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Bushwick, Brooklyn

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Bushwick is a low-income neighborhood in the northeastern part of the New York City borough of Brooklyn. It is bounded by East Williamsburg to the northwest, Ridgewood, Queens to the northeast, Bedford-Stuyvesant to the southwest, and the Cemetery of the Evergreens and other cemeteries to the southeast.[1] The neighborhood, formerly Brooklyn's 18th Ward, is now part of Brooklyn Community Board 4. City Councilman Diana Reyna represents this area.

Knickerbocker Avenue, a main shopping street south of Maria Hernandez park

Demographics

Bushwick has a population over 100,000. Over half the population lives below the poverty line and receives public assistance (AFDC, Home Relief, Supplemental Security Income, and Medicaid). Bushwick has one of the highest concentrations of Puerto Ricans in all of New York City. The vast majority of households are renter occupied.[2]

Land Use

Bushwick is dominated by 3-story apartment buildings. The total land area is two square miles.

Low Income Public Housing Projects

  • There are ten NYCHA developments located in Bushwick.[3]
  1. Borinquen Plaza I; eight 7-story buildings.
  2. Borinquen Plaza II; seven 7-story buildings.
  3. Bushwick Houses; eight buildings, 13 and 20-stories tall.
  4. Bushwick Houses II (Groups A & C); twenty-five buildings, 3-stories tall.
  5. Bushwick Houses II (Groups B & D); twenty-five buildings, 3-stories tall.
  6. Bushwick II CDA (Group E); five buildings, 3-stories tall.
  7. Hope Gardens; four buildings, 7 and 14-stories tall.
  8. Mayor John F. Hylan; one, 19-story building.
  9. Palmetto Gardens; one, 6-story building.
  10. Williamsburg Houses; twenty, 4-story buildings.

Historical Bushwick

Bushwick Township

Four Villages

In 1638, the Dutch West India Company secured a deed from the local Lenape people for the Bushwick area, and Peter Stuyvesant, chartered the area in 1661, naming it "Boswijck," meaning "little town in the woods" or "Heavy Woods" in 17th Century Dutch[1]. [1] Its area included the modern day communities of Bushwick, Williamsburg, and Greenpoint. Bushwick was the last of the original six Dutch towns of Brooklyn to be established within New Netherland.

The community was settled, though unchartered, on February 16, 1660 on a plot of land between the Bushwick and Newtown Creeks[1] by fourteen French and Huguenot settlers, a Dutch translator named Peter Jan De Witt[4], and Franciscus the Negro, one of the original eleven slaves brought to New Netherland who had worked his way to freedom.[5][6]. The group centered their settlement around a church located near today's Bushwick and Metropolitan Avenues. The major thoroughfare was Woodpoint road, which allowed farmers to bring their goods to the town dock. [2] This original settlement came to be known as Het Dorp by the Dutch, and, later, Bushwick Green by the British.

At the turn of the 19th century, Bushwick consisted of four villages, Green Point, Bushwick Shore[7], later to be known as Williamsburg, Bushwick Green, and Bushwick Crossroads, at the spot today's Bushwick Avenue turns southeast at Flushing Avenue.[8]. The English would take over the six towns three years later and unite the towns under Kings County in 1683.

Land annexation

File:Flooding map.jpg
Modern flood map showing historical villages and modern thoroughfares

Bushwick's first major expansion occurred after it annexed The New Lots of Bushwick, a hilly upland originally claimed by the Native Americans in the first treaties they signed with European colonists providing the settlers rights to the lowland on the water. After the second war between the natives and the settlers broke out, the natives fled, leaving the area to be divided among the six towns in Kings County. Bushwick had the prime location to absorb their new tract of land in a contiguous fashion. New Bushwick Lane (Evergreen Ave), a former native American trail, was a key thoroughfare to access this new tract suitable mostly for potato and cabbage agriculture. [3] This area is bound roughly by Flushing Avenue to the north, and Evergreen Cemetery to the south.

