Antonio Vivaldi

"Vivaldi" redirects here. For other uses, see Vivaldi (disambiguation).

Portrait of Antonio Vivaldi

Antonio Lucio Vivaldi (March 4, 1678 – July 28, 1741), nicknamed il Prete Rosso ("The Red Priest"), was a Venetian priest and Baroque music composer, as well as a famous virtuoso violinist; he was born and raised in the Republic of Venice. The Four Seasons, a series of four violin concertos, is his best known work and a highly popular Baroque music piece.

Biography

Youth

The church where Vivaldi was baptized: Chiesa di San Giovanni Battista in Bragora, Sestiere di Castello, Venice.

Antonio Lucio Vivaldi was born in Venice, the capital of the Republic of Venice. He was baptized immediately at his home by the midwife. It is not known how the life of the infant was in danger, but the immediate baptism was most likely due to his poor health or to an earthquake that shook the city that day. Vivaldi's official church baptism (at least, the rites which remained other than the actual baptism itself) did not take place until two months later. His father, Giovanni Battista, a barber before becoming a professional violinist, taught him to play violin and then toured Venice playing the violin with his young son. Giovanni Battista was one of the founders of the Sovvegno dei musicisti di Santa Cecilia, a sort of trade union for musicians and composers. The president of the association was Giovanni Legrenzi, the maestro di cappella at St. Mark's Basilica and noted early Baroque composer. It is possible that the young Antonio's first lessons in composition were imparted by him. The Luxembourgish scholar Walter Kolneder sees in the early liturgical work Laetatus sum (RV Anh 31, written in 1691, at the age of 13) an influence of Legrenzi's style. His father may have been a composer himself: in 1688 an opera titled ''La Fedeltà sfortunata was composed by a Giovanni Battista Rossi, and this was the name under which Vivaldi's father had joined the Sovvegno di Santa Cecilia ("Rossi" for "Red", because of the colour of his hair, a family trait).

Vivaldi had a medical problem which he called the tightening of the chest (probably some form of asthma). His medical problem, however, did not prevent him from learning to play the violin, composing or taking part in many musical activities. However, he could not play wind instruments due to his lack of breath. At the age of 15 (1693), he began studying to become a priest. In 1703, at the age of 25, Vivaldi was ordained a priest, and soon nicknamed il Prete Rosso, "The Red Priest", probably because of his red hair.

Not long after his ordination, in 1704, he was given a reprieve from celebrating the Holy Mass because of his ill health. From that point onward he appears to have withdrawn from active practice, but did remain a priest.

At the Ospedale della Pietà

In September 1703, Vivaldi became maestro di violino (master of violin) at an orphanage called the Pio Ospedale della Pietà (Devout Hospital of Mercy) in Venice. There were four such institutions in Venice. Their purpose was to give shelter and education to children who were abandoned, orphaned, or whose families could not support them. They were financed by funds provided by the Republic. The boys learned a trade and had to leave at age 15. The girls received musical education and the most talented stayed and became members of the Ospedale's renowned orchestra and choir.

Shortly after his appointment, the orphans began to gain appreciation and esteem abroad, too; Vivaldi wrote for them most of his concertos, cantatas, and sacred music. In 1704 the position of teacher of viola all'inglese was added to his duty as violin instructor.

His relation with the board of directors of the Ospedale was often strained. The board had to take a vote every year on whether to keep a teacher. The vote on Vivaldi was seldom unanimous and in 1709 he lost his job after a 7 against 6 vote. After a year as free-lance musician, he was recalled by the Ospedale with a unanimous vote in 1711; clearly the board had realized the importance of his role by then. In 1713 he became responsible for the musical activity of the institute. Vivaldi was promoted to maestro de' concerti in 1716.

