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Nick Fury

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Nick Fury
2001 trade-paperback collection, with repurposed cover art from Nick Fury, Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. #4 (March 1968) by Jim Steranko.
Publication information
PublisherMarvel Comics
First appearanceSgt. Fury and His Howling Commandos #1 (May 1963)
Created byStan Lee
Jack Kirby
In-story information
Alter egoNicholas Joseph Fury
Team affiliationsSecret Avengers
United States Army
Office of Special Services
C.I.A.
S.H.I.E.L.D.
Opponents of the Superhuman Registration Act
Howling Commandos
liaison of M15 (British Intelligence)
Notable aliasesScorpio, various others on undercover missions
AbilitiesHalted aging from the Infinity Formula
Skilled and experienced soldier
Skilled with many weapons and fighting techniques
For the French hip hop artist, see Nikkfurie.

Colonel Nicholas Joseph "Nick" Fury is a fictional World War II army hero and present-day super-spy in the Marvel Comics universe.

Created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby, Fury first appeared in Sgt. Fury and his Howling Commandos #1 (May 1963), a combat series that portrayed the cigar-chomping Fury as leader of an elite U.S. Army unit.

The modern-day Fury, initially a CIA agent, debuted a few months later in Fantastic Four #21 (Dec. 1963). In Strange Tales #135 (Aug. 1965) the character was transformed into a James Bond-like spy and leading agent of the fictional espionage agency S.H.I.E.L.D. The character makes frequent appearances in Marvel comic books as the head of S.H.I.E.L.D. and as an intermediary between the U.S. government or the United Nations and various superheroes. It is eventually revealed that Fury takes a special medication called the Infinity Formula that halted his aging and allows him to be active despite being chronologically nearly a century old.

Publication history

Sgt. Fury and his Howling Commandos

Main article: Sgt. Fury and his Howling Commandos

Fury initially appeared in the World War II combat series Sgt. Fury and his Howling Commandos, as the cigar-chomping NCO who led a racially and ethnically integrated elite unit. The series ran 167 issues (May 1963 - Dec. 1981), though only in reprints after issue #120 (July 1974). Following several issues by creators Lee and Kirby, penciller Dick Ayers began his long stint on what would be his signature series; John Severin later joined as inker, forming a long-running, critically acclaimed team. Roy Thomas succeeded Lee as writer, following by Gary Friedrich, for whom this also became a signature series.

The Howling Commandos encountered Office of Strategic Services agent Reed Richards (later Mister Fantastic of the Fantastic Four) in #3 (Sept. 1963), and fought alongside Captain America and Bucky in #13 (Dec. 1964).

Strange Tales and solo series

In Strange Tales #135 (Aug. 1965), Fury, now a colonel, became a James Bond-esque Cold War spy, with Marvel introducing the covert organization S.H.I.E.L.D. (Supreme Headquarters International Espionage Law-enforcement Division) and its nemesis HYDRA. (The name, for unexplained reasons, is not an acronym but capitalized regardless, according to Marvel.)

Strange Tales #135 (Aug. 1965). Cover art by Jack Kirby and Frank Giacoia.

The 12-page feature was initially by Lee and Kirby, with the latter supplying such inventive and enduring gadgets and hardware as the Helicarrier — an airborne aircraft carrier — as well as human-replicant LMDs (Life Model Decoys), and even automobile airbags. Writer-penciller-colorist Jim Steranko began on the feature in Strange Tales #151 (initially over Kirby layouts), and quickly became one of the comics' most acclaimed and influential artists. In some of the creative zeniths of the Silver Age, Streranko established the feature as one of comics most groundbreaking, innovative and acclaimed.[1] He introduced or popularized in comics such art movements of the day as psychedelia and op art; built on Kirby's longstanding work in photomontage; and created comics' first four-page spread — again inspired[citation needed] by Kirby, who in the 1930s-1940s period fans and historians call the Golden Age of comic books had pioneered the first full-page and double-page spreads. All the while, he spun plots of intense intrigue, barely hidden sensuality, and hi-fi hipness — and supplying his own version of Bond girls, pushing what was allowable under the Comics Code at the time.