In the 1850s, the New Lots of Bushwick area began to develop. References to the town of Bowronville, a new neighborhood contained within the area south of Lafayette Ave and Stanhope Street begin to appear dating to the 1850's. [4] [5].

Bushwick Shore and Williamsburgh

The area known as Bushwick Shore was so called for about 140 years. Bushwick residents called Bushwick Shore "the Strand," another term for "beach" [6]. Bushwick Creek, in the north, and Cripplebush, a region of thick, boggy shrubland extending from Wallabout Creek to Newtown Creek, in the south and east, cut Bushwick Shore from the other villages in Bushwick. Farmers and gardeners from the other Bushwick villages sent their goods to Bushwick Shore to be ferried to New York City for sale via a market at present day Grand St. Bushwick Shore's favorable location close to New York City lead to the creation of several farming developments. Originally a 13-acre development within Bushwick Shore, Williamsburgh rapidly expanded during the first half of the nineteenth century and eventually seceded from Bushwick to form its own independent city. [7]

Early Industry

Bushwick Branch of LIRR still carries some freight

When Bushwick was founded, it was primarily an area for farming food and tobacco. As Brooklyn and New York City grew, factories that manufactured sugar, oil, and chemicals were built. The inventor Peter Cooper built a glue manufacturing plant, his first factory, in Bushwick. Immigrants from western Europe joined the original Dutch settlers. The Bushwick Chemical Works, at Metropolitan and Grand Avenues on the English Kills channel, was another early industry among the lime, plaster, and brick works, coal yards, and other factories which developed along English Kills, which was dredged and made an important commercial waterway. [8]. In October, 1867, the American Institute awarded The Bushwick Chemical Works the first premium for commercial acids of greatest purity and strength [9]. The Bushwick Glass Company, later to be known as Brookfield glass company established itself in 1869, when a local brewer sold it to James Brookfield [10]. The Bushwick Glass Company made a variety both bottle and jars. Around the same time, in 1868, the Long Island Rail Road built the Bushwick Branch from its hub in Jamaica via Maspeth to Bushwick Terminal at the intersection of Montrose and Bushwick Avenues [11], allowing easy movement of passengers, raw materials, and finished goods.

In the 1840s and 1850s, a majority of the immigrants were German, which became the dominant population. Bushwick established a considerable brewery industry, including "Brewer's Row": 14 breweries operating in a 14 block area by 1890.[9] Thus, Bushwick was dubbed the "beer capital of the Northeast." As late as 1883, Bushwick maintained open farming land east of Flushing Avenue.[10]. In fact, a synergy developed between the brewers and the farmers during this period, as the dairy farmers collected spent grain and hops for cow feed. The dairy farmers sold the milk, and other dairy products, to consumers in Brooklyn. Both industries supported blacksmiths, wheelwrights, and feed stores along Flushing Avenue.[11]

Streetcar Suburb

Apartment buildings on Bushwick Ave.

The first elevated railway in Brooklyn, known as the Lexington Avenue Elevated, opened in 1885. Its eastern terminus was at the edge of Bushwick, at Gates Avenue and Broadway.[12] This line was extended southeastward into East New York shortly thereafter. By the end of 1889, the Broadway Elevated and the Myrtle Avenue Elevated were completed, enabling easier access to Downtown Brooklyn and Manhattan and the rapid residential development of Bushwick from farmland.

With the success of the brewery industry and the presence of the Els, another wave of European immigrants settled in the neighborhood. Also, parts of Bushwick became affluent. Brewery owners and doctors commissioned mansions along Bushwick and Irving Avenues at the turn of the 20th century. New York mayor John Francis Hylan kept a townhouse on Bushwick Avenue during this period.[12]. Bushwick homes were designed in the Italianate, Neo Greco, Romanesque Revival, and Queen Anne styles by well known architects. Bushwick was a center of culture with several Vaudeville era playhouses, including the Amphion Theatre, the nation's first theatre with electric lighting.[13] The wealth of the neighborhood peaked between World War I and World War II, even when events such as Prohibition and the Great Depression were taking place. After the WWI, the German enclave was steadily replaced by a significant proportion of Italian American. By 1950 Bushwick was one of Brooklyn's largest Italian American neighborhoods, although some German-Americans remained.[13]

Recent History: Decline

Side street south of Flushing Ave.