It was during these years that Vivaldi wrote much of his music, including many operas and concerti. In 1705, the first collection (Raccolta) of his works was published: his Opus 1 is a collection of 12 sonatas for two violins and basso continuo, still in a conventional style. In 1709 a second collection of 12 sonatas for violin & basso continuo appeared (Opus 2). The real breakthrough came with his first collection of 12 concerti for one, two, and four violins with strings, L'estro armonico (Opus 3), which was published in Amsterdam in 1711 by Estienne Roger. This was a resounding success all over Europe, and was followed in 1714 by La stravaganza (Opus 4), a collection of concerti for solo violin and strings.

In February 1711, Vivaldi and his father went to Brescia where his setting of the Stabat Mater (RV 621) was played as part of a religious festival. The work seems to have been written in haste: the string parts are simple, the music of the first three movements is repeated in the next three, and not all the text is set. However, and in part as a consequence of the forced essentiality of the music, the work reveals musical and emotional depth and is one of his early masterpieces.

In 1718, Vivaldi began to travel. Despite his frequent travels, the Pietà paid him to write two concertos a month for the orchestra and to rehearse with them at least five times when in Venice. The Pietà's records show that he was paid for 140 concertos between 1723 and 1733.

Opera Impresario

First edition of Juditha triumphans and is described as his first great oratorio.

In the Venice of the early 18th century, opera was the most popular musical entertainment and the most profitable for the composer. There were several theaters competing for the public attention. Vivaldi started his career as opera writer in undertone: his first opera, Ottone in villa (RV 729) was performed not in Venice, but at the Garzerie theater in Vicenza in 1713. The following year, Vivaldi made the jump to Venice and became the impresario of the theater Sant'Angelo in Venice, where his opera Orlando finto pazzo (RV 727) was performed. However, the work did not meet the public taste and Vivaldi had to close it after a couple of weeks and replace it with a rerun of a different work already given the previous year. In 1715, he presented Nerone fatto Cesare (RV 724, lost), with music by seven different composers, of which he was the leader with eleven arias. This time it was a success and in the late season Vivaldi planned to give an opera completely of his own hand, Arsilda regina di Ponto (RV 700). However, the state censor blocked the performance; he objected to the plot: the main character, Arsilda, falls in love with another woman, Lisea, who is pretending to be a man. Vivaldi managed to get the opera through censorship the following year, and it was eventually performed to a resounding success.

In this same period of time, the Pietà commissioned several liturgical works. The most important were two oratorios. The first, Moyses Deus Pharaonis (RV 643) is lost. The second, Juditha triumphans (RV 644), composed in 1716, is one of his sacred masterpieces. It was commissioned to celebrate the victory of the Republic of Venice against the Turks and the recapture of the island of Corfù. All eleven singing parts were performed by girls of the Pietà, both for the female and male characters. Many of the arias included parts by solo instruments: recorders, oboes, clarinets, viola d'amore, mandolins, that showcased the range of talents of the girls.

In the same year 1716, Vivaldi wrote and produced two more operas, L'incoronazione di Dario (RV 719) and La costanza trionfante degli amori e degli odi (RV 706). The latter was so popular that it was re-edited and represented two years later with the title Artabano re dei Parti (RV 701, lost); and was eventually performed in Prague in 1732. In the following years, Vivaldi wrote several operas that were performed all over Italy.

His modern operatic style caused him some trouble with other more conservative musicians, like Benedetto Marcello, a magistrate and amateur musician, who wrote a pamphlet against him and the modern style of opera. The pamphlet is called Il teatro alla moda, and its cover has a caricature of Vivaldi playing the violin. The Marcello family was the rightful owner of the Sant'Angelo theater and a long legal battle had been fought with the management for its restitution, without success. The booklet attacks Vivaldi without mentioning him directly. The cover drawing shows a boat (the Sant'Angelo), on the left end of which stands a little angel wearing a priest hat and playing the violin. It is a caricature of Vivaldi. The obscure writing under the picture mentions nonexistent places and names. In particular, ALDIVIVA is an anagram of A. Vivaldi.

