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Ben Gurion Airport

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Ben Gurion International Airport

נמל התעופה בן גוריון
مطار بن غوريون الدولي
Arrivals Hall
Summary
Airport typePublic
OperatorIsrael Airports Authority
ServesTel Aviv, Israel
LocationTel Aviv District, Israel
Elevation AMSL41 m / 135 ft
Coordinates32°00′41″N 034°53′12″E / 32.01139°N 34.88667°E / 32.01139; 34.88667
Websitewww.iaa.gov.il/Rashat/...
Map
Runways
Direction Length Surface
m ft
03/21 1,780 5,840 Asphalt
08/26 3,657 11,998 Asphalt
12/30 3,112 10,210 Asphalt
Statistics (2007)
International Passengers10,109,793
Domestic Passengers416,769
International Aircraft74,459
Domestic Aircraft10,109

Ben Gurion International Airport (Template:Lang-he, Namal HaTe'ūfa Ben Gūryōn, (IATA: TLV, ICAO: LLBG), also referred to by its Hebrew acronym Natbag (Template:Lang-he), is the largest and busiest international airport in Israel, with about 10.5 million passengers passing through it in 2007.[1]It was known as Wilhelma Airport when it was first founded by the British Mandate of Palestine. It was known as Lod Airport from 1948 until 1973, when the name was changed to honor Israel's first prime minister, David Ben Gurion.

The airport is near the city of Lod, 15 kilometers (9 mi) southeast of Tel Aviv. It is operated by the Israel Airports Authority, a government-owned corporation that manages all public airports and border crossings in the State of Israel.

Ben Gurion Airport is the hub of El Al, Israir Airlines, Arkia Israel Airlines, and Sun d'Or International Airlines. During the 1980s and 1990s, it was a focus city of the now-defunct Tower Air. Today, Terminal 3 is used for international flights, and Terminal 1 is used for domestic flights. The airport has three runways and is used by commercial, private, and military aircraft.

The airport is located on Highway 1, the main Jerusalem-Tel Aviv Highway, accessible by car or public bus. Both Egged and Dan bus companies ply this route. Israel Railways operates train service to and from the airport to certain parts of the country, and taxi stands are located outside the arrivals building. Another transportation option is the shared taxi van, known in Hebrew as a sherut, going to Beer Sheva, Haifa and Jerusalem.

Ben Gurion Airport is considered one of the world's most secure airports,[2][3] with a security force that includes both police officers and IDF soldiers. Airport security guards operate both in uniform and undercover to maintain a high level of vigilance and detect any possible threats. The airport has been the target of several terrorist attacks, but no attempt to hijack a plane departing from Ben Gurion airport has succeeded.

History

Historical map of Lydda Airport

Ben Gurion International Airport started out in 1936 as Lydda Airport, an airstrip of four concrete runways on the outskirts of the Arab town of Lydda. It was built by the British Mandate of Palestine, chiefly for military purposes.[4] The importance of the facility rose during World War II, as planes arrived from Europe, the Far East and other countries in the Middle East.

The first civilian transatlantic route, Tel Aviv-New York, was inaugurated by TWA in 1946. The British left the airport at the end of April 1948, and the soldiers of the Israel Defence Force captured it on July 10, 1948, in Operation Danny, transferring control to the newly declared State of Israel. Flights resumed on November 24, 1948.[5] That year, 40,000 passengers passed through the terminal. By 1952, the number had risen to 100,000 a month. Within a decade, air traffic increased to the point where local flights had to be redirected to the Sde Dov airfield (SDV) on the northern Tel Aviv coast. By the mid-1960s, 14 international airlines were landing at Lod Airport.

