadelphia service provided by Conrail under contract with SEPTA, ceased operating in 1979), several of the Allentown-area stations once used for passenger service have been preserved through their current commercial use.

Parks and recreation

Dorney Park and Wild Water Kingdom's Steel Force and Thunderhawk roller coasters, in Allentown.

City parks

Much of the city's park system can be attributed to the efforts of industrialist Harry Clay Trexler. Inspired by the City Beautiful movement in the early 1900s, Trexler created West Park, a 6.59 acre park in what was then an upscale area of the city. Trexler also facilitated the development of Trexler Park, Cedar Parkway, Allentown Municipal Golf Course and the Trout Nursery in Lehigh Parkway. Trexler was also responsible for the development of the Trexler Trust, which to this day continues to provide private funding for the maintenance and development of Allentown's park system.[20]

City parks in Allentown include Bicentennial Park (4,600 seat mini-stadium built for sporting events), Cedar Creek Parkway (127 acres, including Lake Muhlenberg, Cedar Beach and the Malcolm W. Gross Memorial Rose Garden), East Side Reservoir (15 acres), Kimmets Lock Park (5 acres), Lehigh Canal Park (55 acres), Lehigh Parkway (999 acres), Old Allentown Cemetery (4 acres), Jordan Park, South Mountain Reservoir (157 acres), Trexler Memorial Park (134 acres), Trout Creek Parkway (100 acres), Union Terrace (19 acres) and West Park (6.59 acres).[20]

Festivals

Mayfair Festival of the Arts, an arts and crafts festival established in 1986, is held each May at Cedar Beach Park in Allentown. The Great Allentown Fair runs annually, in early September, on the grounds of the Allentown Fairgrounds, where it has been held since 1889. The first Allentown Fair was held in 1852, and between 1852 and 1899 it was held at the "Old Allentown Fairgrounds," which was located north of Liberty Street between 5th and 6th streets. The J. Birney Crum Stadium plays host to the Collegiate Marching Band Festival, held annually since 1995, as well as other marching band festivals and competitions.

Stadiums

The city has two large capacity outdoor stadiums. Coca-Cola Park, with a seating capacity of 7,000, was constructed in 2007 and is the home field for the Lehigh Valley IronPigs, the AAA-level minor league team affiliated with the Philadelphia Phillies of Major League Baseball. J. Birney Crum Stadium, used for Lehigh Valley Conference football and other purposes, has a seating capacity in excess of 15,000.

The city has no large indoor stadium, but major indoor sporting and concert events are held at Stabler Arena, in neighboring Bethlehem.

Other recreational sites

Other recreational sites in Allentown include Allentown Municipal Golf Course, Cedar Beach Pool, Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom, Fountain Pool, Irving Pool, Jordan Pool, the Lehigh Valley Zoo and Mack Pool.

Allentown landmarks and popular locations include:

Postcard (dated 1916) depicting Allentown's Eighth Street Bridge.
  • Albertus L. Meyers Bridge
  • Allentown Cemetery Park (established 1765). Local veterans of the American Revolutionary War and War of 1812 are buried here.
  • Allentown Post Office (built 1933-1934). Contains murals by New York artist Gifford Reynolds Beal depicting local history.
  • Allentown Symphony Hall
  • Buchman House (home of Frank N. D. Buchman (1878-1961), founder of the Oxford Group and Moral Re-Armament religious movements.)
  • Butz-Groff House (built 1872 by local attorney Samuel A. Butz)
  • Center Square and Soldiers & Sailors Monument (erected 1889). Monument honoring veterans of the 47th Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteers from the American Civil War.
  • William F. Curtis Arboretum at Cedar Crest College.
  • Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom
  • Farmer's Market, Agricultural Hall, The Ritz, the Allentown Fairgrounds (established 1889) and the Allentown Fair (started 1852).
  • Hess's Department Store (closed 1996 and demolished in 2000).
  • Homeopathic Healing Art Plaque. Marks the location of the world's first medical college exclusively devoted to the practice of homeopathic medicine. Established in 1835, the college went bankrupt in 1845 and relocated to Philadelphia, where it developed into what is today Hahnemann University Hospital.
  • J. Birney Crum Stadium, the home football field for Allentown high schools (once the largest capacity high school football stadium in Pennsylvania).
  • Muhlenberg College is located in west-side Allentown.
  • Old Allentown Cemetery (established 1846). Tilghman Good (1830-1887), two-term mayor of the city and commander of the 47th Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteers during the American Civil War is interred here.
  • Old Court House County Museum.
  • Old Zion Reformed Church & Liberty Bell Shrine Museum. Located on Hamilton Boulevard in center city Allentown, it was the temporary home of the Liberty Bell in 1777[1].
  • Portland Place (former headquarters of Lehigh Portland Cement Company). Built in 1902 and remodeled in the art deco style in 1939-1940. Over the front door was a glass relief by artist Oronzio Maldarelli, which was the largest glass mural panel in the world at the time of its installation. When the company (now called Lehigh Cement Company) relocated, it placed the distinctive sculpture in its new lobby.
  • PPL Building
  • Revolutionary War Plaque. Marks the Allentown location of a Revolutionary War hospital.
  • Trout Hall (built 1770). Oldest building structure in Allentown, once owned by Allentown founder William Allen.
  • Yocco's Hot Dogs

Museums and cultural organizations

Allentown museums and cultural organizations include:

Sister cities and twin cities

Allentown has two official sister cities as designated by Sister Cities International:

Allentown also has two designated "twin cities":

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "Lehigh County - 4th class" (PDF). Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission. Retrieved 2007-06-03.
  2. ^ "Horlacher Brewing Company". Retrieved 2007-06-01.
  3. ^ "Neuweiler Brewery". Retrieved 2007-06-01.
  4. ^ "$44 Million Guinness Investment Will Create 250 Jobs at Pennsylvania Brewery". Retrieved 2007-06-01.
  5. ^ "Normal Monthly Precipitation, Inches". Retrieved 2006-11-04.
  6. ^ "Snowfall - Average Total In Inches". Retrieved 2006-11-04.
  7. ^ "Average Days of Precipitation, .01 cm or more". Retrieved 2006-11-04.
  8. ^ "Average Monthly Precipitation". Retrieved 2006-11-04.
  9. ^ "US Census Bureau Population Finder". Retrieved 2007-10-09.
  10. ^ "Allentown, Pennsylvania at CityRating.com".
  11. ^ "Writing on the Wall: Grafitti Gives Into Gang Activity Occurring on Streets," Easton Express, December 23, 2007.
  12. ^ [http://www.nj.com/news/expresstimes/pa/index.ssf?/news/expresstimes/stories/gangs_04.html "They're Here, Violence and Fear Have Followed, The Easton Express, June 1, 2003.
  13. ^ a b "Lehigh Valley Economic Development Corporation - Largest Lehigh Valley Employers" (PDF). Retrieved 2007-06-01.
  14. ^ "100 Best Companies to Work for 2007: Lehigh Valley Hospital & Health Network". Retrieved 2007-06-01.
  15. ^ "StationRatings.com - Allentown/Bethlehem, PA". Retrieved 2007-01-14.
  16. ^ "National Center for Education Statistics". Retrieved 2007-03-20.
  17. ^ "Queen City Airport Designated General Aviation Airport of the Year by the Federal Administration Eastern Region". Lehigh Valley International Airport. Retrieved 2007-06-22.
  18. ^ "Norfolk Southern Corporate Profile". Retrieved 2007-06-22.
  19. ^ "R.J. Corman Railroad Group Allentown Lines". Retrieved 2007-06-22.
  20. ^ a b "Allentown, PA - Parks". Retrieved 2007-06-02.

Template:Mapit-US-cityscale

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Allentown,_Pennsylvania&oldid=191694463"