His middle years

Caricature by P.L.Ghezzi, Rome (1723)

In 1717 or 1718, Vivaldi was offered a new prestigious position as Maestro di Cappella of the court of the prince Phillip of Hesse-Darmstadt, governor of Mantua. He moved there for three years and produced several operas, among which was Tito Manlio (RV 738). In 1721, he was in Milan, presenting the pastoral drama La Silvia (RV 734, lost) and again the next year with the oratorio L'adorazione delli tre re magi al bambino Gesù (RV 645, also lost). The next big step was a move to Rome in 1722, where his operas introduced the new style and where the new pope Benedict XIII invited Vivaldi to play for him. In 1725, he returned to Venice, where he produced four operas in the same year.

It is also in this period that he wrote the Four Seasons, four violin concertos depicting natural scenes in music. While three of the concerti are of original conception, the first, "Spring", borrows motifs from a Sinfonia in the first act of his opera "Il Giustino," composed the same time of the Four Seasons. The inspiration for them was probably the countryside around Mantua. They were a revolution in musical conception: in them Vivaldi represented flowing creeks, singing birds (of different species, each specifically characterised), barking dogs, buzzing mosquitoes, crying shepherds, storms, drunken dancers, silent nights, hunting parties (both from the hunter's and the prey's point of view), frozen landscapes, children ice-skating, and burning fires. Each concerto was associated with a sonnet of Vivaldi's hand, describing the scenes depicted in the music. They were published as the first four of a collection of twelve, Il cimento dell'armonia e dell'inventione, his Opus 8, published in Amsterdam by Le Cène in 1725.

During his time in Mantua, Vivaldi became acquainted with two natives of that city: Paolina Trevisana and her younger half-sister Anna Giro. Paolina appears to have become his personal assistant and Anna Giro was to become his student, protegee, and favorite prima donna. Both ladies left Mantua to live with him in Venice and remained close with him to the end of his life. There was some speculation about the nature of his relationship with the two ladies, but never hard evidence to indicate anything beyond friendship and professional collaboration.

Late life and death

At the height of his career, Vivaldi received commissions from European nobles and royalty. The wedding cantata Gloria e Imeneo (RV 687) was written for the marriage of Louis XV. Opus 9, La Cetra, was dedicated to Emperor Charles VI. Vivaldi had the chance to meet the Emperor in person in 1728, when he came to Trieste to oversee the construction of a new port. Charles admired the music of the Red Priest so much that he is said to have spoken more with the composer in that occasion than with his ministers in two years. He gave him the title of knight, a gold medal, and an invitation to come to Vienna. On his part, Vivaldi gave Charles a manuscript copy of La Cetra; this is a set of concertos almost completely different from the one published with the same title as Opus 9. Probably the printing had been delayed and Vivaldi was forced to gather an improvised collection.

Frontispiece of Il teatro alla moda

In 1730, accompanied by his father, he traveled to Vienna and Prague, where his opera Farnace (RV 711) was presented. Some late operas marked the collaboration with two of Italy's major writers of the time. L'Olimpiade and Catone in Utica were written by Pietro Metastasio, the major representative of the Arcadian movement and court poet in Vienna. La Griselda was rewritten by the young Carlo Goldoni from an earlier libretto by Apostolo Zeno.

Vivaldi's life, like those of many composers of the time, ended in financial difficulties. His compositions no longer held the high esteem as they once did in Venice; changing musical tastes quickly made them outmoded, and Vivaldi, in response, chose to sell off sizeable numbers of his manuscripts at paltry prices to finance a migration to Vienna. Reasons for Vivaldi's departure from Venice are unclear, but it seems likely that he wished to meet Charles VI, who appreciated his compositions (Vivaldi dedicated La Cetra to Charles in 1727), and take up the position of a composer in the Imperial Court. It is ever more likely that Vivaldi went to Vienna to stage operas, especially as his place of residence was near the Kärntnertortheater. However, shortly after Vivaldi's arrival at Vienna, Charles died. This tragic stroke of bad luck left the composer without royal protection and a source of income. Vivaldi eventually died not long after, on the night between 27 and 28 July, 1741 , of internal infection in a house owned by the widow of a Viennese saddle-maker. On 28 July he was buried in a simple grave at the Hospital Burial Ground in Vienna (the assumption that the young Joseph Haydn sang in the choir at Vivaldi's burial was based on the mistranscription of a primary source and has been proven wrong). Contrary to popular assumptions, no evidence exists regarding Vivaldi being buried as a pauper.