More buildings and runways were added over the years, but with the onset of mass immigration from Ethiopia and the former Soviet Union in the 1980s and 90s, as well as the global increase of international business travel, the existing facilities became painfully inadequate, prompting the design of new state-of-the art terminal that could also accommodate the expected tourism influx for the 2000 millennium celebrations. The decision to go ahead with project was reached in January 1994, but Terminal 3 only opened its doors a decade later, on November 2, 2004.[6]

Operation of the old terminal

Bust of David Ben Gurion at Ben Gurion International Airport, named in his honor

Initially, the departures check-in area was located on the ground floor. Passengers would proceed upstairs on to the main departures hall, which contained passport control, duty-free shops, VIP lounges, one synagogue and boarding gates. At the gates, travelers would be required to descend a flight of stairs to return to the ground floor where the waiting shuttle-buses would transport them to their airplane on the tarmac. The arrivals hall with passport control, luggage carousels, duty-free pick-up, and customs was on the south end of the building. The shuttle-buses transferred passengers and crews to the terminal from the airplanes that parked on the tarmac over 500 meters (1,640 ft) away. After Terminal 3 opened, Terminal 1 was closed except for government flights such as special immigrant flights from North America and Africa.[7]

Terrorist incidents

While Ben Gurion Airport has been a target of Palestinian militant groups, the adoption of strict security precautions has ensured that no aircraft departing from Ben Gurion airport has ever been hijacked. On the other hand, airliners hijacked from other countries have landed at Ben Gurion, contributing to two major incidents in the airport's history. In the first, on May 8, 1972, four Palestinian Black September terrorists hijacked a Sabena flight en-route from Vienna, and forced it to land at Ben Gurion airport. Sayeret Matkal commandos led by Ehud Barak stormed the plane, killing two of the hijackers and capturing the other two. One passenger was killed.[8] Later that month, on May 30, 1972, in an attack known as the Lod Airport Massacre, 24 people were killed and 80 injured when three members of the Japanese Red Army sprayed machine gun fire into the passenger arrival area. The victims included Aharon Katzir, a prominent protein biophysicist and brother of Israel's 4th president, Efraim Katzir, and a group of twenty Puerto Rican tourists who had just arrived in Israel.[9] The only terrorist who survived was Kozo Okamoto, who received a life sentence but was set free in a prisoner exchange with the PFLP-GC.[10]

The airport as of 2008

Usage statistics (commercial operations)
Year Total passengers Total operations
1999 8,916,436  
2000 9,879,470 80,187
2001 8,349,657 69,226
2002 7,308,977 63,206
2003 7,392,026 61,202
2004 8,051,895 66,638
2005 8,917,421 70,139
2006 9,221,558 76,735
2007 10,526,562 84,568

2007 was the busiest year ever at Ben Gurion, with over 10.5 million passengers passing through the airport (an increase of more than 14% over the previous year) on almost 85,000 commercial operations. In 2006, the largest airlines on international routes were: El Al (40.6% of flights), Lufthansa (4.16%), Continental Airlines (3.96%), Israir (3.85%) and Arkia (3.83%).[11] A steep rise in the number of domestic passengers using the airport is expected in the wake of plans to close down Sde Dov Airport (which currently handles considerably more domestic passengers annually than TLV) and build luxury towers on the Sde Dov property. All commercial flights will be rerouted to Ben-Gurion.[12]

In December 2006, Ben Gurion International Airport ranked first among 40 European airports, and 8th out of 77 airports in the world, in a survey, conducted by Airports Council International, to determine the most customer-friendly airport. Tel Aviv placed second in the grouping of airports which carry between 5 and 15 million passengers per year behind Japan's Nagoya Airport. The survey consisted of 34 questions. A random sampling of 350 passengers at the departure gate were asked how satisfied they were with the service, infrastructure and facilities. Ben Gurion received a rating of 3.94 out of 5, followed by Vienna, Munich, Amsterdam, Brussels, Zurich, Copenhagen and Helsinki. The airport retained its title as best airport in the Middle East in the 2007 survey.[13][14]

Terminals

Terminal 1

Terminal 1, now used for domestic flights

Terminal 1 re-opened in 2007 as the domestic terminal following extensive renovations.[15] While it was closed, the building served as a venue for various events and large-scale exhibitions including the "Bezalel Academy of Arts Centennial Exhibition" which was held there in 2006. There is now talk of keeping Terminal 1 open 24 hours a day in order to handle charter flights from Europe.[16]

