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2008 Sichuan earthquake

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2008 Sichuan earthquake
UTC time??
Magnitude7.9 Mw / 7.8 Ms
Depth10 kilometres (6 mi)
Epicenter31°01′16″N 103°22′01″E / 31.021°N 103.367°E / 31.021; 103.367
Areas affected China
Casualties≥13,071 dead (preliminary)[1]

Template:Fixhtml The 2008 Sichuan earthquake occurred at 14:28:04.1 CST (06:28:04.1 UTC) on 12 May 2008,[2] with its epicenter in Wenchuan County (Chinese: 汶川县; Pinyin: Wènchuān Xiàn), Sichuan province of the People's Republic of China. It had a magnitude of 7.8 Ms according to the State Seismological Bureau of China and 7.9 Mw according to the United States Geological Survey. The epicenter was 90 kilometres (55 miles) west-northwest of Chengdu, the capital of Sichuan.[3] The earthquake was felt as far away as Beijing and Shanghai, where office buildings swayed with the tremor.[4] The earthquake was also felt in Pakistan,[5] Thailand,[5] and Vietnam.[6]

Official figures state that 13,042 are confirmed dead, and 24,549 injured. These figures are likely to rise sharply, as a clearer picture emerges. It was the deadliest and strongest earthquake to hit China since the 1976 Tangshan earthquake, which killed approximately 250,000 people.[7]

Earthquake details

Epicenter

USGS map of epicenter

The epicenter was in Wenchuan County, Ngawa Prefecture, 90 km northwest of Chengdu, with its main tremor so far occurring at 14:28:04.1 CST (06:28:04.1 UTC), on Monday 12 May 2008. Early reports of the earthquake's magnitude ranged from 7.5 to 8.0. Twenty major aftershocks, ranging in magnitude from 5.0 to 6.0, were recorded within 24 hours of the main tremor.[8]

Office workers in Chengdu reported a "continuous shaking for about two or three minutes", and many people rushed outside.[9]

Tectonics

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Dr. Harley Benz, US Geological Society
Problems playing this file? See media help.

Template:Sample box end According to the USGS:[10]

The earthquake occurred as the result of motion on a northeast striking reverse fault or thrust fault on the northwestern margin of the Sichuan Basin. The earthquake’s epicenter and focal-mechanism are consistent with it having occurred as the result of movement on the Longmenshan fault or a tectonically related fault. The earthquake reflects tectonic stresses resulting from the convergence of crustal material slowly moving from the high Tibetan Plateau, to the west, against strong crust underlying the Sichuan Basin and southeastern China.

On a continental scale, the seismicity of central and eastern Asia is a result of northward convergence of the Indian Plate against the Eurasian Plate with a velocity of about 50 mm/y. The convergence of the two plates is broadly accommodated by the uplift of the Asian highlands and by the motion of crustal material to the east away from the uplifted Tibetan Plateau. The northwestern margin of the Sichuan Basin has previously experienced destructive earthquakes. The magnitude 7.5 earthquake of August 25, 1933 killed more than 9,300 people.

According to the British Geological Survey:[11]

The earthquake occurred 92 km northwest of the city of Chengdu in eastern Sichuan province and over 1500 km from Beijing, where it was also strongly felt. Earthquakes of this size have the potential to cause extensive damage and loss of life.

The epicentre was in the mountains of the Eastern Margin of Qing-Tibet Plateau at the northwest margin of the Sichuan Basin. The earthquake occurred as a result of motion on a northeast striking thrust fault that runs along the margin of the basin.

The seismicity of central and eastern Asia is caused by the northward movement of the India plate at a rate of 5cm/year and its collision with Eurasia, resulting in the uplift of the Himalaya and Tibetan plateau and associated earthquake activity. This deformation also results in the extrusion of crustal material from the high Tibetan Plateau in the west towards the Sichuan Basin and southeastern China.

Immediate aftermath

USGS shake map

Office buildings in Shanghai's financial district, including the Jin Mao Building and the Hong Kong New World Tower, were evacuated.[12] Phone calls to emergency response numbers in Chengdu were repeatedly busy.[13] A receptionist at the Tibet Hotel in Chengdu said things were "calm" after the hotel had evacuated its guests. [14] Meanwhile, workers at a Ford plant in Sichuan were evacuated for about 10 minutes.[15] The Chengdu airport shut down, and the control tower and regional radar control evacuated. One SilkAir flight was diverted and landed in nearby Kunming as a result.[16] Chengdu airport has since reopened on Monday at 8 p.m. (1200 GMT) to limited flights.[17]

