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2008 Sichuan earthquake

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2008 Sichuan earthquake
UTC time??
Magnitude8.0 Ms[1] / 7.9 Mw[2]
Depth19 kilometres (12 mi)
Epicenter30°59′20″N 103°19′44″E / 30.989°N 103.329°E / 30.989; 103.329 (Sichuan earthquake) (Wenchuan County in Sichuan province)
Areas affected China
TsunamiNone
Aftershocksso far 76 stronger aftershocks (see list)
over 1000 weaker aftershocks[3]
Casualties34,073 (dead)
245,108 (injured)
as of May 19, 2008.[4][5]

The 2008 Sichuan earthquake (Chinese: 四川大地震), at a magnitude 8.0 Ms/ 7.9 Mw, occurred at 14:28:01.42 CST (06:28:01.42 UTC) on 12 May 2008 in Sichuan province of China. In China, it was named the Wenchuan earthquake (Chinese: 汶川大地震), after the earthquake's epicenter in Wenchuan County in Sichuan province. The epicenter was 80 kilometres (50 mi) west-northwest of Chengdu, the capital of Sichuan, with a depth of 19 kilometres (12 mi).[2] The earthquake was felt as far away as Beijing (1,500 km away) and Shanghai (1,700 km away), where office buildings swayed with the tremor.[6] The earthquake was also felt in nearby countries.

Official figures (as of May 19, 12:00 CST) state that 34,073 are confirmed dead, including 33,570 in Sichuan province, and 245,108 injured.[4][5] The Chinese government warned that the death toll could reach 50,000.[7] Tens of thousands are missing, approximately 14,000 of them buried, and eight provinces were affected.[8][9] The earthquake left about 4.8 million people homeless.[10] It was the deadliest and strongest earthquake to hit China since the 1976 Tangshan earthquake, which killed over 240,000 people.

The State Council declared a three-day period of national mourning for the quake victims starting from May 19th, 2008; The Chinese National Flag and Regional Flags of Hong Kong SAR and Macau SAR were raised at half mast. At 14:28 CST on May 19, 2008, a week after the earthquake, the Chinese public observed silence to express mourning; vehicles, vessels, trains, and air-defense alarms sounded, followed by a 3-minute moment of silence.[11][12][13] The Ningbo Organizing Committee of Beijing Olympic torch relay announced that the relay will be suspended for these three days.[14]

Earthquake details

See also: List of 2008 Sichuan earthquake aftershocks
A USGS map of epicenter
File:USGS map at 30°N,105°E (2008-05-18).png
A USGS map showing dozens of aftershocks.

The earthquake had a magnitude of 8.0 Ms according to the State Seismological Bureau of China and 7.9 Mw according to the United States Geological Survey.[1][2] The epicenter was in Wenchuan County, Ngawa Prefecture, 80 km west/northwest of Chengdu, with its main tremor occurring at 14:28:01.42 CST (06:28:01.42 UTC), on Monday 12 May 2008.

Fifty-two major aftershocks, ranging in magnitude from 4.4 to 6.0, were recorded within 72 hours of the main tremor.[15] Preliminary rupture models of the earthquake indicated displacement of up to 9 meters along a fault approximately 240 km long by 20 km deep.[16] The earthquake generated deformations of the surface greater than 3 meters[17] and increased the stress (and probability of occurrence of future events) at the northeastern and southwestern ends of the fault.[17] According to reports from Chengdu, the capital of Sichuan province, the earthquake tremors lasted for "about two or three minutes".[18]

Tremors felt in different places

Places ordered by distance from epicenter (or time of propagation) :

  •  China (mainland): All regions except Xinjiang, Jilin and Heilongjiang were affected by the quake.[19]
  •  Hong Kong: Tremors were felt approximately three minutes after the quake, continuing for about half a minute. This was also the farthest distance from the epicentre felt in Hong Kong's record.[20][21][22][23]
  •  Macau: Tremors were felt approximately three minutes after the quake.[24]
  •  Vietnam: Tremors were felt approximately five minutes after the earthquake in Northern parts of Vietnam.[7][25]
  •  Thailand: In parts of Thailand tremors were felt six minutes after the quake. Office buildings in Bangkok swayed for next several minutes.[26]
  •  Taiwan: It took about eight minutes for the quake to reach Taiwan, then the tremors continued for one to two minutes; no damage or injuries were reported.[27]
  •  Mongolia: Tremors were felt approximately eight minutes after the earthquake in parts of Mongolia.[22]
  •  Bangladesh: Tremors were felt eight and a half minutes after the quake in all parts of Bangladesh.[22]
  •    Nepal: Tremors were felt approximately eight and a half minutes after the quake.[22]
  •  India: Tremors were felt approximately nine minutes after the earthquake in parts of India.[22]
  •  Pakistan: In parts of Northern Pakistan tremors were felt ten minutes after the quake.[22]
  •  Russia: Tremors were felt in Tuva, no casualties reported.[22]

Tectonics

The extent of the earthquake and after shock-effected areas lies north-east, along the Longmen Shan fault. Template:Sound sample box align right

Dr. Harley Benz, US Geological Society
Problems playing this file? See media help.