The renovations for the terminal were designed by Yosef Assa with three indivual atmospheric themes. Firstly, the public halls have a Land-of-Israel character with walls painted in the colors of Israel's Judean, Jerusalem and Galilee mountains. The Departure Hall is given an atmosphere of vacation and leisure, whilst the Arrivals Hall is given a more urban theme as passengers return back to the city.[17]

In February 2006, the Israel Airports Authority announced plans to invest 4.3 million NIS in a new VIP wing for private jet passengers and crews, as well as others interested in avoiding the main terminal. VIP ground services already exist, but a substantial increase in users has justified expanding the facilities, which will also boost airport revenues. The IAA released figures showing significant growth in private jet flights (4,059, a 36.5% increase from 2004) as well as private jet users (14,613, a 46.2% increase from 2004). The new VIP wing, operated by an outside licensee, will be located in an upgraded and expanded section of Terminal 1. All flight procedures (security check, passport control, and customs) will be handled here. This wing will include a hall equipped for press conferences, a deluxe lounge, special meeting rooms equipped with state-of-the-art business facilities, and a designated lounge for flight crews who spend time at the airport between flights.[18] It was announced in January 2008, however, that the IAA planned to construct a new 1000sq metre VIP terminal next to Terminal 3.[19]

Due to high operational costs and thus high taxes at Terminal 3, it is forecasted that sometime in the future Terminal 1 will become re-active for international flights, only this time as a low-cost carrier terminal.

Terminal 2

Terminal 2 served domestic flights until 20 February, 2007 when these services moved into the refurbished Terminal 1. Due to increased traffic in the late 1990s and over-capacity reached at Terminal 1, an international section was added until Terminal 3 was opened. Terminal 2 was slated to be demolished to make room for more freight areas until July 2007, when it was decided that the terminal would be converted into a special terminal for low-cost airlines. Passengers flying on the increasing number of low-cost airlines flying to Ben Gurion would check in and pass through security at Terminal 2, before being bussed to Terminal 3 for duty-free shopping.[20]

Terminal 3

Terminal 3
File:BenGuOut.jpg
Concourse B of Terminal 3
File:BGdutyfree.jpg
Ben Gurion Airport duty-free shopping rotunda

Terminal 3, which opened on October 28, 2004,[21] replaced Terminal 1 as the main international gateway to and from Israel. The building was designed by Black and Veatch, Skidmore, Owings and Merrill (SOM), and Moshe Safdie, along with Ram Karmi and other Israeli architects. The inaugural flight was an El Al flight to John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York City.

The new terminal is currently built to serve over 10 million passengers per year, although it could accommodate 16 million passengers a year with the addition of two concourses to the existing three. No future expansion is expected beyond this due to the proximity of the airport to the country's largest population centers and the problem of noise pollution. If necessary, another international airport is planned to be built elsewhere in the country.[22]

Work on Natbag 2000, as the Terminal 3 project was known, was scheduled for completion prior to 2000 in order to handle a massive influx of pilgrims expected for the Millennium celebrations. This deadline was not met due to higher than anticipated costs and a series of work stoppages in the wake of the bankruptcy of the main Turkish contractor. The project eventually cost an estimated one billion US dollars.

Terminal 3 uses the Jetway system. The overall layout is similar to that of airports in Europe and North America, with multiple levels, and considerable distances to walk after disembarking from the aircraft. The walk is assisted by escalators and moving walkways. The ground floor departures hall, with an area of over 10,000 square metres (107,639 sq ft), is equipped with 110 check-in counters and as well as Flight information display systems.[23] A small shopping mall, known as Buy & Bye, is open to both travelers and the general public. The mall, which includes shops, restaurants, and a post office, was planned to be a draw for non-flyers too. On the same level as the mall, passengers enter passport control and the security check. Planes taking off and landing can be viewed from a distinctive tilted glass wall. Car rental counters are located in an intermediate level situated between the departing and arriving passenger halls. Terminal 3 has two synagogues and a Muslim prayer room.[24]

After the main security check, passengers wait for their flights in the star-shaped duty-free rotunda. A variety of cafes, restaurants and duty-free shops are located there, open 24 hours a day, as well as banking facilities and a desk for VAT refunds.[25]