Reporters in Chengdu said they saw cracks on walls of some residential buildings in the downtown areas, but no building collapsed.[18] Cathay Pacific delayed both legs of its daily Hong Kong to London route due to this disruption in air traffic services. Many Beijing office towers were evacuated, including the building housing the media offices for the organizers of the 2008 Summer Olympics. None of the Olympic venues were damaged.[5] Meanwhile, a cargo train carrying 13 petrol tanks derailed in Bernama, Gansu Province and caught on fire after the rail was distorted.[19]

All of the highways into Wenchuan were damaged, resulting in delayed arrival of the rescue troops.[20][21] Over 2,300 base stations of China Mobile in Sichuan and nearby areas went offline, while the China Unicom network in Wenchuan broke down entirely.[22][23] In Beichuan county, 80% of the buildings collapsed according to Xinhua News.[24] In the city of Shifang, the collapse of two chemical plants led to leakage of some 80 tons of liquid ammonia, with hundreds of people reported buried.[25] In the city of Dujiangyan, south-east of the epicentre, a whole school collapsed with 900 students buried and 50 dead. The Juyuan middle school, where many teenagers were buried, is being excavated by civilians and cranes.[26]

Shanghai Stock Exchange and Shenzhen Stock Exchange suspended trading of companies based in southwestern China. Copper rose over speculations that production in southwestern China may be affected,[27] and oil prices dropped over speculations that demand from China will fall.[28]

China Mobile had more than 2300 stations suspended due to power disruption or severe telecommunication traffic congestion. Half of the wireless communications were lost in the Sichuan province. China Unicom's service in Wenchuan and four nearby counties were cut off, with more than 700 towers suspended.[29]

Initially, officials have been unable to contact the Wolong Nature Reserve, home to 280 giant pandas.[30] However, China’s Foreign Ministry later said that a group of 31 British tourists visiting the Wolong panda reserve in the quake-hit area have returned safe and uninjured to the provincial capital.

The Zipingpu Hydropower Plant located 20 km east of the epicenter has been destroyed. The dam has severe cracks and "the plant and associated buildings have collapsed, and some are partly sunk."[31]. The Tulong reservoir Upstream is in danger of collapse.[32]About 2000 troops have been allocated to Zipingpu, trying to release the pressure through spillway.[33]

Casualties

Region Estimated Deaths[34]
Sichuan Mianyang 7,395
Deyang 2,674
Chengdu 959
Guangyuan 800
Ngawa 161
other divisions 107
Gansu 280
Shaanxi 104
Chongqing 11
Henan 2
Hubei 1
Yunnan 1
Estimated total: ≥12,400

The quake caused 13,071 known deaths according to a report,[35] but this figure may increase as more reports come in. In Chongqing, 5 students were reported killed, 20 more buried and more than 100 injured when one primary school collapsed.[36] [37] Xinhua reported that more than 50 students were confirmed killed and hundreds still buried when the Juyuan high school building collapsed in Dujiangyan, the city nearest to the epicenter.[38][39] The death toll exceeded 12,000 on May 13 2008.[40] Xinhua also reported that 18,645 people were still buried in debris in and around Mianyang.[5] The Sichuan Daily newspaper reported on its Web site that more than 26,000 people were injured in the Mianyang area.[5]

Officials and rescue teams have yet to reach some hardest hit areas closest to the epicenter due to roadways that were completely damaged or blocked off by landslides. The chief secretary of Wenchuan county said in a short satellite phone call that there were some 30,000 people gathered at the major town waiting for help, but roads and communication into the two hardest hit areas, Xuankou and Wolong, were still completely cut off. [41] One pioneer rescue team reported only 2300 survivors from Yingxiu, out of a total population of about 9000. [42]

Rescue effort

China's President Hu Jintao has said that the disaster response would be rapid.[43] Just two hour after the earthquake, Premier Wen Jiabao, who has an academic background in geomechanics, flew to the earthquake area to oversee the rescue work.[44][45]

On May 12, 2008, China's Health Ministry said that it had sent 10 emergency medical teams to Wenchuan County in southwest China's Sichuan Province. On the same day, China's Chengdu Military Area Command dispatched 50,000 troops and armed police to help with disaster relief work in Wenchuan County[46] but because of the rough terrain and close proximity of the quake's epicenter, the soldiers found it very difficult to get help to the rural regions of the province.[47]

The State Disaster Relief Commission initiated a "Level II emergency contingency plan", which covers the most serious class of natural disasters. The plan rose to Level I at 22:15 May 12 CST.[48]

An earthquake emergency relief team of 184 people (consisting of 12 people from the State Seismological Bureau, 150 from the Beijing Military Area Command, and 22 from the Armed Police General Hospital) left Beijing from Nanyuan Airport late May 12 in two military transport planes to travel to Wenchuan County.[49]

The Red Cross Society of China sent 557 tents and 2,500 quilts valued at 788,000 yuan (113,000 U.S. dollars) to Wenchuan County. The Amity Foundation has already started relief work in the region and has earmarked CNY 1 million for disaster relief.[50]