Template:Sample box end According to the United States Geological Survey:[28]

The earthquake occurred as the result of motion on a northeast striking reverse fault or thrust fault on the northwestern margin of the Sichuan Basin. The earthquake’s epicenter and focal-mechanism are consistent with it having occurred as the result of movement on the Longmenshan fault or a tectonically related fault. The earthquake reflects tectonic stresses resulting from the convergence of crustal material slowly moving from the high Tibetan Plateau, to the west, against strong crust underlying the Sichuan Basin and southeastern China.

On a continental scale, the seismicity of central and eastern Asia is a result of northward convergence of the Indian Plate against the Eurasian Plate with a velocity of about 50 mm/y. The convergence of the two plates is broadly accommodated by the uplift of the Asian highlands and by the motion of crustal material to the east away from the uplifted Tibetan Plateau. The northwestern margin of the Sichuan Basin has previously experienced destructive earthquakes. The magnitude 7.5 earthquake of August 25, 1933 killed more than 9,300 people.

According to the British Geological Survey:[29]

The earthquake occurred 92 km northwest of the city of Chengdu in eastern Sichuan province and over 1500 km from Beijing, where it was also strongly felt. Earthquakes of this size have the potential to cause extensive damage and loss of life.

The epicentre was in the mountains of the Eastern Margin of Qing-Tibet Plateau at the northwest margin of the Sichuan Basin. The earthquake occurred as a result of motion on a northeast striking thrust fault that runs along the margin of the basin.

The seismicity of central and eastern Asia is caused by the northward movement of the India plate at a rate of 5cm/year and its collision with Eurasia, resulting in the uplift of the Himalaya and Tibetan plateau and associated earthquake activity. This deformation also results in the extrusion of crustal material from the high Tibetan Plateau in the west towards the Sichuan Basin and southeastern China. China frequently suffers large and deadly earthquakes. In August 1933 a magnitude 7.5 earthquake about 90 km northeast of today's earthquake destroyed the town of Diexi and surrounding villages, and caused many landslides, some of which dammed the rivers.

Immediate aftermath

USGS shake map
Here, the outside of a warehouse is shown to be in disarray following the earthquake.

Office buildings in Shanghai's financial district, including the Jin Mao Tower and the Hong Kong New World Tower, were evacuated.[30] Phone calls to emergency response numbers in Chengdu were repeatedly busy.[31] A receptionist at the Tibet Hotel in Chengdu said things were "calm" after the hotel had evacuated its guests.[32] Meanwhile, workers at a Ford plant in Sichuan were evacuated for about 10 minutes.[33] The Chengdu airport was shut down, and the control tower and regional radar control evacuated. One SilkAir flight was diverted and landed in nearby Kunming as a result.[34] Cathay Pacific delayed both legs of its quadruple daily Hong Kong to London route due to this disruption in air traffic services. Chengdu airport has since reopened on Monday at 8 p.m. (1200 GMT) to limited flights as the airport is used as a staging area for relief operations.[35]

Reporters in Chengdu said they saw cracks on walls of some residential buildings in the downtown areas, but no building collapsed.[36] Many Beijing office towers were evacuated, including the building housing the media offices for the organizers of the 2008 Summer Olympics. None of the Olympic venues were damaged.[7] Meanwhile, a cargo train carrying 13 petrol tanks derailed in Huixian County, Gansu Province, and caught on fire, after the rail was distorted.[37]

All of the highways into Wenchuan, and others throughout Sichuan province, were damaged, resulting in delayed arrival of the rescue troops.[38][39] In Beichuan county, 80% of the buildings collapsed according to Xinhua News.[40] In the city of Shifang, the collapse of two chemical plants led to leakage of some 80 tons of liquid ammonia, with hundreds of people reported buried.[41] In the city of Dujiangyan, south-east of the epicentre, a whole school collapsed with 900 students buried and 50 dead. The Juyuan middle school, where many teenagers were buried, is being excavated by civilians and cranes.[42] Dujiangyan is home of the Dujiangyan Irrigation System, which is an ancient water diversion project which is still in use and a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The project's famous Fish Mouth was cracked but not severely damaged otherwise.[43]

