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Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar trills

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IPA number122
Audio sample
Encoding
X-SAMPAr
Image

The alveolar trill is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents dental, alveolar, and postalveolar trills is r, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is r. It is informally and commonly called the rolling R or rolled R. Quite often, this symbol is used in phonemic transcriptions (especially those found in dictionaries) of languages like English and German that have rhotic consonants that are not an alveolar trill. This is partly due to ease of typesetting and partly because <r> is often the symbol used for the orthographies of such languages.

In the majority of Indo-European languages, this sound is at least occasionally allophonic with an alveolar tap [ɾ], particularly in unstressed positions. Exceptions to this include Spanish, Portuguese and Albanian, which treat them as separate phonemes.

Features

Features of the alveolar trill:

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Abkhaz ашəара [aʃʷara] 'measure' See Abkhaz phonology
Afrikaans rooi [rɔɪ] 'red'
Albanian rrush [ruʃ] 'grape'
Arabic رأس [ræʔs] 'head' represented by a <ر>. See Arabic phonology
Basque errota [eˈrota] 'mill'
Catalan[1] esborrar [əsbuˈra] 'to delete' See Catalan phonology
Croatian tri [tri] 'three' May be syllabic.
Czech chlor [xlɔ̝r] 'chlorine' May be syllabic. See Czech phonology
Dutch rood [rɔːt] 'red' Standard pronunciation. Pronunciation of 'r' varies regionally, see Dutch phonology
English Scottish curd [kʌrd] 'curd' See English phonology
Finnish purra [purːɑ] 'to bite' See Finnish phonology
French southern France and Corsica rouge [ruʒ] 'red' See Standard and Quebec French phonologies.
rural Quebec
German southern dialects Robe [roːbə] 'robe' See German phonology
Greek νερό [ne̞ˈro̞] 'water' See Modern Greek phonology
Hindi घर [gʰər] 'house' See Hindi-Urdu phonology
Hungarian er [ɛrdøː] 'forest' See Hungarian phonology
Italian[2] terra [ˈtɛrra] 'earth' See Italian phonology
Ngwe Njoagwi dialect [lɛ̀rɛ́] 'eye'
Polish[3] krok [krɔk] 'step' See Polish phonology
Portuguese carro [ˈkäru] 'car' In some dialects. See Portuguese phonology and Guttural R.
Romanian r [mər] 'apple' See Romanian phonology
Russian[4] играть [ɪˈgr̠atʲ] 'to play' Retracted. See Russian phonology
Serbian рт/rt [r̩t] 'cape' May be syllabic
Slovak ryba [riba] 'fish' May be syllabic
Spanish[5] perro [ˈpɛro̞] 'dog' See Spanish phonology
Tajik арра [ʌrrʌ] 'saw'
Ubykh [bəqˁʼərda] 'to roll around'
Welsh Rhagfyr [ˈr̥aːgvɨr] 'December'

Raised alveolar non-sonorant trill

There is a phone (different from [r]) which is exclusively used in Czech (in words such as rybáři 'fishermen'). Its manner of articulation is similar but the tongue is raised; it is partially fricative. It is orthographically represented by the letter <ř>, and in IPA as <r̝>. The basic manner of pronunciation is voiced but there is also a voiceless allophone [r̝̊].

See also

References

  1. ^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992:53)
  2. ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:117)
  3. ^ Jassem (2003:103)
  4. ^ Skalozub (1963); cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:?)
  5. ^ Martínez-Celdrán et al (2003:255)

Bibliography