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People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran

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This is an old revision of this page, as edited by 89.103.168.25 (talk) at 18:24, 9 May 2008 (removed "antifundamentalist " - assertions this controversial should have a reference). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

"MKO" redirects here. For the Nigerian politician, see Moshood Kashimawo Olawale Abiola.
People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran
LeaderMassoud Rajavi
Founded1965
HeadquartersAshraf, Iraq
IdeologyIslamic antifundamentalist
Website
Official Website of the PMOI

The People's Mujahedin of Iran (PMOI, also MEK, MKO) (Persian: سازمان مجاهدين خلق ايران sāzmān-e mojāhedin-e khalq-e irān) is an Islamic organization that advocates the overthrow of Iran's current government.

Founded in 1965, the PMOI was originally devoted to armed struggle against the Shah of Iran, capitalism, and Western imperialism.[1] The group officially renounced violence in 2001[2] and today is it the main organization in the National Council of Resistance of Iran (NCRI), an "umbrella coalition" parliament-in-exile that claims to be dedicated to a democratic, secular and coalition government in Iran. The PMOI's armed wing is, or was, called the National Liberation Army of Iran (NLA). The Iranian government officially refers to the organization as the Monafeqin (literally, "Hypocrites"), maintaining that PMOI is not truly Islamic.[3]

Considerable controversy surrounds the issues of whether the NCRI is merely a front group for the PMOI[4][5], whether the NCRI is involved in terrorism, or if it is a "a legitimate dissident organization fighting for democracy in Iran"[6] whose accusers are attempting to use it as a bargaining chip with its enemy the Islamic Republic of Iran.

United States, European Union, Canada, Iraq and Iran have designated the PMOI a terrorist organization.[7][8] Although the European Court of Justice has overturned the EU designation in December 2006,[9] the Council of the EU declared on 30 January 2007 that it would maintain the organization on the blacklist.[10][11] (See: Designation as a terrorist organization) The PMOI won its legal battle against the EU when the European Court of Justice First Instance ruled in its favour on 12 December 2006. A British court, Proscribed Organisations appeal Commission ( POAC) also ruled in favour of PMOI on 30 November 2007. (Link: http://www.siac.tribunals.gov.uk/poac/Documents/outcomes/PC022006%20PMOI%20FINAL%20JUDGMENT.pdf). Both of these verdicts have not yet been implemented by the EU and UK respectively. - On 23 January 2008 the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe adopted a resolution on the terrorist list based on a report by Swiss Liberal Senator Dick Marty ( Paragraphs 54 to 58) which insisted on the removal of PMOI from black lists. - A week later on 31 January 2008, the European Parliament adopted a resolution on Iran which took notes of these two verdicts in EU and UK courts. - On 7 May 2008, the UK Court of Appeal rejected an appeal by Jacqui Smith, the Home Secretary, against a decision by the Proscribed Organisations Appeal Commission to remove the PMOI from the list of groups banned under the Terrorism Act 2000. Lord Phillips, the Lord Chief Justice, said there was no evidence that the People's Mojahedin Organisation of Iran was currently involved in terrorism. [3][4]


The PMOI and the NCRI have provided intelligence on the Islamic Republics's clandestine nuclear activities in 2002, and 2008, which has turned to be a major concern of the international community.[12] [13]

Other names

The People's Mujahedin of Iran is known by a variety of names including:

  • Mojahedin-e-Khalq Organization (MEK)
  • The National Liberation Army of Iran
  • (Disputed) National Council of Resistance of Iran (NCRI) - the PMOI is the founding member of a wide coalition of organizations called the NCRI, while others including the U.S. FBI claims that the NCRI is either an "alias" for or a front group for the PMOI.[4][5]
  • Monafiqeen-e-Khalq (MKO) - the Iranian government consistently refers to the People's Mujahedin with this name, meaning "hypocrites of the people."

Note: The term MEK and PMOI are used interchangeably throughout this article.