A bank building in Beichuan after the earthquake. A girl was found in the ruins 102 hours after the earthquake.[44]

Shanghai Stock Exchange and Shenzhen Stock Exchange suspended trading of companies based in southwestern China. Copper rose over speculations that production in southwestern China may be affected,[45] and oil prices dropped over speculations that demand from China will fall.[46]

China Mobile had more than 2,300 base stations suspended due to power disruption or severe telecommunication traffic congestion. Half of the wireless communications were lost in the Sichuan province. China Unicom's service in Wenchuan and four nearby counties were cut off, with more than 700 towers suspended.[47][48][49]

A single door frame bearing a portrait of Chairman Mao remained standing in a pile of debris.

Initially, officials were unable to contact the Wolong National Nature Reserve, home to around 280 giant pandas.[50] However, China’s Foreign Ministry later said that a group of 31 British tourists visiting the Wolong panda reserve in the quake-hit area have returned safe and uninjured to the provincial capital. Nonetheless, the well-being of an even greater number of pandas in the neighbouring panda reserves remains unknown at this point in time. A group of 26 Malaysian tourists including a 90-year-old woman who initially were missing after the earthquake have been found alive. All the Malaysian tourists were not injured and had enough food and water. They are about four kilometres outside Maoxian.[51]

The Zipingpu (紫坪铺水库) Hydropower Plant located 20 km east of the epicenter has been destroyed. The dam has severe cracks and "the plant and associated buildings have collapsed, and some are partly sunk."[52]. The Tulong reservoir Upstream is in danger of collapse. About 2,000 troops have been allocated to Zipingpu, trying to release the pressure through spillway. In total, 391 dams, most of them small, were reported damaged by the quake[53].

China's Olympic Games organisers said that they would scale down the route of the torch through the country, and there was a minute of silence when the next leg started in the south-eastern city of Ruijin on the Wednesday after the quake.[54]

Casualties

Region Dead[5]
Sichuan Mianyang >11,874[55]
Deyang >10,341[55]
Chengdu >4,156[55]
Guangyuan >2,586[55]
Nanchong 15[56]
Ya'an 15[56]
Ziyang 15[56]
Meishan 9[56]
Bazhong 8[56]
Leshan 7[56]
Suining 21[56]
Ngawa Wenchuan Yingxiu 7,700[57]
Xuankou
Wolong
Li
Garzê
Neijiang 4[56]
Gansu 364[55]
Shaanxi 113[55]
Chongqing 16[55]
Henan 2[55]
Yunnan 1[55]
Guizhou 1[55]
Hubei 1[55]
Hunan 1[55]
Provisional estimate 34,073[58]
Estimated total: > 50,000[59]

According to Chinese state officials, the quake caused 34,073 known deaths and 245,108 injured, but this figure may increase as more reports come in.[5] This estimate includes 158 earthquake relief workers who had been killed in landslides as they tried to repair roads.[60]

Officials and rescue teams have yet to reach some of the hardest hit areas closest to the epicenter due to roadways that were completely damaged or blocked off by landslides. The chief secretary of Wenchuan county said in a short satellite phone call that there were some 30,000 people gathered at the major town waiting for help.[61] One rescue team reported only 2,300 survivors from Yingxiu, out of a total population of about 9,000.[62] 3,000 to 5,000 people were killed in Beichuan county, Sichuan province alone, 10,000 injured and 80% of the buildings were destroyed. 8 schools were toppled in Dujiangyan.[63] A 56-year-old Taiwanese tourist was killed in Dujiangyan during a rescue attempt on the Lingyanshan Ropeway, where due to the earthquake 11 Taiwanese tourists had been trapped inside cable cars since May 13.[64] A 4-year-old Taiwanese was reported dead, and one missing.[5]

Experts point out that the earthquake has hit an area that has been largely neglected and untouched by China's spectacular economic rise. Health care is poor in inland areas like Sichuan province, where the magnitude-7.9 quake struck, highlighting the widening gap between prosperous urban dwellers and struggling rural people.[65] The Vice Minister of Health Gao Qiang told reporters in Beijing on Thursday that the "public health care system in China is insufficient."[65] The Vice Minister of Health also suggested that the government would pick up the costs of care to earthquake victims, many of whom have little or no insurance: "The government should be responsible for providing medical treatment to them," he said.[65]

Property damage

Rain was among some of the problems in the aftermath of the earthquake. Here, a group of onlookers examine a collapsed building in the rain.