1950s, 1960s, and 1970s: White Flight and Economic Depression

Beginning in the mid-1950s and particularly in the 1960s, poor working class African Americans and Puerto Rican migrants began to move into Bushwick.[14] Small apartment buildings were built to accommodate the incoming residents. The change in demographics coincided with changes in the local economy. At the same time, locally rising energy costs, advances in transportation, and the invention of the steel can encouraged beer companies to move out of New York City. As the breweries closed, the neighborhood deteriorated along with much of Brooklyn and New York City. Discussions of urban renewal took place in the 1960s, but never materialized. In 1960 Bushwick was 70% white; by 1977 it was over 70% Black and Puerto Rican (Goodman 180). The U.S. Census records that it went from almost 90% white in 1960 to less than 40% in 1970.[15] According to the New York Times, "In a five-year period in the late 1960's and early 70's, the Bushwick neighborhood of Brooklyn was transformed from a neatly maintained community of wood houses into what often approached a no man's land of abandoned buildings, empty lots, drugs and arson."[16] One out of every 8 buildings was damaged or destroyed by fire every year from 1969 to 1977 (Goodman 122).

Blackout: Riots and Looting

On the night of July 13, 1977, a major blackout occurred in New York City. Arson, looting, and vandalism followed in low income neighborhoods across the city. Bushwick, however, saw some of the most devastating damages and losses. While local owners in the predominantly Puerto Rican Knickerbocker Avenue and Graham Avenue shopping districts were able to defend their stores with force, suburban owners with stores on the Broadway shopping district saw their shops looted and burned. Twenty-seven stores, some of which were of mixed-use, along Broadway had burned (Goodman 104). Looters (and residents who bought from looters) saw the blackout as an opportunity to get what they otherwise could not afford. Fires spread to many residential buildings as well. After the riots were over and the fires were put out, residents saw "some streets that looked like Brooklyn Heights, and others that looked like Dresden in 1945" (Goodman 181): unsafe dwellings and empty lots among surviving buildings. Broadway business space had a 43% Vacancy rate in the wake of the riots. [17]

1980s and 1990s: Blight and Poverty

Bushwick was left with a lack of both retail stores and housing. After the blackout, residents who could afford to leave abandoned the area. But new immigrants were coming into the area during the late 1970s and early 1980s, many of whom were from the Dominican Republic. However, apartment renovation and new construction did not keep pace with the demolition of unsafe buildings, forcing overcrowded conditions at first. As buildings came down, the vacant lots made parts of the neighborhood look and feel desolate, and more residents left. The neighborhood was a hotbed of poverty and crime through the 1980s. During this period, the Knickerbocker Ave shopping district was nicknamed "The Well" for its seemingly unending supply of drugs.[14] In the 1990s it remained a poor and relatively dangerous area, with 77 murders, 80 rapes, and 2,242 robberies in 1990.[15]