The 12-page feature ran through Strange Tales #168 (sharing that "split book" with the occult feature "Doctor Strange" each issue), after which it was spun off onto its own series of the same title, running 15 issues (June 1968 - Nov. 1969), followed by three all-reprint issues beginning a year later (Nov. 1970 - March 1971). Steranko wrote and drew issues #1-3 and #5, and drew the covers of #1-7.

Fury continued to make appearances in the other Marvel books, from Fantastic Four to The Avengers. In 1972, Sgt. Fury and His Howling Commandos celebrated its 100th issue with a present-day reunion of the squad, sponsored by Stan Lee and the creative team behind the title. (Lee, like other comics professionals, has made occasional cameos, in a tradition going back to the 1940s Golden Age of comic books).

New S.H.I.E.L.D. stories would not appear for nearly two decades after the first solo title. A six-issue miniseries, Nick Fury vs. S.H.I.E.L.D. (June-Nov. 1988) was followed by Nick Fury, Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. vol. 2. This second series lasted 47 issues (Sept. 1989 - May 1993); its pivotal story arc was "the Deltite Affair", in which many S.H.I.E.L.D. agents were replaced with Life Model Decoy androids in a takeover attempt.

A year after that series ended, the one-shot Fury (May 1994) retconned the events of those previous two series, recasting them as a series of staged events designed to distract Fury from the resurrection plans of HYDRA head von Strucker. The following year, writer Howard Chaykin and penciller Corky Lehmkuhl produced the four-issue miniseries Fury of S.H.I.E.L.D. (April-July 1995). Various publications have additionally focused on Nick Fury's solo adventures, such as the graphic novels and one-shots Wolverine - Nick Fury: The Scorpio Connection (1989), Wolverine/Nick Fury: Scorpio Rising (Oct. 1994), Fury/Black Widow: Death Duty and Captain America/Nick Fury: Blood Truce (both Feb. 1995), and Captain America/Nick Fury: The Otherworld War (Oct. 2001). He also starred in the 2004-2005 Secret War miniseries.

Fictional character biography

Early life and wartime

Nicholas Joseph Fury was the eldest of three children born to Jack Fury in New York City. His father was a United States citizen who enlisted in the United Kingdom's Royal Flying Corps during World War I. Jack had enlisted in 1916 and was stationed in France. He reportedly shot down Manfred von Richthofen early in his flying career, and was a highly decorated combat aviator by the end of the War in 1918.

Discharged after the War, Jack returned home, married an unnamed woman, and became the father of three children. Nick, probably born in the late 1910s or early 1920s, was followed by Jacob "Jake" Fury (later the supervillain Scorpio, who co-founded the Zodiac cartel), and their sister, Dawn.

All three children grew up in the neighborhood known as Hell's Kitchen, Manhattan, New York City, New York. Nick was an amateur boxer. With his friend Red Hargrove, he eventually left the neighborhood to pursue his dreams of adventure, eventually settling on a daring wing-walking act. Their death-defying stunts caught the attention of Lieutenant Samuel "Happy Sam" Sawyer, who enlisted them for a special mission in the Netherlands. Nick and Red later joined the U.S. Army, with Fury undergoing basic training under a Sergeant Bass. Red was stationed at Pearl Harbor, Oahu, Hawaii when the Imperial Japanese Navy ambushed the base on December 7, 1941, and was among the many killed in the attack on Pearl Harbor.

Sawyer, now a captain, assigned Fury the command of the First Attack Squad, nicknamed the "Howling Commandos" and stationed in a military base in England to fight specialized missions, primarily but not exclusively in the European Theatre of World War II. Fury fell in love with an English nurse, Pamela Hawley, who died in a bombing raid on London before he could propose to her.

C.I.A.

At the end of World War II in Europe, Fury was severely injured by a landmine in France, and was found and healed by a Berthold Sternberg, who used him as a test subject for his Infinity Formula. After making a full recovery, Fury began working for the Office of Strategic Services (OSS), precursor of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). Six months into his service, he learned the extent of Sternberg's life-saving operation: The Infinity Formula retarded his aging, and if he did not receive annual doses, he would age rapidly and die. The doctor began a 30-year period of extorting large sums of money from Fury in exchange for the injections. These events, culminating in the end of said extortion, were detailed in Marvel Spotlight #31 (Dec. 1976): "Assignment: The Infinity Formula," by writer Jim Starlin and artist Howard Chaykin.