Catastrophe modeling firm AIR Worldwide reported official estimates of insurers' losses at US$1 billion from the earthquake; estimated total damages exceed US$20 billion. It values Chengdu, Sichuan Province’s capital city of 4.5 million people, at around US$115 billion, with only a small portion covered by insurance.[66]

Reginald DesRoches, a professor of civil and environmental engineering at Georgia Tech, pointed out that the massive damage of properties and houses in the earthquake area was because China did not get an adequate seismic design code until following the big Tangshan earthquake in 1976. DesRoches said: "If the buildings were older and built prior to that [1976 earthquake], chances are they weren't built for adequate earthquake forces."[67]

News report indicate that the poorer, rural villages were hardest hit. Swaminathan Krishnan, assistant professor of civil engineering and geophysics at the California Institute of Technology said: "the earthquake occurred in the rural part of China. Presumably, many of the buildings were just built; they were not designed, so to speak."[67] Swaminathan Krishnan further added: "There are very strong building codes in China, which take care of earthquake issues and seismic design issues. But many of these buildings presumably were quite old and probably were not built with any regulations overseeing them."[67]

Rescue efforts

Road debris from the aftermath of the earthquake prevented any rescue workers from easily accessing Sichuan via motor-powered vehicles.

China's President Hu Jintao has said that the disaster response would be rapid.[68] Just 90 minutes after the earthquake, Premier Wen Jiabao, who has an academic background in geomechanics, flew to the earthquake area to oversee the rescue work.[69]

On May 12, 2008, China's Health Ministry said that it had sent 10 emergency medical teams to Wenchuan County in southwest China's Sichuan Province. On the same day,China's Chengdu Military Area Command dispatched 50,000 troops and armed police to help with disaster relief work in Wenchuan County.[70] However, due to the rough terrain and close proximity of the quake's epicenter, the soldiers found it very difficult to get help to the rural regions of the province.[71]

The State Disaster Relief Commission initiated a "Level II emergency contingency plan", which covers the most serious class of natural disasters. The plan rose to Level I at 22:15 CST, May 12.[72]

An earthquake emergency relief team of 184 people (consisting of 12 people from the State Seismological Bureau, 150 from the Beijing Military Area Command, and 22 from the Armed Police General Hospital) left Beijing from Nanyuan Airport late May 12 in two military transport planes to travel to Wenchuan County.[73]

Many rescue teams, including that of the Taipei City Fire Department, were reported ready to join the rescue effort in Sichuan as early as Wednesday. However, the Red Cross Society of China said that (on May 13) "it was inconvenient currently due to the traffic problem to the hardest hit areas closest to the epicenter."[74] The Red Cross Society of China also stated that the disaster areas needs tents, medical supplies, drinking water and foods; however it recommends donating cash instead of other items as of now, as its not possible to reach roads that were completely damaged or places that were blocked off by landslides.[75]

Falling debris, such as the object that landed on this vehicle, hinders rescue worker's progress as they attempt to cross the mountain.

Persistent heavy rain and landslides in Wenchuan County and the nearby area badly affected rescue efforts.[76][77] At the start of rescue operations on May 12, 20 helicopters were deployed for delivery of food, water, and emergency aid, as well as the evacuation of the injured and reconnaissance of the quake-stricken areas. By 17:37 CST, 13 May 2008, a total of over 15,600 troops and militia reservists from Chengdu Military Region have joined the rescue force in the heavily affected areas.[78][79] A commander reported from Yingxiu town, Wenchuan, that around 3,000 survivors were found, while the status of the other inhabitants (around 9,000) remains unclear.[80] The 1,300 rescuers reached the epicenter, and 300 pioneer troops reached the main town of Wenchuan at about 23:30 CST.[81] By 12:17 CST, 14 May 2008, communication in the major town of Wenchuan is partly revived.[82] On the afternoon of May 14, 100 paratroopers, along with relief supplies, parachuted into inaccessible Maoxian County, northeast of Wenchuan.[83]

An elderly woman was rescued and placed on a stretcher after being trapped for over 50 hours.