Membership

Before the 2003 Iraq War the PMOI claimed to have an armed guerrilla force of 30,000 – 50,000 based in Iraq. Jane's Terrorism Intelligence Centre estimation of its strength at 15,000 – 20,000,[14] while the US-based think-tank, Council on Foreign Relations (CFR), gave an estimate in 2005 of 10,000 members, one-third to one-half of whom were fighters. CFR believes PMOI membership has dwindled and that the organization has had little success attracting new recruits.[15] A 2003 article in the New York Times gave a similar estimate of 5,000 fighters based in Iraq — many of them female.[16] A recent census of Ashraf, where the aging population of "fighters" is located, has a little more than 3500 members with less than 900 women there[citation needed].

History

Before the Islamic Revolution

The People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran was founded after the in 1963 repression in Iran as a splinter group of the Islamic Liberation movement.[17] Its original leaders included middle-class students at Tehran University, Mohammad Hanifnejad, Saied Mohsen and Ali-Asghar Badizadegan. The PMOI opposed the rule of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, considering him corrupt and oppressive. In its first five years, the group primarily engaged in ideological work, combining their interpretation of Islam and the experiences of Marxist philosophy. Before the PMOI had carried out any military operations against the Shah's government, a raid by the Shah's secret police, SAVAK, arrested the entire leadership and 90 percent of its cadres. All but one of its leaders were executed. Other members remained incarcerated for many years, with the last group, including Massoud Rajavi, being released just before Khomeini arrived in Tehran in January 1979.

In May 1975 the PMOI had an ideological split. The majority of PMOI leaders who had not been imprisoned voted to accept Marxism and declare the organization Marxist-Leninist. This was expressed in a pamphlet entitled Manifesto on Ideological Issues, were the central leadership declared "that after ten years of secret existence, four years of armed struggle, and two years of intense ideological rethinking, they had reached the conclusion that Marxism, not Islam, was the true revolutionary philosophy." Mujtabi Taleqani, son of Ayatallah Taleqani was one of these converts to Marxism. Thus after May 1975 there were two rival Mujahedins, each with its own publication, its own organization, and its own activities. [18] Immediately after the Iranian Revolution the marxist Mujahedin remained itself "Peykar".[19]

Leading up to the Islamic Revolution the PMOI conducted attacks and assassinations against both Iranian and Western targets. [8] According the U.S. Department of State and the presentation of the PMOI by the Foreign Affairs group of the Australian Parliament, the group conducted several assassinations of U.S. military personnel and civilians working in Iran during the 1970s. After the revolution the group actively supported the U.S. embassy takeover in Tehran in 1979.[14] The organization now claims the assassinations were carried out and conducted by a group which staged a coup inside the organization and killed some members of the PMOI.[citation needed]

Ideology: before and after the 1979 Iranian Revolution

The PMOI's original ideology was based on an interpretation of Islam, influenced by Ali Shariati. According to Shariati, Islam promoted and required revolution "against despotic rulers, foreign exploiters, greedy capitalists and false clerics."[20] According to the U.S. Department of State' presentation of the PMOI, the philosophy of the PMOI is a combination of Marxism, Nationalism and Islam.[8]

In more recent years PMOI, or at least NCR, publications have talked about how the Word of God and Islam are meaningless without freedom and respect for individual volition and choice and how the Quran says that the most important characteristic distinguishing man from animals is his free will.[citation needed]

Under the guidance of Maryam Rajavi the organization has adopted strong principles in favor of women. Women have now assumed the most senior positions of responsibility within the ranks of the PMOI and although women make up only a third of fighters, two-thirds of its commanders are women. Rajavi ultimately believes that women should enjoy equal rights with men.[21]