File:StrangeTales168-NickFury.jpg
A rare quiet moment for Nick Fury: Splash panel, Strange Tales #168 (May 1968). Art by Steranko and Joe Sinnott.

Fury segued into the CIA as an espionage agent, gathering information in Korea, where he earned a battlefield promotion to colonel. During this time, he recommended the recruitment of married agents Richard and Mary Parker, who would go on to become the parents of Fury's occasional super-hero ally Spider-Man. Much later, the CIA used him as a liaison to various super-powered groups that had begun appearing, including the Fantastic Four, whom CIA agent Fury first encountered in Fantastic Four #21 (Dec. 1963). Despite Marvel's "elastic chronology", which puts the early-'60s stories as roughly only 10 years before modern-day stories, Marvel has never retconned an explanation for that chronological discrepancy, as the company has for many others.

During his time with the CIA, Fury began wearing his trademark eyepatch. An issue of Sgt. Fury had revealed that he had taken shrapnel to one eye during the war, which caused him to slowly lose sight in it over the course of years.

S.H.I.E.L.D.

Recruited by Tony Stark, Fury became the second commander of S.H.I.E.L.D. Initially, his organization's primary nemesis was the international terrorist organization HYDRA, created by Fury's worst enemy of the Second World War, Baron Wolfgang von Strucker (after retconning of the original continuity). Under Fury, S.H.I.E.L.D. grew into one of the world's most powerful organizations, reaching covertly into national governments, and forming strategic alliances with the Avengers and other superhero groups, while always maintaining independence and deniability. Fury soon became the superhero community's main contact when government-related information was required in order to deal with a crisis.

After years at the helm, Fury discovers that S.H.I.E.L.D. and HYDRA have both fallen under the control of a group of sentient Life Model Decoy androids known as Deltites. Betrayed, Fury goes to ground, hunted by his fellow agents, many of whom were later revealed to have already been replaced with Deltites. Although Fury ultimately exposes and overcomes the Deltite threat, the conflict is so destructive to S.H.I.E.L.D.'s personnel and infrastructure, and leaves Fury so disillusioned, that Fury chooses to disband the agency to prevent it from again being subverted from within.[2]

Fury rebuilds S.H.I.E.L.D. from the ground up, initially as a more streamlined agency small enough for him to personally oversee and protect from being corrupted. This new incarnation changed the acronym to stand for "Strategic Hazard Intervention, Espionage and Logistics Directorate".

Sometime later, Frank Castle, the vigilante known as the Punisher, is captured and sent to a maximum-security facility with a S.H.I.E.L.D. escort. During a hypnosis session with Doc Samson, a character named Spook interrupts and has the Punisher conditioned to believe Fury was responsible for the murder of the Punisher's family. An escaped Punisher eventually killed Fury, who was buried at Arlington National Cemetery.[3] However, the Fury that the Punisher had "killed" was revealed to be a highly advanced Life Model Decoy android.[4]

Returned to his post as S.H.I.E.L.D. director, Fury on his own enlisted the superheroes Captain America, Spider-Man, Luke Cage, Wolverine, Daredevil and the Black Widow to launch a covert assault on the leadership of Latveria, who were plotting a massive attack on the U.S. One year afterward, Latveria launched a counterattack that resulted in Fury's removal as S.H.I.E.L.D. commander, forcing him again into hiding with numerous international warrants out for his arrest. His successor as Director of S.H.I.E.L.D. is first Maria Hill and then Tony Stark.[5] Hill, keeping Fury's disappearance from the S.H.I.E.L.D. rank and file, has used Life Model Decoys to impersonate Fury on occasion.

Fury is the only "33rd-degree" S.H.I.E.L.D officer, meaning he is the only member of S.H.I.E.L.D, present or past, to know the full existence of 28 emergency, covert bases scattered across the globe.[6]

Powers, abilities, and equipment

Nick Fury's aging has been greatly retarded by the Infinity Formula, a serum created by Dr. Berthold Sternberg. Fury was first inoculated with the serum in the 1940s. Fury took the serum annually for many years. Due to its cumulative effect, Fury no longer needs additional doses to prolong his life span. Nick Fury is a highly athletic man despite his advanced chronological age. He has 95% vision loss in his injured left eye, over which he wears a cosmetic eyepatch.