By May 15, China's Premiere Wen Jiabao ordered the deployment of an additional 90 helicopters, of which 60 were to be provided by the PLAAF, and 30 provided by the civil aviation industry, bringing the total of number of aircraft deployed in relief operations by the air force, army, and civil aviation to over 150, resulting in China's largest ever non-combat airlifting operation.[84]

The Chinese Government accepted the aid of the Tzu Chi Foundation from Taiwan late on May 13. Tzu Chi was the first aid force outside mainland China to join the rescue effort.[85] China stated it would gratefully accept international help to cope with the quake.[86][54]

Taiwan has scheduled a direct chartered cargo flight operated by China Airlines from Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport to Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport to send a sum of 100 tonnes of relief supplies donated by the Tzu Chi Foundation and the Red Cross Society of Taiwan to the affected areas. Approval from the PRC Government has been sought, and the chartered flight is scheduled to depart Taipei at 17:00 CST, May 15 and arrive in Chengdu by 20:30 CST.[87][88] A rescue team from the ROC Red Cross is also scheduled to depart Taipei on a Mandarin Airlines direct chartered flight to Chengdu at 15:00 CST on May 16.[89]

Above, a moment of silence is being held in Shanghai, exactly one week after the initial earthquake

Francis Marcus of the International Federation of the Red Cross praised China's rescue effort as "swift and very efficient" in Beijing on Tuesday. But he added the scale of the disaster was such that "we can't expect that the government can do everything and handle every aspect of the needs".[86] The Economist noted that China reacted to the disaster "rapidly and with uncharacteristic openness", which contrasted Myanmar's secretive reaction to Cyclone Nargis, which devastated the country 10 days before the earthquake.[90]

On May 16, rescue groups from South Korea, Japan, Singapore, Russia and Taiwan arrived to join the rescue effort.[91] During the weekend, the United States will send into China two U.S. Air Force C-17's carrying supplies, which include tents and generators. Xinhua reported 135,000 Chinese troops and medics are involved in the rescue effort across 58 counties and cities.[92]

The Internet has been extensively used for passing information to aid rescue and recovery in China. For example, the official Xinhua has set up an online rescue request center in order to find the blind spots of disaster recovery.[93] After knowing that rescue helicopters had trouble in landing into the epicenter in Wenchuan, a student proposed a landing spot online and it was chosen as the first touchdown place for the helicopters.[94] Volunteers have also set up several websites to help store contact information for victims and evacuees.[95]

Foreign and domestic aid

Main article: Reactions to the 2008 Sichuan earthquake

Because of the magnitude of the quake, and the media attention on China, foreign nations and organizations immediately responded to the disaster by offering condolences and assistance. On May 14, UNICEF reported that China has formally requested the support of the international community to respond to the needs of affected families.[96]

Mainland China

Above, a crowd gathers in Tiananmen Square in Beijing to mourn for the victims of the earthquake.

The Ministry of Civil Affairs said 10.7 billion Yuan (apprx $1.5 Billion US Dollar) had been donated by the Chinese public. One of the country's most popular sportsman and Houston Rockets' center, Yao Ming gave $214,000 and $71,000 to the Red Cross Society of China. The association has also collected a total of $26 million in donations so far.[97] Other multinational firms located in China has also announced large amounts of donations.[98]

The Red Cross Society of China flew 557 tents and 2,500 quilts valued at 788,000 yuan ($113,000) to Wenchuan County. The Amity Foundation already began relief work in the region and has earmarked $143,000 for disaster relief.[99] The Sichuan Ministry of Civil Affairs said that they have provided 30,000 tents for those left homeless.[10]

On May 15, United Daily News reported that the top ten richest people of China had only donated a little over 32.5 million yuan altogether as of May 13th, drawing accusations of selfishness and callousness from Chinese internet users.[100]

The PRC flag in front of Tiananmen in Beijing flew at half mast throughout the mourning period.

Following the earthquake, a wave of donations swept every walk of life in Mainland China, with booths set up in schools, at banks, and around gas stations.[101] People rushed to donate blood and it resulted in long line-ups in most major Chinese cities.[102] Many donated through text messaging on cellphones to accounts set up by China Unicom and China Mobile.[103] By May 16, the Chinese government had allocated a total of $772 million for earthquake relief so far, up sharply from $159 million from May 14.[104] On May 16 China stated it had also received $457 million in donated money and goods for rescue efforts so far, including $83 million from 19 countries and four international organizations.[104] On the evening of May 18, CCTV-1 hosted a special four-hour program called The Giving of Love (爱的奉献), hosted by regulars from the CCTV New Year's Gala and continual coverage anchor Bai Yansong, and attended by a wide range of entertainment, literary, business and political figures from mainland China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan. Donations of the evening totalled 1.5 billion Chinese Yuan ($US 208 million). At 11:30 in the evening, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Singaporean entertainers Joey Yung, Nicholas Tse, Wakin Chau, JJ Lin and Zhang Mingmin sang a song titled Tomorrow will be better.[105] All websites and newspapers printed in black and white on May 19.