Terminal 3 has three concourses (B, C, and D), each leading to eight jetways (numbered 2 through 9). Each concourse is equipped with two bus bays (1 and 1A) from which passengers board the aircraft. Two additional concourses (A and E) will be built if passenger traffic warrants expansion. Free wireless internet is provided throughout the terminal.[26] The terminal has three business lounges - the exclusive El Al King David Lounge for frequent flyers and two 'Dan' lounges for either privileged or paying flyers. In January 2007, the IAA announced plans for a 120-bed hotel at Terminal 3.[27]

Terminal 4

This terminal, built in 1999, was meant to handle the crowds expected in 2000, but never officially opened. To date, it has only been used as a terminal for passengers arriving from Asia during the SARS epidemic.[28] Another use for the terminal was for the memorial ceremonies upon the arrival of the casket of Col. Ilan Ramon after the Columbia disaster in February 2003 and the arrival of Elchanan Tenenbaum and the caskets of 3 Israeli soldiers from Lebanon in January 2004.

Security

Ben Gurion International Airport is one of the world's most heavily secured airports.[29] Security operates on several levels.[30]

  • All cars, taxis, buses and trucks go through a preliminary security checkpoint before entering the airport compound. Armed guards spot-check the vehicles by looking into cars and taxis, boarding buses, and exchanging a few words with the driver and passengers.
  • Armed security personnel stationed at the terminal entrances keep a close watch on those who enter the buildings. If someone arouses their suspicion or looks nervous, they may strike up a conversation to further assess the person's intent. Plainclothes armed personnel patrol the area outside the building, and hidden surveillance cameras operate at all times.[31]
  • Inside the building, both uniformed and plainclothes security officers are on constant patrol.
  • Departing passengers are personally questioned by security agents even before arriving at the check-in desk. This interview can last as little as five minutes, or as long as an hour if a passenger is selected for additional screening. Luggage and body searches may be conducted. After the search, bags are placed through an X-ray machine before passengers proceed to the check-in counters. All that said, El Al and Ben Gurion airport has for a long time realised that the person is more important than their bags. Therefore, occasionally, if security have assessed a person as a low risk, they will pass them straight through to the checkin desks, bypassing the main x-ray machines. Note that hand baggage is always x-rayed later on.
Ben Gurion International Airport Terminal 3 as seen from above
  • After check-in, checked baggage is put in a pressure chamber to trigger any possible explosive devices. Passengers continue through to personal security and passport control, as in other airports. Before passing through the metal detectors and placing hand baggage through the X-ray machine, passports are re-checked and additional questions may be asked. Before boarding the aircraft, passports and boarding passes are checked once again.
  • Security procedures for incoming flights are not as stringent, but passengers may be questioned by passport control depending on country of origin, or countries visited prior to arrival in Israel. Passengers who have recently visited countries at war with Israel (all Arab countries except Jordan, Egypt, and Mauritania) may be subject to further questioning.[32]

Runways

Ben Gurion Airport's runways from above, as seen from an incoming flight which circled around the airport, approaching and landing from the east

Main runway

The closest runway to terminals 1 and 3 is 12/30, and is followed by a taxiway. Most landings take place on this runway from West to East, approaching from the Mediterranean Sea over southern Tel Aviv.[33] During inclement weather, it may also be used for takeoffs (Direction 12). A 17 million NIS renovation project was completed in November 2007 which reinforced the runway and made it suitable for future wide-body aircraft such as the new Airbus A380.

Short runway

In the past, the short runway mainly served cargo aircraft of the Israeli Air Force. Today it functions mostly as a get-ready lane for the Quiet Runway. Rarely, it is used for landing from north to south (Direction 21).[34] By early in the next decade however, the IAF facilities adjacent to the short runway are slated to be relocated to Nevatim and the runway will be lengthened and placed into full commercial usage, allowing the airport to increase the number of aircraft movements it can handle.