His burial spot is next to the Karlskirche in Vienna, at the site of the Technical Institute. The house he lived in while in Vienna was torn down. In part of its place there is now the Hotel Sacher. Memorial plaques have been placed at both locations, as well as a Vivaldi star in the Viennese Musikmeile and a monument at the Rooseveltplatz.

Style and influence

Many of Vivaldi's compositions reflect a flamboyant, almost playful, exuberance. Most of Vivaldi's repertoire was rediscovered only in the first half of the 20th century in Turin and Genoa and was published in the second half. Vivaldi's music is innovative, breaking a consolidated tradition in schemes; he gave brightness to the formal and the rhythmic structure of the concerto, repeatedly looking for harmonic contrasts and invented innovative melodies and themes. Moreover, Vivaldi was able to compose non-academic music, particularly meant to be appreciated by the wide public and not only by an intellectual minority. The joyful appearance of his music reveals in this regard a transmissible joy of composing. These are among the causes of the vast popularity of his music. This popularity soon made him famous in other countries such as France which was, at the time, very independent concerning its musical taste.

Vivaldi is considered one of the composers who brought Baroque music (with its typical contrast among heavy sonorities) to evolve into a classical style. Johann Sebastian Bach was deeply influenced by Vivaldi's concertos and arias (recalled in his Johannes Passion, Matthäuspassion, and cantatas). Bach transcribed a number of Vivaldi's concertos for solo keyboard, along with a number for orchestra, including the famous Concerto for Four Violins and Violoncello, Strings and Continuo (RV 580).

Posthumous reputation

Vivaldi remained unknown for his published concerti, and largely ignored, even after the resurgence of interest in Bach, pioneered by Mendelssohn. Even his most famous work, The Four Seasons, was unknown in its original edition. In the early 20th century Fritz Kreisler's concerto in the style of Vivaldi, which he passed off as an original Vivaldi work but which was actually by Kreisler, helped revive Vivaldi's fortunes. This impelled the French scholar Marc Pincherle to begin academic work on Vivaldi's oeuvre. The discovery of many Vivaldi manuscripts and their acquisition by the National University of Turin Library, with the generous sponsorship of Roberto Foa and Filippo Giordano (in memory of their sons, respectively, Mauro and Renzo), led to renewed interest in Vivaldi. People such as Marc Pincherle, Mario Rinaldi, Alfredo Casella, Ezra Pound, Olga Rudge, Arturo Toscanini, and Louis Kaufman were instrumental in the Vivaldi revival of the 20th century. The resurrection of Vivaldi's unpublished works in the 20th century is mostly thanks to the efforts of Alfredo Casella, who in 1939 organised the now historic Vivaldi Week, in which the rediscovered Gloria (RV 589) and l'Olimpiade were first heard again. Since WW II, Vivaldi's compositions have enjoyed almost universal success, and the advent of historically informed performances has only increased his fame. In 1947, the Venetian businessman Antonio Fanna founded the Istituto Italiano Antonio Vivaldi, with the composer Gian Francesco Malipiero as its artistic director, with the purpose of promoting Vivaldi's music and publishing new editions of his works.

A movie titled Vivaldi, a Prince in Venice was completed in 2005 as an Italian-French coproduction, under the direction of Jean-Louis Guillermou, featuring Stefano Dionisi in the title role and Michel Serrault as the bishop of Venice. Another film inspired by the life of the composer was in a preproduction state for several years and it has the working title Vivaldi. Filming was scheduled to begin in 2007 but was canceled and tentatively rescheduled for 2008.

A dramatic play entitled "The Red Priest of Venice" [1] written by California playwright Lisa Jean Murphy premiered in San Francisco in July of 2007. The play is a fact-based romance that focuses on Vivaldi's meetings with Paolina Trevisana and Anna Giro.