Fury is a seasoned unarmed and armed combat expert, was a heavyweight boxer in the army (during World War II), and holds a black belt in Tae Kwon Do and a brown belt in Jiu Jitsu. He has honed his unarmed combat skills sparring with Captain America.

Fury is a combat veteran of three wars (World War II, Korea, Vietnam), plus numerous "military advisor" missions and clandestine operations. He is trained as a paratrooper, a Ranger (commando), a demolitions expert, and a vehicle specialist (including aircraft and seagoing vessels). He has received Green and Black Beret Special Forces training.

Fury has access to a wide variety of equipment and weaponry designed by S.H.I.E.L.D. technicians. He wears a S.H.I.E.L.D. uniform made of 9-ply Kevlar (able to withstand ballistic impact up to .45 caliber bullets) and a Beta Cloth (type C), a fire-resistant material whose kindling temperature is 1700 degrees Fahrenheit.

Fury uses various types of handguns, including a .15 caliber needle gun, a government issue .45 caliber automatic, a captured German Luger in 9mm Parabellum, a modified semi-automatic Walther PPK in 9mm Parabellum, and the Ingram MAC-10 machine pistol in .45 caliber.

As the director of S.H.I.E.L.D., Fury has access to the entire S.H.I.E.L.D. highly advanced arsenal of weaponry, and various air, land, and sea craft provided by S.H.I.E.L.D., and numerous S.H.I.E.L.D. paraphernalia including a radio-link tie, and a bulletproof suit.

Other versions

1602

In the 1602 miniseries, Nick Fury appears as Sir Nicholas Fury, Queen Elizabeth I's chief of intelligence. His character was modeled after Elizabeth's real life spymaster Sir Francis Walsingham.[citation needed]

Avataars

In the Avataars: Covenant of the Shield miniseries Nick Fury appears as Regent Nicholas, who watches over the throne of Avalon "with his elite guard as its shield."

Earth X

In the Earth X universe Nick Fury is dead. However, several LMDs still exist and fight against Cold War-era communists such as the current leader of Russia, Peter Rasputin. One attacks Peter when he is meeting with Captain America's party.

Fury

In the Marvel MAX-imprint miniseries Fury vol. 2, by writer Garth Ennis and penciller Darick W. Robertson, Fury is a burned-out Cold War veteran unable to cope with the modern world. He is swiftly drawn into a conflict with an old HYDRA enemy and the new bureaucratic version of S.H.I.E.L.D. This version continues to appear in Ennis' Punisher series. Writer-editor Stan Lee, a co-creator of Nick Fury, was critical of the extreme violence and gore of this new series: "I don't know why they're doing that. I don't think that I would do those kinds of stories."[7]

Fury: Peacemaker

A six-part miniseries, also written by Ennis, was published in 2006 under the Marvel Knights imprint. It portrays a young Sergeant Fury during World War II, who learns the art of war in the deserts of North Africa with the newly formed British SAS and ultimately joins them on a mission to assassinate an important German general.

Nick Fury and Dum Dum Dugan in The Transformers from Marvel Comics.
File:UltimateFury.jpg
Nick Fury in the alternate-universe imprint Ultimate Marvel

House of M

In the alternate reality of the crossover story arc "House of M", Nick Fury has vanished some time ago. During the mutant purges of the armed forces (which involved outright executions of most of the human soldiers) Nick Fury is kept on as a subservient Drill Instructor, because his talents are too valuable. He makes an enemy of one of his soldiers, Earshot, who has the power to throw his voice with precision over long distances. Earshot uses this power to trick Nick Fury into a trap, seemingly killing him.

Marvel Mangaverse

In this manga imprint, Nick Fury, the director of S.H.I.E.L.D., disappears for a time to mastermind the death of 99% of the superhuman population.

Marvel Zombies

Nick Fury organizes a resistance against the zombies but is eventually devoured by the zombified Fantastic Four on the Helicarrier.

Mutant X

In the alternate reality of the X-Men-related miniseries Mutant X, Fury leads S.H.I.E.L.D., an anti-mutant policing organization. It is corrupt, and brainwashes its personnel to violently hate all mutants.

The Transformers

Nick Fury and Dum Dum Dugan show up in the issue "Prisoner of War!" from Marvel Comics The Transformers as guest characters along with Peter Parker and Joe Robertson.