Quiet runway

The longest runway in the airfield, 3,600 meters (11,811 ft), and the main take off runway from east to west (Direction 26/08), referred to as "the quiet runway" since jets taking off in this direction produce less noise pollution for surrounding residents. This is the newest runway in the airport, built in the early 1970s. A 24 million NIS renovation project completed in February 2006 reinforced the runway and made it suitable for future wide-body aircraft such as the new Airbus A380.[35]

Accessibility

Platform 1 of the airport train station at Terminal 3

Rail

Main article: Ben Gurion Airport Railway Station

Israel Railways operates the Ben Gurion Airport Railway Station, conveniently located in the lower level of Terminal 3. From this station passengers may head north-west to Tel Aviv, Haifa and other destinations in the north, or south-east to Modi'in or Be'er Sheva via Lod, where connections can be made to Bet Shemesh or Ashkelon.[36] The journey to Tel Aviv Savidor Central Railway Station takes about 18 minutes and costs 12 NIS (approx. US$3.00). Over a million passengers used the line in 2005.[37] The line to Modi'in is part of a new rail line under construction from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem which is scheduled for completion in 2012.[38] The service does not operate on Shabbat and Jewish holidays. The line to Haifa runs 24 hours a day.

Bus or taxi

The airport is served by regular inter-city bus lines, a special airport shuttle with express service to Tel Aviv, Sherut "shared" door to door taxi vans, and standard taxis.[39] An Egged #5 shuttle bus ferries passengers between the terminals and a small bus terminal in the Airport City industrial park where they can connect to regular Egged bus routes passing through the area. Passengers connecting at Airport City can pay for both rides on the same ticket, not paying extra money for bus #5. Other bus companies directly serve Terminal 3, and the airport also provides a free shuttle bus.[40]

Car

Located on Highway 1, the Tel Aviv-Jerusalem highway, the airport has a total of 11,300 parking spaces for short and long-term parking. The spaces for long-term parking are situated several kilometers from the terminal, and are reached by a free shuttle bus.[41]

Airlines and destinations

All domestic flights are served by Terminal 1, while all international flights are served by Terminal 3.[42] The largest carrier in terms of passenger numbers is El Al, followed by Turkish charterer Onur Air and by German Lufthansa.[43] This list includes all scheduled destinations served from Ben Gurion International Airport, and excludes charter and occasional destinations.