Vivaldi's music, together with that of Mozart, Tchaikovsky and Corelli, has been included in the theories of Alfred Tomatis on the effects of music on human behaviour, and used in music therapy.

His compositions include:

• Over 500 concertos; approximately 350 of these are for solo instrument and strings, and of these about 230 are for violin; the others are for bassoon, cello, oboe, flute, viola d'amore, recorder, lute, and mandolin. Approximately 40 concertos are for two instruments and strings, and approximately 30 are for three or more instruments and strings.
• 46 operas
• sinfonias
• 73 sonatas
• chamber music (even if some sonatas for flute, as Il Pastor Fido, have been erroneously attributed to him, but were composed by Chédeville).
• sacred music
• His most famous work is 1723's Le Quattro Stagioni (The Four Seasons). In essence, it resembled an early example of a tone poem, where he attempted to capture all the moods of the four seasons without the use of percussion to dramatize the effects he sought to portray. (See section above for more detailed description.)

1926 and 1930 discoveries

As one biography describes it:

The fate of the Italian composer's legacy is unique. After the Napoleonic wars, it was thought that a large part of Vivaldi's work had been irrevocably lost. However, in the autumn of 1926, after a detective-like search by researchers, 14 folios of Vivaldi's previously unknown religious and secular works were found in the library of a monastery in Piedmont. Some even and odd-numbered volumes were missing and so, the search continued. Finally, in October 1930, the missing volumes were found to be with the descendants of the Grand Duke Durazzo, who had acquired the property as early as the eighteenth century. To its amazement, the world of music was presented with 300 concerts for various instruments, 18 operas, not counting a number of arias and more than 100 vocal-instrumental pieces. Such an impressive list of newly unearthed opuses warranted a re-evaluation of Vivaldi's creativity.

Recent discoveries

Recently, four sacred vocal works by Vivaldi have been discovered in the Saxon State Library in Dresden. These compositions were improperly attributed to Baldassarre Galuppi, a Venetian composer of the early classical period, mostly famous for his choral works.

In the years 1750s or 1760s, the Saxon court asked for some sacred works by Galuppi from the Venetian copyist Don Giuseppe Baldan. Baldan included, among authentic works by Galuppi, the four compositions by Vivaldi, passing them off as Galuppi's. He probably obtained the originals from two of Vivaldi's nephews, (Carlo Vivaldi and Daniele Mauro), who worked under him as copyists.

The recognition of Vivaldi's authorship could be made by analyzing style and instrumentation and by recognizing arias from Vivaldi's operas.

The two most recent among these discoveries are two psalm settings of Nisi Dominus (RV 803, in eight movements) and Dixit Dominus (RV 807, in eleven movements), identified in 2003 and 2005, respectively, by the Australian scholar Janice Stockigt.

RV 803 was recorded for the first time in 2005 by the King's Consort under the direction of Robert King.

The world premiere of any part of RV 807 took place on 9 August 2005, at Melba Hall, University of Melbourne . It was recorded in full for the first time in 2006 by the Dresdner Instrumental-Concert under the direction of Peter Kopp. Vivaldi scholar Michael Talbot called it "arguably the best non-operatic work from Vivaldi's pen to come to light since ...the 1920s".

Works

Main article: List of compositions by Antonio Vivaldi

See also: Category:Compositions by Antonio Vivaldi

Below is a list of Vivaldi works, from his many concerti to his sacred vocal works. While the list is not a complete listing of all Vivaldi works, these lists contain many known compositions, including publications during his lifetime.