Ultimate Nick Fury

Main article: Ultimate Nick Fury

In the Ultimate Marvel Universe, General Nick Fury is African-American, with his look and personality tailored after actor Samuel L. Jackson. This was done with the actor's explicit permission.[8]

In other media

Film

Television

David Hasselhoff as Nick Fury.
Spider-Man: The Animated Series

Fury appears in episodes of Spider-Man: The Animated Series, initially voiced by Philip Abbott and later by Jack Angel. Abbott also voiced Fury in the second season of Iron Man.

  • "Day of the Chameleon": Fury's first appearance on the series. His mission is to have the terrorist Chameleon taken into S.H.I.E.L.D. custody.
  • "The Black Cat": Two-part episode. The Chameleon imitates Felicia Hardy's (the Black Cat), father John Hardesky, who knows of the secret formula that created Captain America.
  • "Six Forgotten Warriors": Appears in first and last episodes of six-part arc. In the former, Fury calls Keane Marlow out of retirement to have him obtain the passports of the deceased Richard and Mary Parker, parents of Peter Parker (Spider-Man). In the latter, S.H.I.E.L.D. attacks Electro.
Spider-Man Unlimited

In the sequel series of Spider-Man Unlimited, Fury cameos in the premiere. He is voiced by Mark Gibbon.

Video games

  • Dave Fennoy provided the voice of the Ultimate Marvel version of Fury in Ultimate Spider-Man.
  • Khary Payton voiced the Ultimate Marvel version Fury in X-Men Legends II: Rise of Apocalypse.
  • In the video game Fantastic Four, Nick Fury, looking like the Ultimate incarnation, witnesses the Fantastic Four saving a fire truck, and arrests them after they've destroyed a giant robot in central New York, causing significant property damage. When they later escape from the Vault after a riot, he asks them to investigate a bizarrely mutated S.H.I.E.L.D. laboratory in exchange for being given access to the space station where they acquired their powers in an attempt to find a 'cure'. This was Andre Ware's first time voicing the character prior to the Ultimate Avengers animated features.
  • Nick Fury is the second player's character in the arcade game The Punisher.
  • Nick Fury and his S.H.I.E.L.D organization appears as a non-playable character in The Punisher.
  • Nick Fury appears in Marvel: Ultimate Alliance game voiced by Scott MacDonald, serving as the coordinator of the heroes' campaign against the Masters of Evil after their initial attack on the S.H.I.E.L.D. Helicarrier. Black Panther, Captain America, Deadpool, Iron Man, Mister Fantastic, and Wolverine have special dialogue with him and Storm will bring up her history of fighting the Mandarin with him. Nick Fury can be unlocked by completing the game on easy mode or normal. Despite being partially based in the Ultimate universe, he looks more like his mainstream counterpart. His costume includes his classic, stealth, Ultimate, and General Fury.
  • Nick Fury appears in the video game Spider-Man: Friend or Foe voiced by Marc Graue.