Countries and regions

  •  Algeria: The Algerian government provided aid worth $1 million.[106]
  •  Australia: The Australian government pledged $956,000 that would be funneled through the Australian Red Cross to contribute toward relief costs. China was, however, unable to accept the offer as a result of logistical difficulties faced by the rescue operation in the affected region.[107]
  •  Bosnia: The Bosnian Merhamet relief agency has donated $70,000.[108]
  •  Brazil: The Brazilian government, through its embassy in Beijing, has sent humanitarian aid in the form of food, blankets and tents.[109]
  •  Cambodia: The Cambodian Red Cross has donated $10,000.[110] Prime Minister Hun Sen pledged $100,000 as a donation from Cambodian government.[106]
  •  Canada: The Canadian government has expressed its condolences, and has vowed to take a leadership role in responding to the crisis. It has donated $1 million to relief efforts in China, via the International Federation of the Red Cross (IFRC). It will also match individual donations to humanitarian organizations.[111]
  •  Denmark: Danish Foreign Ministry announced that it would provide DKK750,000($150,000) as emergency aid to China Red Cross. In addition, Danish Red Cross has sent aid worth DKK1 million($200,000).[106]
  •  Estonia: The Estonian Foreign Ministry announced that it will provide 500,000 kroons ($49,000) as emergency aid.[112]
  •  Finland: The Finnish Foreign Ministry announced that it will provide $774,000 as emergency aid, which will be administered through the Finnish Red Cross. Additionally, the Finnish Red Cross will send aid worth $108,000.[113]
  •  France: Later this week the French government will send a cargo plane loaded with tents, sleeping bags, blankets, tarpaulins, cooking kits and other materials worth an estimated $385,500.[114]
  •  Germany: As a "first step," the German government pledged $770,000 via the German Red Cross in aid for earthquake victims.[115]
  •  Greece: The Greek government promised 200,000 Euro ($310,000) available immediately for earthquake relief.[116]
  •  Hong Kong (SAR): The government has pledged to give $38.4 million for relief efforts.[117] The Hong Kong Jockey Club has offered $3.85 million.[118] To facilitate individual donations, Hong Kong's post offices and district government offices will act as collection points. Donations made at those places will be passed on to five relief organizations (Hong Kong Red Cross, World Vision Hong Kong, Oxfam Hong Kong, UNICEF and The Salvation Army) for emergency relief operations related to the Sichuan earthquake.[97][119] People in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Regions (HKSAR) had donated as much as HK$1 billion (US$128 million) to quake-hit areas in China's southwest Sichuan province by May 18, 2008.[120]
  •  India: India underlined its close ties with China and has pledged $5 million worth aid to help the victims of the earthquake. This amount would be utilised for relief material, including blankets, tents, sleeping bags, and medicines.[121]
  •  Indonesia: The Red Cross of Indonesia has donated 10,000 U.S. dollars, and expressed their condolences to the victims.[122]
  •  Iran: Foreign Ministry spokesman Mohammad-Ali Hosseini expressed Iran’s sympathy with China on Tuesday at the death of a large number of people caused by the deadly earthquake. Iran's Ministry of Health has also offered help to the victims in Sichuan.[123]
  •  Ireland: The Irish government has pledged $1.55 million in aid to help earthquake relief efforts in China.[124]
  •  Italy: The Italian government will provide 1.5 million euros worth of relief materials, the first shipment of which has arrived in Chengdu. Earlier, Italy provided 500,000 euros (750,000 dollars) in aid to China.[125]
  •  Japan: The Japanese government pledged $4.8 million in cash and goods to be disbursed through the Chinese government and international organizations. Tokyo said it was ready to offer further assistance if required.[126] The Chinese government accepted the aid of Japanese rescue team on May 15. The first batch, include 31 members, had arrived at the Beijing Capital International Airport at about 9:25 p.m. on May 15, and they were soon transferred to another flight heading for Chengdu. Another batch, including 30 members, has been scheduled to leave Japan for China on May 16.[127]
  •  Kyrgyzstan: The Kyrgyz government will provide China with 120 tons of relief materials.[125]
  •  Laos: Lao government provided wooden material worth $500,000.[106]
  •  Lithuania: Lithuanian government donated Lt200,000($90,000) to China Red Cross.[106]
  •  Macau (SAR): Macau has pledged $14.3 million from the government and $1.43 million from the Macau Foundation.[97]