In 1981, the PMOI formed the National Council of Resistance of Iran (NCRI) with the stated goal of uniting the opposition to the Iranian government under one umbrella organization. The PMOI claims that in the past 25 years, the NCRI has evolved into a 540-member parliament-in-exile, with a specific platform that emphasizes free elections, gender equality and equal rights for ethnic and religious minorities: "political pluralism and a multi-party system ... democracy as the sole guarantee for the advancement and progress of the country. ... equal political and social rights ... [regardless of] gender, creed or religion. ... elections and the popular vote as the sole criterion of legitimacy for elected officials," respect for "the Universal Declaration of Human Rights" and "separation of Church and State." [22]

The PMOI claims that it also advocates a free-market economy and supports peace in the Middle East. However, the FBI claims that the NCRI "is not a separate organization, but is instead, and has been, an integral part of the [PMOI] at all relevant times" and that the NCRI is "the political branch" of the PMOI, rather than vice versa. Although the PMOI is today the main organization of the NCRI, the latter previously hosted other organizations, such as the Kurdistan Democratic Party of Iran.[4]

Conflict with the Islamic government

The newly established theocratic government of Ayatollah Khomeini in Iran began to feel threatened by the PMOI and launched a fierce campaign to crush it. Hundreds of PMOI supporters and members were killed from 1979 to 1981, and some 3,000 were arrested.[23] Ultimately, the organization called for a massive demonstration on June 20 1981, to protest against the new leadership under the banner of Islam. At this demonstration, the IRGC (Islamic Revolutionary Guards) opened fire on the demonstrators and several hundred were killed.PMOI called this event a turning point in Iran’s contemporary history.

On 28 June 1981, two years after the Islamic Revolution of Iran, the PMOI detonated bombs at the headquarters of the since-dissolved Islamic Republic Party. Around 70 high-ranking officials, including Chief Justice Mohammad Beheshti (who was the second figure after Ayatollah Khomeini at the time), cabinet members, and members of parliament, were killed.[24] Two months later, the PMOI detonated another bomb in the office of the president, killing President Rajai and Premier Mohammad Javad Bahonar. These are considered the most important attacks in the history of the PMOI against the Iranian government.

Eventually, the PMOI relocated to France, where it operated until 1986, when tension arose between Paris and Tehran over the Eurodif nuclear stake and the French citizens kidnapped in the Lebanon hostage crisis. After Rajavi flew to Baghdad, French hostages were released. The PMOI disclosed a tape of conversation by some Iranian official in the Iranian embassy in Paris showing the plot of repatriation of Massoud Rajavi to Iran. From then on, the PMOI resided in Iraq, protected by Saddam Hussein who had been at war with Tehran since 1980.

Main article: 1988 executions of Iranian prisoners

Thousands of political prisoners from the PMOI, and also from other opposition groups,[25] were executed in 1988, following Operation Mersad (see below).[26][27][28][29][30] Dissident Ayatollah Montazeri has written in his memoirs that this massacre, deemed a crime against humanity, was ordered by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini and carried out by several high-ranking members of Iran's current government. Ahmad Khomeini son of Ayatollah Khomeini, whom Montazeri accused of collaboration in the killings, died mysteriously during the Chain Murders of Iran.

Relations with France in the mid-1980s

In 1986, after French Prime Minister Jacques Chirac struck a deal with Tehran for the release of French hostages held prisoners by the Hezbollah in Lebanon, the PMOI was forced to leave France and relocated in Iraq. Investigative journalist Dominique Lorentz has related the 1986 capture of French hostages to an alleged blackmail of France by Tehran concerning the nuclear program.[31]

Relations with Iraq under Saddam Hussein and the Iranian government

The PMOI transferred its headquarters to Iraq in 1986, during the Iran-Iraq war. According to the US State Department, the PMOI received all of its military support and most of its financial assistance from Saddam's government until the 2003 Invasion of Iraq. But the PMOI denies these accusations and insists that it had always remained independent of Iraq. PMOI declared its impartiality in Gulf wars in 1991 and 2003. The PMOI also has used front organizations to solicit contributions from expatriate Iranian communities.