Parodies and homages

  • The three-page opening sequence of Captain America (2004 series) #23 (Dec. 2006) is a panel-by-panel homage to writer-artist Jim Steranko's influential Nick Fury, Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. #1 (June 1968).
  • The cover of Wolverine (2003 series) #27 (April 2005) is an homage to the cover of Nick Fury, Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. #4.
  • The 50/50 variant cover to Iron Man (2004 series) #15 (February 2007) by Adi Granov is also an homage to that same cover.
  • Another homage of same cover was made this time using She-Hulk during the "Planet without a Hulk" storyline.
  • The Simpsons paid homage to parts of that same sequence, as well as to the splash page of "If Death Be my Destiny" in Strange Tales #166 (March 1968), in the Krusty the Klown parody "Krusty, Agent Of K.L.O.W.N." in Simpsons Comics #3 (March 1994). Fury was again spoofed along with Dum-Dum Dugan in Simpsons Comics #118.
  • A scene in Planetary #11 shows a character with an eyepatch and a cigar being shot in the head by a villain in a flashback introducing John Stone, Agent of S.T.O.R.M. (himself a pastiche of Nick Fury and James Bond).
  • The Nextwave team, in the comic of the same name, often have to contend with Dirk Anger, head of H.A.T.E, parodies of Fury and S.H.I.E.L.D.
  • The Marvel 2099 comic X-Nation 2099 featured the Sisters of the Howling Commandments, a militaristic order of nuns, including a Sister Nicholas.
  • In an episode of "Malcolm in The Middle, Francis is practicing a singing with a group of his marine comrades, being led by a man colonel with an eye patch. After a butchered take, he says to "Take it again, with Fury "
  • The Tick animated TV series has included secret agent Jim Rage, Agent of SHAVE. Unlike Nick Fury, there's nothing wrong with his eye; he wears the patch just to look cool.
  • In the American Dad! episode "Con Heir", C.I.A. agent Stan's father resembles Fury.
  • The satirical magazine National Lampoon parodied Nick Fury in "Nick Penis and the Brassball Brigade".
  • In the animated TV series The Venture Bros., Brock Samson's mentor is a cross between Nick Fury and Raoul Duke, the Hunter Thompson-manque lead character of the film Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas (1998).[citation needed]
  • In the Buffy the Vampire Slayer episode "As You Were", Xander Harris sarcastically refers to commando Riley Finn and his new wife as "Nick and Nora Fury", a reference to both the Marvel character and to the protagonists of the Thin Man film series, detectives Nick and Nora Charles. Xander would later lose his own left eye and wear a patch much like Nick Fury, requesting in the 2007 Buffy the Vampire Slayer comic-book series that he be referred to as "Sgt. Fury".
  • In the 1994 film True Lies, spy Arnold Schwarzenegger's boss (Charlton Heston) is highly similar in appearance to Nick Fury, including the eye patch. Likewise, Big Boss in the Metal Gear video game series resembles Nick Fury, down to his signature eye patch and penchant for cigar-smoking.
  • Dr. Betty Director, leader of the multinational Global Justice spy network in the Walt Disney Pictures TV show Kim Possible. GJ, as it is called, performs a function very similar to S.H.I.E.L.D. Director also wears an eyepatch, albeit on the right eye instead of the left.
  • In an episode of Fairly Oddparents, Timmy wishes his life was about Action, and when it did, it altered reality, everyone looked different and his father had a slight resemblance to Nick Fury with the eyepatch and style of hair.
  • Falcon 7 from Birdman also has the signature eyepatch and mustache
  • According to Fantastic Four: Rise of the Silver Surfer director commentary Tim Story wanted to use Fury but was unable to get the rights. General Hager was created in his place.

Footnotes

  1. ^ Ron Goulart, in Comix: A History of Comic Books in America (Bonanza Books, New York, 1971; Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 75-169-104), wrote, "[E]ven the dullest of readers could sense that something new was happening. ... Which each passing issue Steranko's efforts became more and more innovative. Entire pages would be devoted to photocollages of drawings [that] ignored panel boundaries and instead worked together on planes of depth. The first pages ... became incredible production numbers similar in design to the San Francisco rock concert poster of the period". Larry Hama in his introduction to the trade paperback collection Nick Fury, Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D.: Who Is Scorpio? (Marvel Enterprises, 2001; ISBN 0-7851-0766-5), said Steranko "combined the figurative dynamism of Jack Kirby with modern design concepts. The graphic influences of Peter Max, Op Art and Andy Warhol were embedded into the design of the pages — and the pages were designed as a whole, not just as a series of panels. All this, executed in a crisp, hard-edged style, seething with drama and anatomical tension". The series won 1967 and 1968 Alley Awards, and was inducted in the latter year to the awards' Hall of Fame. Steranko himself was inducted into the Comic Book Hall of Fame in 2006.
  2. ^ Nick Fury vs. S.H.I.E.L.D. #1-6 (June-Nov. 1988)
  3. ^ Over the Edge: Omega (Oct. 1995)
  4. ^ Fury/Agent 13 #1-2 (June-July 1998).
  5. ^ Secret War #1-5 (April 2004 - Dec. 2005)
  6. ^ Civil War #2 (Aug. 2006)
  7. ^ James Adams, "Code Red in the New Comicdom", The Globe and Mail, May 2, 2002, p. R9
  8. ^ Samuel L. Jackson's Official Site - August 2005 Interview
  9. ^ "Marvel Updates Its Film Slate". ComicBookMovie.com. Retrieved 2007-05-22.
  10. ^ "Jackson to play Fury in Iron Man". Retrieved 2007-05-22.
  11. ^ "Interview: Samuel L. Jackson". Retrieved 2007-11-28.

References

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