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Culture of Quebec

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The culture of Quebec is a Western culture that is rooted in the history and society of the French-speaking majority. As the only region in North America with a French-speaking majority and as one of only two provinces in Canada where the French language is constitutionally intact (New Brunswick being the other), the culture of French Quebecers differs from that of the 325 million English-speaking citizens of Canada and the United States who surround it, as well as from that of France.

For historical and linguistic reasons, francophone Quebec also has cultural links with other North American French-speaking communities, particularly with the Acadians of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Franco-Ontarian communities in Eastern Ontario, and to a lesser extent with the French Canadian communities of northern Ontario and Western Canada and the Cajun French revival movements in Louisiana, United States. As of 2006, 79% of all Quebecers have French as their mother tongue or speak mostly French at home [1]; since French is the official language in the province, up to 95% of all residents know and use French in their daily activities [2].

History made Quebec a meeting place for cultures, where people from around the world experience America, but from a little distance and through a different eye.[citation needed] The culture of Quebec is connected to the strong cultural currents of the rest of Canada, the United States, France, and the United Kingdom all at the same time. As such, it is often described as a crossroads between Europe and America. The Encyclopædia Britannica describes contemporary Quebec culture as a post-1960s phenomenon resulting from the Quiet Revolution (Révolution tranquille), an essentially homogenous socially liberal counter-culture phenomenon supported and financed by both of Quebec's major political parties who differ essentially not in a right vs left continuum but a federalist vs sovereignist/separatist continuum.

Creative arts

Architecture

Main article: Architecture of Quebec

The architecture of Quebec is characterized by the juxtaposition of the old and the new and a wide variety of architectural styles, the legacy of two successive colonizations by the French, the British, and the close presence of the architecture of the United States.

Noted for its religious heritage, Quebec has some notable Roman Catholic churches. Quebec has 122 religious buildings listed as historical monuments. The best-known ones include Saint Joseph's Oratory, Mary, Queen of the World Cathedral, Notre-Dame Basilica, and Notre-Dame de Québec Cathedral.

Cinema

Main article: Cinema of Quebec
See also: List of Quebec film directors and List of Quebec movies

The first public movie projection in North America occurred in Montreal on June 27 1896. Frenchman Louis Minier presented a film on a Lumiere cinematographe in a cafe-theatre on Saint-Laurent street. However, it would not be until the 1960s when the National Film Board of Canada was established that a genuine Quebec cinema industry would emerge. Important contributions to world cinema include cinéma vérité and artistic animation. In 2004, a Quebec film, The Barbarian Invasions, won the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film.

Circus arts

Quebec has carved a niche for itself in the field of circus arts, where it emphasizes the European tradition of circus.

The Cirque du Soleil circus troupe is known for its artistic productions with rich musical scores. Its productions include Varekai, Dralion, Alegría, Corteo, KOOZA, Quidam, KÀ, Zumanity, Love, Mystère and O, which is performed on a water platform. It is one of the world's few circuses without animal performers. Other internationally successful troupes include Cirque Éloize and Cirque ÉOS.

Cavalia, a Shawinigan-based horse show, has, since 2003, gained massive popularity in Montréal and Los Angeles.[citation needed] It features both acrobatic and equestrian arts. All of the horses are male, most of which are stallions.

Comic strips

Main article: Comic strips of Quebec

Comic books in Quebec traditionally call upon the European tradition of comics, combining both graphic design and literature. Though most are aimed at children, they are generally considered more dignified entertainment and there are many notable exceptions of graphic novels and comic books aimed at an older reading audience, such as the ones published by the Montreal-based Drawn and Quarterly, 400 Coups and La Pasteque.

Dance

Main article: Dance of Quebec

Theatre

Main article: Theatre of Quebec
See also: Michel Tremblay
See also: Wajdi Mouawad

Literature

Main article: Literature of Quebec
See also: List of Quebec writers

The first literary output from Quebec occurred under the French regime with the many poems written by the early inhabitants of New France. It was, however, during the late 19th century that a novel was first published by a Quebecer.

Music

Main article: Music of Quebec

The traditional folk music of Quebec has two main influences: the traditional songs of France, and the influence of Celtic music, with reels and songs that show a definite affinity with the traditional music of Canada's Maritime Provinces, Ireland, Scotland, and Brittany. This traditional music is becoming increasingly more popular, with the success of groups such as La Bottine Souriante.

Quebec has also produced world-class classical music over the years, such as the Montreal Symphony Orchestra (MSO), founded in 1934. Under the direction of Charles Dutoit from 1977 to 2002, the MSO gained a truly international reputation.[citation needed] Montreal is also home to the Orchestre Métropolitain du Grand Montréal, the early music ensemble Arion, the all-female ensemble La Pietà, created by violinist Angèle Dubeau, to name but a few; Quebec City is home to the Violons du Roy under the direction of Bernard Labadie and the Orchestre symphonique de Québec under the direction of Yoav Talmi. Quebec has a number of classical music festivals, such as the Festival de Lanaudière, Festival Orford chamber music festival held at the Orford Art Centre, and where the ensemble the Orford String Quartet was first formed.

