Circumhorizontal arc
A circumhorizontal arc or circumhorizon arc (CHA), also known as a fire rainbow, is a halo or an optical phenomenon similar in appearance to a horizontal rainbow, but in contrast caused by the refraction of light through the ice crystals in cirrus clouds.
It occurs only when the sun is high in the sky, at least 58° above the horizon, and can only occur in the presences of cirrus clouds. It can thus not be observed at locations north of 55°N, except occasionally from mountains.[1]
The phenomenon is quite rare because the ice crystals must be aligned horizontally to refract the high sun. The arc is formed as light rays enter the horizontally-oriented flat hexagonal crystals through a vertical side face and exit through the horizontal bottom face. It is the 90° inclination that produces the well-separated rainbow-like colours and, if the crystal alignment is just right, makes the entire cirrus cloud shine like a flaming rainbow.[2][1]
A circumhorizontal arc can be confused with an infralateral arc when the sun is high in the sky; the former is however always oriented horizontally where the latter is oriented as a section of a rainbow, e.g. as an arc stretching upwards from the horizon.[2]
One particularly fine example was photographed over northwestern Idaho on June 3 2006, and was reported in both the New Scientist[3] and the Daily Mail (the latter under the caption "flaming rainbow"). As the event was eventually featured on National Geographic News[4], the news quickly spread over the internet.
References
- ^ a b "Circumhorizontal arc". Arbeitskreis Meteore e.V. Retrieved 2007-04-22. (Including a photo featuring a circumhorizontal arc over Mont Blanc in 1988.)
- ^ a b Les Cowley. "Circumhorizontal arc". Atmospheric Optics. Retrieved 2007-04-22. (Including a photo of the sky over New Brunswick.)
- ^ Fred Pearce (2006-06-17). "A rare rainbow of rare beauty". New Scientist. Retrieved 2007-04-22.
- ^ Victoria Gilman (2006-06-19). "Photo in the News: Rare "Rainbow" Spotted Over Idaho". National Geographic News. Retrieved 2007-04-22.
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See also
External links
- Photograph on Coast to Coast site
- Atmospheric Optics - Circumhorizon Arc Gallery
- NOAA Gallery of the event June 3, 2006.
- Flickr Photoset from June3, 2006.
- Circumhorizontal Arc in Tokyo, April 22, 2001