Charter airlines

Cargo airlines

See also

References

  1. ^ "IAA Israel Airports Authority". Israel Airports Authority. Retrieved 2007-05-09. See separate airport statistics entries for each airport.
  2. ^ "What Israeli security could teach us". The Boston Globe. Retrieved 2007-08-10. The safest airport is Ben Gurion International, in Tel Aviv. No El Al plane has been attacked by terrorists in more than three decades, and no flight leaving Ben Gurion has ever been hijacked.
  3. ^ "Ben-Gurion International Airport". Britannica Knowledge Systems Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Encyclopedia Britannica Inc. Retrieved 2007-08-10. Today, Ben-Gurion is one of the most secure airports in the world
  4. ^ "Ben Gurion Airoprt- The 30's". Israel Airports Authority. Retrieved 2007-04-27.
  5. ^ "Ben Gurion Airoprt- The 40's". Israel Airports Authority. Retrieved 2007-04-29.
  6. ^ "Ben Gurion". History Central. Retrieved 2007-04-29.
  7. ^ "Ben Gurion Airport". HistoryCentral. Retrieved 2007-04-28.
  8. ^ Sontag, Deborah (1999-04-20). "2 Who Share a Past Are Rivals for Israel's Future". The New York Times. pp. Section A, Page 3, Column 1.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  9. ^ "1972: Japanese kill 26 at Tel Aviv airport". BBC.co.uk. Retrieved 2007-04-28.
  10. ^ Lewis, Paul (1985-05-21). "Israel frees 1,150 to obtain release of last 3 soldiers". The New York Times. Retrieved 2007-04-29.
  11. ^ "Israel Airports Authority: number of overseas air travelers up 3.6% in 2006". PORT2PORT-Israel's Trade Portal. 2007-01-07. Retrieved 2007-04-28.
  12. ^ "Tel Aviv airport to make way for luxury project". Retrieved 2007-07-03.
  13. ^ Krawitz, Avi (2006-12-18). "Ben Gurion ranks first in airport survey". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 2007-04-27.
  14. ^ "Ben Gurion Airport ranks best in Mideast". Ynetnews. 2008-02-26. Retrieved 2008-02-26.
  15. ^ "End of an Era – The Historic Terminal 1 has Reopened, Serving Passengers on Domestic Flights". Israel Airports Authority. 2007-02-20. Retrieved 2007-04-28.
  16. ^ Bior, Haim (2007-04-20). "Transportation Ministry recommends unlimited airline competition". Haaretz. Retrieved 2007-04-28.
  17. ^ "Principles of Architectural Planning". IAA. Retrieved 2008-04-12.
  18. ^ "Israel Airports Authority to Build a Special Terminal for Executive and Private Flights at Ben Gurion Airport". Israel Airports Authority. 2006-02-21. Retrieved 2007-04-28.
  19. ^ "Terminal for private flights to be built at airport". 2008-01-22. Retrieved 2008-01-22. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |source= ignored (help)
  20. ^ "Old Ben Gurion terminal to serve cheap flight operators". Ynet News. 2007-07-08. Retrieved 2007-07-08.
  21. ^ "Address by PM Sharon at inauguration of Ben Gurion Airport 2000". Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 2007-04-27.
  22. ^ "Facts and Figures". Israel Airports Authority. Retrieved 2007-05-04.
  23. ^ "Check-In Hall". Israel Airports Authority. Retrieved 2007-04-28.
  24. ^ "Muslim prayer room set up at Ben-Gurion Airport". Ynet. Retrieved 2007-05-05.
  25. ^ "Tel Aviv – Ben Gurion Airport (TLV) Information". Essential Travel. Retrieved 2007-04-29.
  26. ^ "Free Wi-Fi in Airports". Retrieved 2007-05-04.
  27. ^ "A BOT tender to be published for Ben Gurion hotel". PORT2PORT- Israel's Trade Portal. 2007-01-15. Retrieved 2007-04-28.
  28. ^ Strongin, Michael (2003-04-30). "Ministry begins checking for SARS at Ben-Gurion". The Jerusalem Post. p. 3.
  29. ^ Jacoby, Jeff (2006-08-23). "What Israeli security could teach us". The Boston Globe. Retrieved 2007-04-27.
  30. ^ Beyer, Lisa. "Is This What We Really Want?". TIME. Retrieved 2007-04-27.
  31. ^ "What can we learn from Ben Gurion Airport in Israel to help push aviation security in the U.S. to the next level?". Access Control & Security Systems. Retrieved 2007-05-04.
  32. ^ Prada, Paulo; Michaels, Daniel (2001-09-17), Israel airport is safe but hard to emulate, The Wall Street Journal, retrieved 2007-05-04
  33. ^ "Ben Gurion Airport". World Aero Data. Retrieved 2007-04-27.
  34. ^ A-Z World Airports Online. Tel Aviv - Ben Gurion International Airport (TLV/LLBG). Retrieved on 2007-07-24.
  35. ^ "Renovation of Runway 26-08 Completed; Became Operative on Sunday, February 26". Israel Airports Authority. 2006-03-07. Retrieved 2007-04-28.
  36. ^ "Ben-Gurion Airport Station". Israel Railways. Retrieved 2007-05-03.
  37. ^ "Natbag Line" (in Hebrew). Israel Railways. Retrieved 2007-05-04.
  38. ^ Afra, Orit (2007-02-08). "Panacea or pain?". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 2007-04-27.
  39. ^ "Guidelines for Taxi Passengers". Israel Airports Authority. Retrieved 2007-04-27.
  40. ^ "Public Transportation". Israel Airports Authority. Retrieved 2007-04-27.
  41. ^ "Parking Lots". Israel Airports Authority. Retrieved 2007-04-27.
  42. ^ "Airlines". Israel Airports Authority. Retrieved 2007-05-03.
  43. ^ Burstein, Nathan (2007-10-21). "Departing soon from Eilat: Non-stop flights to London, Paris". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 2007-10-23. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
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