  •  Malaysia: Malaysia's foreign ministry has pledged 1.5 million dollars in aid to earthquake hit China.[128]Local Malaysian Chinese communities, started to make donations on Tuesday 14 May to help the disaster relief work in the earthquake-hit areas in southwest China. Federation of Chinese Associations Malaysia, donated 20,000 yuan (2,800 U.S. dollars) while the Hai-O Group, donated 200,000 ringgit (62,500 U.S. dollars).[129] The Special Malaysia Disaster Assistance and Rescue Team (SMART) may be deployed to China to help the earthquake victims in Chengdu.[130]
  •  Mongolia: The Mongolian government provided 50,000 dollars to help earthquake victims in China.[125]
  •  New Zealand: The New Zealand government has pledged $500,000 to the Red Cross for quake victims.[131]
  •  North Korea: The North Korean government offered $100,000 in aid to the Chinese government to help people in the quake-stricken region.[132]
  •  Norway: The Norwegian government has pledged $3.92 million for disaster relief.[133]
  • Philippines Philippines: The Philippine government has pledged $450,000 in aid, and has ordered a Philippine medical team to the region.[134]
  • Poland Poland: Polish Foreign Ministry announced a $100,000 donation in aid to China.[135]
  •  Russia: A transport plane carrying 30 tonnes of relief material from Russia arrived in Sichuan's provincial capital Chengdu on Wednesday, becoming the first batch of international aid to reach China. Another 100 tonnes of goods will arrive on three flights in the coming days.[136] In addition, Russia sent a 49-members rescue team to assist the rescue effort.[137]
  •  Samoa: The Samoan government provided 100,000 dollars in aid to Chinese earthquake victims.[125]
  •  Saudi Arabia: Saudi Arabia's King Abdullah bin Abdul-Aziz has donated $50 million in cash and $10 million worth of relief materials.[135]
  •  Singapore: Singapore has donated $200,000 in relief aid, as well as $70,000 raised through fund raisers from local Chinese communities.[138] A 55-member Disaster Assistance and Rescue Team has also been sent on 16 May.[139]
  •  Slovenia: Slovenia donates €100,000 ($154,000) to China for rebuilding quake-hit regions.[140]
  •  South Korea: South Korea has pledged roughly $1 million in aid to China.[141] South Korean rescuers searched for survivors that have been trapped under the rubble of a chemical fertilizers plant at a village in Sichuan Province, China, on Saturday. They discovered five bodies there on Saturday afternoon.[142]
  •  Spain: Spanish government donates $1.55 million to the Chinese Red Cross and humanitarian aid of 7 tons sent on one flight.[143]
  •  Sri Lanka: Sri Lankan Foreign Minister Rohitha Bogollagama said Monday that his country is planning to send a team of medical doctors and nurses to attend to those injured in the devastating 8.0-magnitude earthquake that struck China.[144]
  •   Switzerland: Swiss government will donate 400,000 Swiss francs (about 380,000 U.S. dollars) as its first batch of emergency aid to China.[106]
  • Taiwan Republic of China (Taiwan): The Executive Yuan announced that the government would donate $65 million in relief aid. President-elect Ma Ying-jeou has donated $6,500. The government also plans to send a 58-person search and rescue team. Taiwanese companies and entrepreneurs have pledged nearly $42.9 million. From Thursday, Taiwan will also fly chartered aircraft to Sichuan to ship material provided by charity groups.[145] On May 16, around 150 tons of supplies from the Taiwanese Red Cross and the Tzu Chi organization arrived in Sichuan.[146] Taiwan held a similar telethon event on May 18 where President-elect Ma Ying-jeou and his wife Christine Chow Ma personally answered phone calls on the event broadcasted all across Taiwan. Ma also made a speech at the event, asking for donations from every walk of life in Taiwan.[147]
  •  Thailand: Thailand has devoted $500,000 to aid disaster relief efforts for those affected by both the earthquake in China and Cyclone Nargis in Myanmar.[148]
  •  Turkey: Turkish Red Crescent sent its rescue team to the area with a budget of US$500,000 as an initial response to the quake. Officials have also announced that the aid might be expanded according to the demands by the Chinese Red Cross.[149] The Turkish government has decided to provide 2 million dollars in aid to China.Cite error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page).
  •  United States: The White House has pledged $500,000 in aid and has sent relief supplies valued at $700,000 to China. Additionally, the American Red Cross (ARC) has donated $10 million, and US businesses and enterprises have donated over $12 million.[150]
  •  Vietnam: Vietnam has devoted $200,000 to aid Sichuan residents affected by the earthquake while the Vietnamese Red Cross donated $20,000.[151]