The PMOI's decision to move its headquarters to Iraq in the middle of the war caused the PMOI to lose most of its supporters in Iran, regardless of their views towards the Iranian government.[32] A report by the Foreign Affairs group of the Australian Parliament states "[The PMOI] is believed to have lost much of its popular support within Iran since siding with Iraq".[14] The PMOI claims it has always maintained its independence from its Iraqi host and denies "siding with Iraq" during the Iran-Iraq War.[citation needed]

National Liberation Army of Iran

Further information: Operation Mersad

Near the end of the 1980-1988 war with Iran, a military force of 7000 members of the PMOI, armed and equipped by Saddam's Iraq and calling itself the National Liberation Army of Iran (NLA), went into action. On July 26, 1988, six days after the Ayatollah Khomeini had announced his acceptance of the UN brokered ceasefire resolution, the NLA advanced under heavy Iraqi air cover, crossing the Iranian border from Iraq. It seized and razed to the ground the Iranian town of Islamabad-e Gharb. As it advanced further into Iran, Iraq ceased its air support and Iranian forces cut off NLA supply lines and counterattacked under cover of fighter planes and helicopter gunships. On July 29 the NLA announced a voluntary withdrawal back to Iraq. The PMOI claims it lost 1400 dead or missing and the Islamic Republic sustained 55,000 casualties (either IRGC, Basij forces, or the army). The Islamic Republic claims to have killed 4500 NLA and Iraqi troops during the operation.[33] The operation was called Foroughe Javidan (Eternal Light) by the PMOI and the counterattack Operation Mersad by the Iranian forces.

Post-war

According to presentations of the PMOI by the U.S. Department of State and the Foreign Affairs group of the Australian Parliament, the PMOI are also accused of having assisted the Iraqi Republican Guard in suppressing the Kurdish and Shiite uprisings in Iraq after the 1991 Persian Gulf War.[14] Maryam Rajavi, who assumed the leadership role of the PMOI after a series of years as co-leader alongside her husband Massoud Rajavi, has been reported by former members of the PMOI as having said: "Take the Kurds under your tanks, and save your bullets for the Iranian Revolutionary Guards."[16] This has been formally denied by the PMOI.[citation needed]

In the following years the PMOI conducted several assassinations of political and military figures of the Islamic Republic, including Asadollah Lajevardi, who was known as the "butcher of Evin," in 1998 and deputy chief of the Iranian Armed Forces General Staff, Brigadier General Ali Sayyad Shirazi, who was assassinated on the doorsteps of his house on April 10 1999.

After the 2003 invasion of Iraq

After the 2003 invasion of Iraq, PMOI camps were bombed by coalition forces because of its alliance with Saddam Hussein. On April 15, U.S. Special Forces brokered a ceasefire agreement with the leaders of the PMOI and entered into a ceasefire agreement with the coalition after the attack. Each compound surrendered without hostilities.[34][35][36] This was a controversial agreement both in the public sphere and privately among the Bush administration due to the MEK's designation as a terrorist organization by the U.S. State Department.[37]

In the operation, the US reportedly captured 6000 MEK soldiers and over 2000 pieces of military equipment, including 19 British-made Chieftain tanks.[38] The MEK compound outside Fallujah became known as Camp Fallujah and sits adjacent to the other major base in Fallujah, Forward Operating Base Dreamland. Captured MEK members were kept at Camp Ashraf, about 100 kilometers west of the Iranian border and 60 kilometers north of Baghdad.[39]

After a four-month investigation by several U.S. agencies, including the State Department, only a handful of charges under U.S. criminal law were brought against PMOI members, all American citizens. The PMOI remains listed as a Foreign Terrorist Organization (FTO) by the Department of State.[40] Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld declared PMOI personnel in Ashraf protected persons under the Fourth Geneva Convention. They are currently under the guard of US Military. Defectors from this group are housed separately in a refugee camp within Camp Ashraf, and protected by U.S. Army military police (2003-current), U.S. Marines (2005-2007), and the Bulgarian Army(2006-current).[41][42]