Many rescue teams, including that of the Taipei City Fire Department, are reported ready to join the rescue effort in Sichuan. However, the Red Cross Society of China said "it was inconvenient currently due to the traffic problem to the hardest hit areas closest to the epicenter."[51] The Red Cross Society of China also stated that the disaster areas needs tents, medical supplies, drinking water and foods; however it recommends donating cash instead of other items as of now, as its not possible to reach roads that were completely damaged or places that were blocked off by landslides.[52]

Persistent heavy rain and landslides in Wenchuan County and the nearby area badly affected rescue efforts.[53][54] As of 12:55:21, May 13 2008 CST, the first group, consisting of 1,300 soldiers and a medical unit, have reached Wenchuan County.[55] By 17:37, May 13 2008 CST, a total of over 15,600 troops and militia reservists from Chengdu Military Region have joined the rescue force in the heavily affected areas.[56][57] A commander reported from Yingxiu town, Wenchuan, that around 3,000 survivors were found, while the status of the other inhabitants (around 9,000) remains unclear.[58]The 1,300 rescuers reached the epicenter, and 300 pioneer troops reached the main city of Wenchuan at about 23.30.[59] Francis Marcus, head of the International Federation of the Red Cross praised China's rescue effort as "swift and very efficient" in Beijing on Tuesday." The Chinese Government accepted the aid of Tzu Chi Foundation from Taiwan at late May 13 CST. It is the first aid force outside mainland China to join the rescue effort.[60] China stated it would gratefully accept international help to cope with the quake.[61][62] China's Olympic Games organisers say they will scale down the route of the torch through the country and there will be a minute's silence when the next leg starts in the south-eastern city of Ruijin on Wednesday.[62]

Prediction

See also: Earthquake prediction

In 2002, a study by Chen Xuezhong published in the Chinese seismology journal Recent Developments in World Seismology reported that starting 2003 there is a high probability of M≥7 earthquake in Sichuan Province.[63] "Sichuan is virtually certain to experience an earthquake measuring above 7 in the next few years" he wrote.[64]

On May 3, around 20:00 local time, Ngawa Prefecture's Earthquake Relief Authority received a number of phone calls asking them to confirm or deny a rumor that an earthquake had been predicted for Matang Village of Suomo township of Barkam County (马尔康县梭磨乡马塘村). The Authority then searched for the source of the rumors. Barkam County is about 120 kilometers (about 75 miles) northwest of the epicenter of the May 12 earthquake. On May 6, nearly 80,000 m3 of water that once filled the Guanyin pond of Baiguo township of Enshi City, Hubei province sank underground with a rumbling sound. Changes in the underground waterflow usually indicate changed seismic conditions.[65]

On May 9, the official website of Sichuan Provincial Government reported that the provincial seismological bureau has denied making any related predictions. Tracing the rumors to a video conference when Barkam County's Geological Disaster Preventive Committee told county officials of a possible "Geological disaster" (地质灾害), but was misconstrued as a possible "Earthquake disaster" (地震灾害).[66] An anonymous user posted a thread on the popular Baidu Forums stating that earthquake clouds were observed in Linyi, Shandong, this was later confirmed by a user from Tongzhou District in Beijing.[67][68] On May 10, residents of Tanmu village of Southwest town of Mianzhu, Sichuan (less than 100 km from the epicentre) observed hundreds of thousands of toads migrating on a roadway near a pharmaceutical factory.[69] "The move is because of the change of weather," Shu Shi, director of the Mianzhu forestry bureau, was quoted as saying by local media. [70] A similar phenomenon was observed a day earlier in Taizhou, Jiangsu.[71]

On May 13, in the press conference held by State Council Information Office, a Singapore journalist said they received complaints from 7 workers in Sichuan Earthquake Bureau, who claimed they "detected some earthquake evidence several days before the earthquake, but the prediction was banned by the bureau for the stabilization before the 2008 Olympic Games".[72] The bureau responded that earthquake forecasting is a "World problem", and that no earthquake prediction card was received before the earthquake.[73]