Mid 1990s and Beyond: Today's Social Problems

Many social problems associated with poverty from crime to drug addiction have plagued the area for some time. Despite crime declines versus their peaks during the crack and heroin epidemics violent crime continues to be a serious problem in the community. [15] Bushwick has significantly higher drop out rates and incidents of violence in it's schools.[16] Students must pass through metal detectors and swipe ID cards to enter the buildings. Reminiscent a prison environment which many feel encourages bad behavior. Other problems in local schools include low test scores and high truancy rates. Drug addiction is also a serious problem in the community. Due to the lucrative drug trade in the area many addicted reside in the community. Peer pressure among children who come from broken homes contributes to the high rate of usage. Many households in the area are headed by a single mother which contributes to the high poverty rate.[17] Many of whom had their children at a very young age and unfortunately could not provide for their children.[18] Many of the families living in Bushwick have been in poverty for generations. The incarceration rate in the area is also very high.[19] Many if not most males in the community have been arrested at some point in their lives. [20] This has a direct correlation to aggressive policing tactics including "sweeps" due to the area's high crime rate. Bushwick is home to a significant number of inmates currently held in New York state prison and jail facilities. In more recent years homelessness has become an ever worsening problem in Bushwick due to rising rents and a shortage of affordable housing. Many families have had to double or triple up to a single apartment. Others have relocated to either other low income neighborhoods in NYC or have left the city. Finally those not able to leave must stay in homeless shelters or out on the streets. Living cost, especially housing, has only risen in recent years.

Signs of Gentrification and Its Effects on the Community

Property values in Bushwick have climbed reflecting the rest of the city and the metro area due to a housing shortage. In recent years some of those priced out of Manhattan or even Williamsburg and Greenpoint have begun to look at Bushwick as an up and coming area. This is primarily due to the neighborhoods proximity to Manhattan and mass transit provided by a subway and an elevated line. Many of these individuals, mostly White non-Hispanic young professionals, have settled in what is known as East Williamsburg in formally vacant warehouses converted into work-live spaces or lofts. In more recent years there has been an increase in market rate housing including luxury condos and co-ops. At the same time with this growth in market rate construction there has been been a shortage of affordable housing. Despite numerous social problems and a deeply entrenched low income population, many involved in real estate have attempted to generate hype hoping for a significant wave of gentrification. This has created tension in the community and many residents have begun to wise up to the changes. While more market rate housing is being built in the area, the prices do not reflect the economic makeup of the community. Many believe those individuals involved in real estate in Bushwick hope to displace long time residents, most of which are of the low income strata.

Community Organizing in Bushwick

Bushwick also has a strong history of community organizing, most notably with the organization Make The Road By Walking. Make the Road by Walking was founded in 1997 in a Bushwick church basement by local residents to address the potentially devastating effects of welfare reform on America's poor and immigrant communities. While initially focusing on organizing immigrant welfare recipients, they soon expanded their focus to organizing to combat systemic economic and political marginalization of Bushwick residents. They have been largely successful, with victories including helping workers organize several union shops on Knickerbocker Ave. and getting translation services into hospitals. However, Bushwick's current spate of gentrification is pushing this group aside. [citation needed]

East Williamsburg and Ridgewood

East Williamsburg on the left
J-Train in the distance

East Williamsburg is a neighborhood that borders to the northwest of Bushwick. Prior to the late 1990s, residents rarely called their neighborhood East Williamsburg. Residents east of Graham Avenue or Bushwick Avenue preferred the better-known name of Bushwick. This association is still strong today, as both Bushwick and East Williamsburg are concurrent casual names for the area. Yet both neighborhoods are served by different community boards and police precincts, but same election districts and ZIP codes, and the New York City Department of City Planning recognizes East Williamsburg as a separate neighborhood.

A similar situation of blurred boundaries occurs with the neighborhood of Ridgewood, Queens. The term Bushwick-Ridgewood (or Ridgewood-Bushwick) can be seen in the names of community organizations on the Brooklyn side of the border. There are proponents of the Ridgewood neighborhood extending into Brooklyn territory (which overlaps with Bushwick), and there are others who strictly define Ridgewood as being only in Queens.

Transportation

Major subway stops include , Jefferson Street, DeKalb Avenue, and Myrtle–Wyckoff Avenues on the BMT Canarsie Line (L), Central Avenue on the BMT Myrtle Avenue Line (M), and Flushing Av, Myrtle Avenue, Koscuisko Street, and Gates Avenue on the BMT Jamaica Line (J). Bus lines serving Bushwick include the B13, B26, B38, B52, B54, and B60. The Myrtle Avenue/Wyckoff Avenue bus and subway hub is currently being renovated into a state-of-the-art transportation center, expected to be completed in 2007.