2003 French raid

Further information: Irano-French relations

In June 2003 French police raided the PMOI's properties, including its base in Auvers-sur-Oise, under the orders of anti-terrorist magistrate Jean-Louis Bruguière, after suspicions that it was trying to shift its base of operations there. 160 suspected PMOI members were then arrested. In response, 40 supporters began hunger strikes to protest the arrests, and ten immolated themselves in various European capitals. French Interior Minister Nicolas Sarkozy (Union for a Popular Movement) declared that the PMOI "recently wanted to make France its support base, notably after the intervention in Iraq", while Pierre de Bousquet de Florian, head of France's domestic intelligence service, claimed that the group was "transforming its Val d'Oise centre [near Paris]... into an international terrorist base".[43]

U.S. Senator Sam Brownback, Republican of Kansas and chairman of the Foreign Relations subcommittee on South Asia, then accused the French of doing "the Iranian government's dirty work". Along with other members of Congress, he wrote a letter of protest to President Jacques Chirac, while longtime PMOI supporters such as Sheila Jackson-Lee, Democrat of Texas, criticized Maryam Radjavi's arrest.[16] However, the PMOI members were quickly released.

A "bargaining chip" between Tehran and Washington?

The same year that the French police raided the PMOI's properties in France, Tehran attempted to negotiate with Washington DC, proposing to withdraw military backing for Hamas and Hezbollah as well as give open access to their nuclear facilities in return for Western action in disbanding the PMOI, which was revealed by Newsnight, a BBC current affairs program, in 2007. The BBC uncovered a letter written after the invasion of Iraq in 2003 where Tehran made this offer[44] The proposition was done in a secret letter given to Washington through Switzerland's help. According to the BBC and to what had been understood by the US State Department, the letter had received authorization from the highest levels of the Iranian government. According to Lawrence Wilkerson, former chief of staff of State secretary Colin Powell, interviewed by the BBC, the State Dept would first have positively considered the offer. But it would ultimately have been rejected by the office of Vice-President Dick Cheney.[45]

Nuclear intelligence

The PMOI and the NCRI were the first entities that revealed Iran's clandestine nuclear activities in 2002, which has turned to be a major concern of the international community today.[46] Recently on Feb 20, 08, the NCRI revealed another clandestine nuclear site of Islamic Republic.[47]

Designation as a terrorist organization

In 2001 the PMOI was designated a terrorist organisation in Britain, but this was controversial with some Lords and MPs who believe the PMOI is no longer terrorist. [48][49][50] on Nov 30, 2007 the Proscribed Organisations Appeal Committee (POAC), a branch of the British High Court, ruled to annul the designation and ordered the government to remove PMOI from its terrorist list.[51][52]

The PMOI was designated as a terrorist organization by the United States (since 1997), Canada, and Iran.[7][8] According to Wall Street Journal[53] "senior diplomats in the Clinton administration say the PMOI figured prominently as a bargaining chip in a bridge-building effort with Tehran." The PMOI is also on the European Union's blacklist of terrorist organizations, which lists 28 organizations, since 2002.[54] The enlistments included: Foreign Terrorist Organization by the United States in 1997 under the Immigration and Nationality Act, and again in 2001 pursuant to section 1(b) of Executive Order 13224; as well as by the European Union (EU) in 2002.[55] Its bank accounts were frozen in 2002 after the September 11 attacks and a call by the EU to block terrorist organizations' funding. However, the European Court of Justice has overturned this in December 2006 and has criticized the lack of "transparency" with which the blacklist is composed.[56] However, the Council of the EU declared on 30 January 2007 that it would maintain the organization on the blacklist.[57][58] The EU-freezing of funds was lifted on December 12, 2006 by the European Court of First Instance.[59] In 2003 the US State Department included the NCRI on the blacklist, under Executive Order 13224.[60]