Works published during his lifetime

• Opus 1, twelve sonatas for two violins and basso continuo (1705)
• Opus 2, twelve sonatas for violin and basso continuo (1709)
• Opus 3, L'estro armonico (Harmonic inspiration), twelve concertos for various combinations. Best known concerti are No. 6 in A minor for violin, No. 8 in A minor for two violins and No. 10 in B minor for four violins (1711).
• Opus 4, La stravaganza (The extraordinary), twelve violin concertos (c. 1714)
• Opus 5, (second part of Opus 2), four sonatas for violin and two sonatas for two violins and basso continuo (1716).
• Opus 6, six violin concertos (1716–21)
• Opus 7, two oboe concertos and 10 violin concertos (1716–1717)
• Opus 8, Il cimento dell'armonia e dell'inventione (The Contest between Harmony and Invention), twelve violin concertos including the celebrated work, Le quattro stagioni (The Four Seasons), consisting of the first four concertos in opus 8 (1723).
• Opus 9, La cetra (The lyre), twelve violin concertos and one for two violins (1727)
• Opus 10, six flute concertos (c. 1728)
• Opus 11, five violin concertos, one oboe concerto, the second in E minor, RV 277, being known as "Il favorito" (1729)
• Opus 12, five violin concertos and one without solo (1729)
• Opus 13, Il pastor fido (The Faithful Shepherd), six sonatas for musette, viela, recorder, flute, oboe or violin, and basso continuo (1737, spurious works by Nicolas Chédeville).

Operas

• Ottone in villa (1713)
• Orlando finto pazzo (1714)
• Nerone fatto Cesare (1715)
• Arsilda, regina di Ponto (1716)
• L'incoronazione di Dario (1716)
• La costanza trionfante degl'amori e de gl'odii (1716)
• Tieteberga (1717)
• Il vinto trionfante del vincitore (1717)
• Scanderbeg (1718)
• Armida al campo d'Egitto (1718)
• Artabano, re de'Parti (1718)
• Il Teuzzone (1719)
• Tito Manlio (1719)
• La verità in cimento (1720)
• Gli inganni per vendetta (1720)
• La candace, o siano Li veri amici (1720)
• Filippo, re di Macedonia (1721)
• La Silvia (1721)
• Ercole su'l Termodonte (1723)
• Il Giustino (1724)
• La virtu trionfante dell'amore e dell'odio ovvero il Tigrane (1724)
• L'inganno trionfante in amore (1725)
• Dorilla in Tempe (1726)
• La fede tradita e vendicata (1726)
• Cunegonda (1726)
• Farnace (1727)
• Ipermestra (1727)
• Siroe, re di Persia (1727)
• Orlando furioso (1727)
• L'Atenaide (1728)
• Rosilena ed Oronta (1728)
• Argippo (1730)
• Alvilda, regina de'Goti (1731)
• La fida ninfa (1732)
• Doriclea (1732)
• Semiramide (1732)
• Motezuma (1733)
• L'Olimpiade (1734)
• Bajazet (Tamerlano) (1735)
• Griselda (1735)
• Aristide (1735)
• L'Adelaide (1735)
• Ginevra, principessa di Scozia (1736)
• Catone in Utica (1737)
• L'oracolo in Messenia (1737)
• Il giorno felice (1737)
• Rosmira (1738)
• Feraspe (1739)

Concerti

Vivaldi wrote hundreds of concerti for various instruments. Below is a list of notable concerti:

Cello:

• Cello concerto in Cm, RV 401
• Cello concerto in Em, RV 409
• Cello concerto in F, RV 411
• Cello concerto in F, RV 412
• Cello concerto in G, RV 413
• Cello concerto in G, RV 415
• Cello concerto in Gm, RV 417
• Cello concerto in Am, RV 418
• Cello concerto in Am, RV 420
• Cello concerto in Bm, RV 424

Mandolin:

• Mandolin Concerto in C major, RV 425
• Concerto for two Mandolins in G major, RV 532

Mandolin (Lute) and Orchestra:

• Concerto in D major, RV 93

Recorder and Flute:

• Concerto in D major, RV 95, "La pastorella"
• Concerto in C minor for Treble Recorder, RV 441
• Concerto in F major for Treble Recorder, RV 442
• Concerto in C major for Sopranino Recorder, RV 443
• Concerto in C major for Sopranino Recorder, RV 444
• Concerto in A minor for Sopranino Recorder, RV 445
• Concerto in F major for Flute ("La Tempesta di Mare"), RV 433 (Op. 10, No. 1), RV 98 and RV 570
• Concerto in G minor for Flute ("La Notte"), RV 439 (Op. 10, No. 2)
• Concerto in D major for Flute ("Il Gardellino"), RV 428 (Op. 10 No. 3)
• Concerto in G major for Flute, RV 435 (Op. 10, No. 4)
• Concerto in F major for Flute, RV 434 (Op. 10, No. 5)
• Concerto in G major for Flute, RV 437 (Op. 10, No. 6)
• Concerto in C major for 2 Flutes, RV 533

Violin:

• The Four Seasons

Brass and Woodwind:

• Concerto in C major for Two Trumpets, RV 537
• Concerto in D major for two Oboe, Bassoon, two French Horns, and Solo Violin, RV 562
• Concerto in D minor for two Recorders, two Oboe, and Bassoon, RV 566
• Concerto in F major for Oboe, Bassoon, two French Horns, and Solo Violin, RV 571
• Concerto in B-flat major for Oboe, Chalumeau, and Solo Violin, RV 579

Sacred Works

• Missa Sacrum, RV 586 (disputed)
• [[Kyrie (Vivaldi)|
• Laudate pueri Dominum, RV 601
• Laudate pueri Dominum, RV 602
• Laudate pueri Dominum, RV 603
• In exitu Israel, RV 604
• Credidi propter quod, RV 605 (now RV Anh. 35b)
• Laudate Dominum, RV 606
• Laetatus sum, RV 607
• Nisi Dominus, RV 608
• Lauda Jerusalem, RV 609
• Magnificat, RV 610/610a/610b/611
• Deus Tuorum Militum, RV 612
• Gaude Mater Ecclesia, RV 613
• Laudate Dominum, RV 614 (disputed)
• Regina coeli, RV 615 (incomplete)
• Salve Regina, RV 616
• Salve Regina, RV 617
• Salve Regina, RV 618
• Salve Regina, RV 619 (lost)
• Sanctorum Meritis, RV 620
• Stabat Mater, RV 621
• Te Deum, RV 622 (lost)
• Canta in Prato, Ride in Monte, RV 623 — not to be confused with RV 636, which is "Canta in Prato, Ride in Fonte"
• Carae Rosae Respirate, RV 624 — incomplete without reconstruction of lost second violin and viola parts
• Clarae, Stellae, RV 625
• In Furore Iustissimae Irae, RV 626
• In Turbate Mare, RV 627
• Invicti Bellate, RV 628 (incomplete, yet reconstructed and recorded by Academia Montis Regalis)
• Longe Mala, Umbrae, Terrores, RV 629 — not to be confused with RV 640, which is a similar motet on the same text but intended for different purposes
• Nulla in Mundo Pax Sincera, RV 630
• O Qui Coeli Terraque Serenitas, RV 631
• Sum in Medio Tempestatum, RV 632
• Vestro Principi Divino, RV 633
• Vos Aurae per Montes, RV 634
• Introduzione al Dixit (RV 595) "Ascende Laeta," RV 635
• Introduzione al Dixit (RV 594?) "Canta in Prato, Ride in Fonte," RV 636 — not to be confused with RV 623, which is "Canta in Prato, Ride in Monte"
• Introduzione al Gloria "Cur sagittas," RV 637 — the preceding work that was to follow this introductory motet, most likely a lost setting of a Gloria in B♭, is now presumably lost
• Introduzione al Miserere "Filiae Maestae Jerusalem," RV 638
• Introduzione al Gloria (RV 588) "Jubilate o amoeni chori," RV 639 — Introductory motet has third movement interwoven with Gloria (RV 588).
• Introduzione al Gloria (RV 589) "Longe Mala, Umbrae, Terrores," RV 640 — not to be confused with RV 629, which is a similar motet on the same text but intended for different purposes
• Introduzione al Miserere "Non in pratis," RV 641
• Introduzione al Gloria (RV 589) "Ostro Picta," RV 642
• Oratorio Moyses Deus Pharaonis, RV 643 (lost)
• Oratorio Juditha triumphans, RV 644
• Oratorio L'adorazione delli tre re magi al bambino Gesu, RV 645 (lost)
• Oratorio La vittoria navale predetta dal S Pontefice Pio V Ghisilieri, RV 782 (lost)
• Confetibor, tibi domine, RV 789 — manuscript found in damaged condition
• Beatus Vir, RV 795
• Magnificat, RV 797 (lost) — possibly related to the extant settings of RV 610/610a/610b/611
• Nisi Dominus, RV 803
• Salve Regina, RV 804 (lost)
• Dixit Dominus, RV 807