Parks and Public Space

Bushwick Pool & Park is a 1.29 acre park located on Flushing and Bushwick avenues. The park which is administered by the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation has a free public pool (a large pool as well as a children's pool is available), basketball courts, a handball court and a children's playground. According to the NYC Parks Department Website the park was originally owned by the NYC Housing Authority from 1956 until 1983 when it was transferred to the NYC Department of Parks & Recreation

Bushwick Playground is a 2 Acre Park under the jurisdiction of NYC Department of Parks and is located at Knickerbocker Avenue and Putnam Avenue. Bushwick Playground park features basketball courts, sitting areas and a children's playground.

Bushwick Green Park, also known as "Green Central Noll Park" is a 2.5 acre park located on Flushing Avenue and Central Avenue. According to the Parks department website, the park is located on the former site of the Rheingold beer brewery. New York City took ownership of the property after the beer company closed do to failure to pay taxes but it wasn't given to the New York City Department of Parks & Recreation until 1997. The park includes a baseball field, sitting areas and a children's playground.

Ridgewood-Bushwick Youth Center is a youth activity center administered by the NYC Department of Parks and Recreation located between Gates Avenue and Palmetto Street.

Memorial Gore Park is a granite monument located in a small .066 acre park at the intersection where Bushwick Avenue, Metropolitan avenue and Maspeth Avenues meet in the Bushwick / Williamsburg section of Brooklyn. It is dedicated to the Bushwick residents who fought and died in the world war. The monument is owned and cared for by the NYC Department of Parks and Recreation.

Notable Natives

References

  1. ^ a b c Kenneth T. Jackson: The Encyclopedia of New York City: The New York Historical Society; Yale University Press; 1995. P. 171.
  2. ^ Brooklyn Community District 4
  3. ^ NYCHA locations in Bushwick
  4. ^ History of Bushwick, accessed November 19, 2006
  5. ^ The Rise of Slavery: New York had the most slaves in the North, and Long Island had almost half of them, Newsday, accessed November 19, 2006
  6. ^ A Black History of Jamaica, New York, accessed November 19, 2006
  7. ^ Greenpoint History, accessed November 19, 2006
  8. ^ HISTORY OF BROOKLYN: CHAPTER IX. BUSHWICK AND WILLIAMSBURGH, FROM THE CLOSE OF THE REVOLUTION, UNTIL 1854, accessed November 19, 2006
  9. ^ Walking Tours: Bushwick, accessed December 24, 2006
  10. ^ NYBROOKLYN-L Archives: March 2000, accessed December 24, 2006
  11. ^ New York Food Museum: Beer, accessed December 24, 2006
  12. ^ Dr. Cook's Mansion and Other Bushwick Mansions, accessed December 24, 2006
  13. ^ The Bushwick Renaissance Initiative, accessed December 24, 2006
  14. ^ NEIGHBORHOOD REPORT: BUSHWICK UPDATE; Rough Sailing in Wake of Drug Crackdown
  15. ^ a b 83rd Precinct CompStat Report
  16. ^ NYC Dropout Rates
  17. ^ Brooklyn Social Concerns
  18. ^ Brooklyn Social Concerns
  19. ^ Brooklyn Social Concerns
  20. ^ Brooklyn Social Concerns
  • Goodman, James, Blackout. North Point Press. New York, NY 2003 ISBN 0-86547-658-6
  • Jackson, Kenneth T. and John B. Manbeck, The Neighborhoods of Brooklyn, 2nd ed. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2004, 44-48. ISBN 0-300-10310-7
  • Robert Sullivan (2006-03-05). "Psst... Have You Heard About Bushwick?". {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  • Christine Lagorio (2005-12-07). "Close-Up on Bushwick, Brooklyn". {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  • Jeff Vandam. "Bargain-Hunting? Stay on the L-Train a Little Longer". {{cite web}}: Text "date 2006-6-11" ignored (help)
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