According to a 2003 article by the New York Times, the US 1997 proscription of the group on the terrorist blacklist was done as "a goodwill gesture toward Iran's newly elected reform-minded president, Mohammad Khatami" (succeeded in 2005 by more conservative Mahmoud Ahmadinejad).[16] In 2002, 150 members of the United States Congress signed a letter calling for the lifting of this designation.[61] The PMOI have also tried to have the designation removed through several court cases in the U.S. The PMOI has now lost three appeals (1999, 2001 and 2003) to the US government to be removed from the list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations, and its terrorist status was reaffirmed each time. The PMOI has continued to protest worldwide against its listing, with the overt support of some US political figures.[14][62]

Past supporters have included Rep. Tom Tancredo (R-CO), Rep. Bob Filner, (D-CA), and Sen. Kit Bond (R-MO), and former Attorney General John Ashcroft, "who became involved with the [PMOI] while a Republican senator from Missouri."[63][64] In 2000, 200 U.S. Congress members signed a statement endorsing the organization's cause.[65]

PMOI is– legally or at least well tolerated – active in Germany, Denmark and many other countries of the European Union. The NCRI maintained an Information Office in Washington DC, USA until August 2002, when US Secretary of State Colin Powell issued an order to shut down the offices.[66] Recently, Dick Marty, Swiss investigator working for the human rights body the Council of Europe, called this designation a violation of human rights.[67]

In April 2007, CNN reported that the US military and the International Committee of the Red Cross was continuing to protect the group, with the US army regularly escorting PMOI supply runs between Baghdad and its base, Camp Ashraf.[68] On Nov 30, 2007 the British Court,The Proscribed Organisations Appeal Commission(POAC) ruled to the annulment of the terrorist designation and ordered the British government to remove PMOI off the terrorist list.[51][52]

On Nov 30, 2007 the British Court,The Proscribed Organisations Appeal Commission(POAC) ruled to the annulment of the terrorist designation and ordered the British government to remove PMOI off the terrorist list[51][52] On Jan. 23, 2008, the European Council's Parliamentary Assembly, meeting in Strasbourg, backed a report attacking the methods used by the UN Security Council and the EU to blacklist individuals and groups suspected of having terrorist connections abuse basic rights and are "completely arbitrary". This issue covers the case of the PMOI too. [5]

Alleged human rights abuses

In May 2005, Human Rights Watch claimed the PMOI were running prison camps within Iraq and were committing severe human rights violations.[69] The report described the PMOI as a cult held under the tight control of Maryam Rajavi. The report prompted a response by the PMOI and friendly MEPs (European MPs), who published a counter-report in September 2005.[70] They noted that HRW had "relied only on 12 hours interviews with 12 suspicious individuals", and stated that "a delegation of MEPs visited Camp Ashraf in Iraq" and "conducted impromptu inspections of the sites of alleged abuses." Alejo Vidal-Quadras Roca (PP), one of the Vice-Presidents of the European Parliament, alleged that Iran's Ministry of Intelligence and Security (MOIS) was the source of the evidence against the PMOI.[70]

Prompted by the FOFI document, Human Rights Watch re-interviewed all 12 of the original witnesses, conducting private and personal interviews lasting several hours with each of them in Germany and the Netherlands, where the witnesses now live. All of the witnesses restated their claims about the PMOI camps from the 1991-2003 period, saying PMOI officials subjected them to various forms of physical and psychological abuses once they made known their wishes to leave the organization.[71]

See also

References

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  68. ^ Ware, Michael (2007). "U.S. protects Iranian opposition group in Iraq". CNN website, April 6, 2007. CNN. Retrieved 2007-04-06.
  69. ^ "Human Rights Abuses in the MKO camps". Human Rights Watch. May 2005.
  70. ^ a b "People's Mojahedin of Iran - Mission report" (PDF). Friends of Free Iran - European Parliament. 2005. Retrieved 2006-08-29.
  71. ^ "Statement on Responses to Human Rights Watch Report on Abuses by the Mojahedin-e Khalq Organization (MEK)". Human Rights Watch. 2003. Retrieved 2006-08-29.

Official

Other

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