A possible setting, or even settings (considering the many settings of other liturgical text Vivaldi composed) of the Miserere may have existed, as hinted by the two introductory sets of movements intended for the piece(s), but such composition(s) have been lost.

Selected Performance ensembles specialising in Vivaldi

This list is a brief listing of ensembles with a speciality in Vivaldi's repertoire, including historically informed ensembles.

• La Serenissima
• Aradia Ensemble
• The English Concert
• I Solisti Veneti
• Europa Galante
• Concerto Italiano
• Il Giardino Armonico
• Academy of Ancient Music
• Tempesta di Mare

References and further reading

• André Romijn. Hidden Harmonies: The Secret Life of Antonio Vivaldi, 2007 ISBN 978-0-9554100-1-7
• Manfred Bukofzer (1947). Music in the Baroque Era. New York, W. W. Norton & Co. ISBN 0-393-09745-5.
• Gianfranco Formichetti, Venezia e il prete col violino. Vita di Antonio Vivaldi, Bompiani (2006), ISBN 88-452-5640-5.
• Karl Heller, Antonio Vivaldi: The Red Priest of Venice, Amadeus Press (1997), ISBN 1-57467-015-8
• Walter Kolneder, Antonio Vivaldi: Documents of His Life and Works, C F Peters Corp (1983), ISBN 3-7959-0338-6
• Barbara Quick, Vivaldi's Virgins (novel), HarperCollins (2007), ISBN 978-0-06-089052-0.
• Eleanor Selfridge-Field (1994). Venetian Instrumental Music, from Gabrieli to Vivaldi. New York, Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-28151-5.
• Michael Talbot, Antonio Vivaldi, Insel Verlag (1998), ISBN 3-458-33917-5
• Michael Talbot: "Antonio Vivaldi", Grove Music Online, ed. L. Macy (Accessed August 26, 2006), (subscription access)
• Vivaldi: Voice of the Baroque, H. C. Robbins Landon, 1996 University of Chicago Press, ISBN-10: 0226468429

See also

• List of Compositions by Vivaldi
• Italian Composers
• Venetian Composers

External links

• [2] A play on video about Antonio Vivaldi.
• Catalog of instrumental works
• Complete works catalog
• Michael Talbot: Recent Vivaldi Discoveries from the online magazine Goldberg.
• Antonio Vivaldi by Fréderic Délaméa (Translated by Kirk McElhearn) from Goldberg.
• Two Vivaldi biopics may duel at the box office
• Free scores by Antonio Vivaldi in the Choral Public Domain Library (ChoralWiki)
• Template:IckingArchive
• Gloria, RV 589 (Free sheet music)
• Magnificat, RV 610 (Free sheet music)
• Serenissima plays Vivaldi in mp3 (Magnatune).
• Easybyte - free easy piano arrangement of "Largo from Lute Concerto in D - RV 93" and "Four Seasons/Spring 3rd Movement" by Antonio Vivaldi plus midi sound files
• Music for the Chapel of Pietà Creative Commons MP3 Recording
• Vivaldi biography. Free English eBooks: 1. Talbot, M. Vivaldi. 1993; 2. Heller, K. Antonio Vivaldi: The Red Priest of Venice. 1997
• The Seasons in interactive hypermedia Allegro, Largo, Allegro (Shockwave required) at the BinAural Collaborative Hypertext