Tremors felt in different places

  • Mainland China: All regions except Xinjiang, Jilin and Heilongjiang[74]
  •  Bangladesh: In parts of Bangladesh tremors were felt eight and a half minutes after the quake.[75]
  •  Hong Kong: Tremors were felt approximately three minutes after the quake, continuing for about half a minute. This was also the farthest distance from the epicentre felt in Hong Kong's record.[76][77][75][78]
  •  India: Tremors were felt approximately nine minutes after the earthquake in parts of India.[75][79]
  •  Japan: Tremors were felt in Tokyo.[79]
  •  Macau: Tremors were felt approximately three minutes after the quake.[80]
  •  Mongolia: Tremors were felt approximately eight minutes after the earthquake in parts of Mongolia.[75]
  •    Nepal: Tremors were felt approximately eight and a half minutes after the quake.[75]
  •  Pakistan: In parts of Northern Pakistan tremors were felt ten minutes after the quake.[75]
  •  Russia: tremors were felt in Tuva, no casualties reported.[75]
  •  Taiwan: It took about eight minutes for the quake to reach Taiwan, then the tremors continued for one to two minutes; no damage or injuries were reported.[81]
  •  Thailand: In parts of Thailand tremors were felt six minutes after the quake, continuing for 7 to 8 minutes.[79]
  •  Vietnam: Tremors were felt approximately five minutes after the earthquake in Northern parts of Vietnam.[5][6][79]

Reaction outside Mainland China

  • The head of the Olympic Committee, Jacques Rogge, sent his condolences. He said to President Hu Jintao, "The Olympic Movement is at your side, especially during these difficult moments. Our thoughts are with you."[82] In addition, the committee decided to donate $1.0 million for disaster relief efforts.[83]
  • United Nations United Nations: Elizabeth Byrs of the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs told reporters at a press briefing in Geneva that a UN Disaster Assessment and Coordination Team alert was sent out to alert China that the world body is ready to help if needed.[84]
  • European Union European Union: The EU has offered assistance to China following the earthquake and has been monitoring the situation afterwards.[85]
  • Australia Australia: Foreign Minister Stephen Smith has expressed his condolences and offered help of search and rescue experts.[86]
  • Canada Canada: Canadian Foreign Affairs Minister Maxime Bernier said, "We are greatly saddened by the news that thousands lost their lives and that hundreds of children who were at school at the time are trapped in the debris."[87]
  • France France: French President Nicolas Sarkozy said in a letter to Chinese President Hu Jintao, "I would like to let you know that I am deeply moved and would like to assure you of France's support for the Chinese people in this difficult moment."[87]
  • Germany Germany: German Chancellor Angela Merkel has offered her condolences as well as stating that the German government was ready to provide speedy assistance.[88]
  • Hong Kong Hong Kong (SAR): Hong Kong pledged 38.4 million US dollars in aid and volunteer rescue teams for the victims in Sichuan.[89]
  • Japan Japan: Japan has offered to send aid to Chinese victims of the quake.[90] China has asked Japan for aid and is set to receive an initial $4.8 million in cash and goods.[83][91][92]
  • Kenya Kenya: Kenyan President Mwai Kibaki said he was saddened by the disaster. "On behalf of the government and the people of Kenya and on my own behalf, I send this message of condolence and encouragement to the government and the people of China following the tragic loss of lives as a result of the earthquake," Kibaki said in a statement.[87]
  • Macau Macau (SAR): The Macau government appropriated 15.7 million USD for aid.[93]
  • Malaysia Malaysia: The Malaysian Foreign Ministry Tuesday expressed deep sadness over loss of lives in the devastating earthquake in Southwest China. So far, there had been no injuries or fatalities among Malaysians in the affected areas.[94]
  • New Zealand New Zealand: Acting Prime Minister Michael Cullen extended New Zealand's sympathy and condolences to China, and said New Zealand stood ready to assist in an appropriate way if they were asked.[95]
  • North Korea North Korea: North Korean leader Kim Jong-il said, "I hope that your people will eradicate the aftermath of the disaster as early as possible under the leadership of the Communist Party of China."[83]
  • Pakistan Pakistan: President Pervez Musharraf extended condolences to China, and stated that the country stood by the great Chinese people, and assured them of Pakistan's full support and solidarity.[96]
  • Philippines Philippines: Republic of the Philippines President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo has ordered a medical team to be deployed in earthquake-hit China.[97]
  • Russia Russia: Russian President Dmitry Medvedev has sent a message of solace, stating that Russia is ready to help if necessary.[98]
  • Singapore Singapore: Singapore's Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong offered to provide rescue teams and emergency workers to assist the recovery efforts.[99]
  • South Korea South Korea: South Korean President Lee Myung-bak sent a condolence telegram to Chinese President Hu Jintao.[83]
  • Taiwan Republic of China (Taiwan): Prime Minister Chang Chun-hsiung said, "We expressed our condolences and we are willing to assist in rescue missions and provide necessary humanitarian aid."[87]
  • United Kingdom United Kingdom: Foreign Secretary David Miliband said he offered help from Britain and expressed his condolences to China.[100]
  • United States United States: President George W. Bush gave China his condolences, and stated that "the thoughts and prayers of the American people are with the Chinese people, especially those directly affected. The United States stands ready to help in any way possible."[101] White House Press Secretary Dana Perino said that China had yet to ask for aid, so "what we can do as a country is offer our support and our thoughts and our prayers."[101]

See also

References

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