Organizations

  • Flag of the United Nations United Nations: Spokesman for the UN Secretary General Michele Montas announced that the UN would give USD 7 million in aid to China.[152]
  • Flag of the Olympic Games International Olympic Committee: The International Olympic Committee has sent $1 million in aid.[153]
  • The Red Cross International Red Cross: The International Red Cross has released about $235,000 in emergency funds.[154]
    • British Red Cross: The British Red Cross has released $49,000 from its Disaster Fund and also launched an emergency appeal on 14 May 2008 to support the Red Cross Movement's response.[155]
  • Oxfam: Oxfam has contributed $1.55 million for emergency relief, rehabilitation and reconstruction.[156]
  • Giving Children Hope: Giving Children Hope is sending a container of relief to China.[157]
  • World Vision: World Vision is stepping up its Sichuan earthquake appeal, calling for US$2 million in order to launch a full-scale relief and rehabilitation programme. Immediate relief goods, including 800 tents, 30,000 quilts, 464,000 kg of food and 2,000 shelter tarpaulins, are being provided to survivors in Qingchuan, a quake-affected county where World Vision has a community development programme. The goods are being purchased in-country and distributed by World Vision’s local staff and relief teams.[158]
  • Dharma Drum Mountain: Taiwanese Buddhist organization (法鼓山) sending aid with an advertisement featuring World Vision Taiwan as a sponsor.
  • Tzu Chi Foundation: Taiwanese Buddhist organization (慈濟), headed by Master Tseng-Yen sent volunteers to the disaster site with medical supplies, living utilities, etc.
  • Adventist Development and Relief Agency (ADRA) is providing immediate relief assistance to survivors, which includes food, water, and shelter materials. Relief efforts are being expanded.

Companies

  • Dell Inc.: Dell Incorporated and its employees have pledged up to RMB 2.1 million (approx. AU$320,000) in donations. Employees' donations are matched by Dell through the company's Direct Giving Program.[159][160]
  • Formosa Plastics Group (Taiwan) alone has offered $14.3 million
  • Hon Hai (Foxconn Technology Group - Taiwan): top electronics maker plans to donate $8.57 million.

Signs and prediction

See also: Earthquake prediction
  • In 2002, a study by Chen Xuezhong published in the Chinese seismology journal Recent Developments in World Seismology (国际地震动态) reported that starting 2003 there is a high probability of an M≥7 earthquake in Sichuan Province.[161] "Sichuan is virtually certain to experience an earthquake measuring above 7 in the next few years" he wrote.[162]
  • In 2006, a study published in the Chinese Journal of Catastrophology (灾害学) reported that the Sichuan-Yunnan region may experience a M≥6.7 earthquake in 2008.[163]
  • The journal Tectonics published a thesis in July 2007, stating that the risk of a serious earthquake was imminent.[164]
  • On April 26, nearly 80,000 m3 of water that once filled the Guanyin pond of Baiguo township of Enshi City, Hubei province sank underground with a rumbling sound. Changes in the underground waterflow usually indicate changed seismic conditions.[165]
  • On May 9, an anonymous user posted a thread on the popular Baidu Forums stating that earthquake clouds were observed in Linyi, Shandong (more than 1400km away from the epicenter), and wondered if an M≥6.0 were to occur in the next few days; this was later confirmed by a user from Tongzhou District in Beijing.[166][167]
  • On May 10, residents of Tanmu village of Southwest town of Mianzhu, Sichuan (less than 100 km from the epicentre) observed hundreds of thousands of toads migrating on a roadway near a pharmaceutical factory.[168] "The move is because of the change of weather," Shu Shi, director of the Mianzhu forestry bureau, was quoted as saying by local media.[169] A similar phenomenon was observed a day earlier in Taizhou, Jiangsu.[170]
File:20080512 4f9c2ae81778dea2dd67YEU4Cf20WjcK.jpg
Light appearance similar to the aurora borealis, photographed 2008-05-12, 13:56 CST.
  • On May 12, sightings of unusually colorful and luminous cloud formations in two cities of nearby provinces more than 400km north east of the epicenter, each at about 30 and 10 minutes before the earthquake, were filmed and photographed.[171][172][173] These colorful clouds were thought to be significant in exhibiting luminous characteristics akin to auroras; however, the photographs show them merely to be unusually bright and colorful sundogs (rainbow-like phenomena in cirrus or other high clouds). They are coincidental and not related to the earthquake.
  • On May 13, in a press conference held by the State Council Information Office,[174] the spokesperson restated that earthquake forecasting is a "World problem", and that no prediction notification was received before the earthquake.[175] The only case in the last 100 years that an earthquake was successfully predicted by an official department was the Haicheng earthquake in 1975 by the China State Seismological Bureau.[176]

See also

References

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  171. ^ Colorful clouds spotted in Tianshui, Gansu province, 30 minutes before the 2008 Sichuan earthquake
  172. ^ Colorful clouds spotted in Meixian, Shaanxi province, 10 mins before the 2008 Sichuan earthquake
  173. ^ Bizarre phenomenon photographed 1 hour before the quake
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