Classical music aficionados can attend performances in a number of concert halls. Salle Wilfrid Pelletier at the Place des Arts cultural centre in the heart of Montreal is home to the MSO. Montreal's McGill University also houses three concert halls: Pollack Hall, Tanna Schulich Hall and Redpath Hall. The Université de Montréal has its Salle Claude Champagne, named after Quebec composer Claude Champagne. The Grand Théâtre de Québec in Quebec City is home to the Orchestre symphonique du Québec. A regional centre, Rimouski, is home to the Orchestre symphonique de l'Estuaire and has a large concert hall, the Desjardins-Telus theatre.

Jazz also has a long tradition in Quebec. Montreal's annual Montreal International Jazz Festival draws millions of visitors each summer. Many Quebeckers have made a name for themselves in the jazz world, such as Oscar Peterson, Oliver Jones, Karen Young, Lorraine Desmarais, Vic Vogel, Michel Donato, and Alain Caron.

A number of performers enjoy considerable success at home, both in terms of record sales and listenership, while remaining relatively unknown outside Quebec. In a number of cases, French-speaking Quebec singers are able to export their talent to France and Belgium. Artists like Céline Dion and the pop-punk group Simple Plan will sometimes sing in English to reach a wider audience.

A growing population in Quebec (young adults and teenagers) are listening to more "underground" music, including world known Metal, Hardcore, Punk bands.[citation needed]

Visual arts

Main article: Visual arts of Quebec
An example of Québécois folk sculpture.

For many years a mostly rural society, Quebec has a tradition of craft art, including the making of stained glass windows, as exemplified in the art of Marcelle Ferron.

The group known as Les Automatistes, and its best known artist, Jean-Paul Riopelle, is perhaps Quebec's most well known contribution to the world of fine art.

Lifestyle

Family life

During the 1950s and 1960s, Quebec maintained record numbers with regards to fertility rate. The Roman Catholic church using their priests (established in all parishes and small-towns) guided and directed people's attitudes and moralities in those days. In the post-Quiet Revolution era, this attitude completely changed. In 2001, the fertility rate in Quebec was 1.474 per thousand.

In Quebec, many, if not all, married women retain their maiden names when they marry. This is mandated in the Civil Code of Quebec. This followed the 1970s strong feminist movement and the Quiet Revolution. Since June 24, 2002 Quebec has had a civil union system available to both opposite-sex and same-sex couples. On March 19, 2004, Quebec became the third province in Canada to legally perform a same-sex marriage, following a court challenge brought by Michael Hendricks and René Leboeuf.

See also: Same-sex marriage in Quebec

Work

The province at the turn of the 20th century, was known for its low-paid blue-collar workers employed in textile, paper plants and shops. Quebec also has a long tradition in forestry. Quebec's lumberjacks were known and popularized in New England and even all the way to Minnesota.[citation needed] In the first part of the 20th century, many lumber camps in Maine, Vermont and New Hampshire were staffed by French-Canadian workers.

Since the 1960s, union membership has grown in Quebec. Today, Quebec has the highest percentage of unionized workers in North America.[citation needed] Most union leaders in Quebec have strong ties to the Parti Québécois .[citation needed] Many members of the business circles and the population-at-large resent the major unions' (FTQ, CSN and CSQ) influences on the public debates especially the sovereignty of the province.[citation needed] Union leaders, but not the rank-and-file members per se, are often seen meddling on political debates; often publicly voicing their favourable position and support of Quebec sovereignty.[citation needed]

Some Quebeckers have strong adversarial relationships with residents of neighbouring English-speaking provinces as well as Quebec's own Anglophones. Such an attitude stems partly from the early to mid-20th century, when Anglophones dominated the spheres of industry and commerce and tended to favour their own for promotion to management-level positions. Since then, the tide has arguably turned.

Religion

Quebec was a very Roman Catholic society until recent years. The Catholic Church portrayed itself as the protector of the French language and culture. Archbishops of large cities were very influential at all government levels. In small towns, the influence of the priest was often equal or superior to that of the town's mayor. Before any political decision could be made, politicians made sure that it would be in accordance with Catholic belief and attitudes. Congregations of nuns controlled and managed the province's education, social and medical service. Simply put, Quebec was one of the world's Catholic strongholds.

Since the Quiet Revolution of the 1960s, Quebec has become much more secular. Nonetheless about 90% of the population still claims to be Roman Catholic, but few regularly attend Mass.[citation needed] As a result, much of the province's Catholic church architecture is in peril, with parishes not having enough funds for necessary upkeep. Some churches are closing, merging with other parishes. As church attendance is now extremely low, few individuals are willing to become priests, monks or nuns. Therefore, many small towns must now share their priest with neighbouring towns. The influence of the Catholic Church is strongest in rural regions and weakest in the Montreal area.[citation needed]

Traditional religious views are usually portrayed in a negative light by the urban media, as shown in the 2000s in the debate on religious freedom versus gay rights surrounding the issue of same-sex marriage, for example. A very notable example of this anti-clericalism was the firing from the Télévision de Radio-Canada network of TV host Denise Bombardier, in 2005, for publicly taking the Catholic stance in defence of traditional marriage, in contrast to the liberal views of most Montreal journalists.[neutrality is disputed]

One notable vestige of the Catholic Church's long dominance of Quebec culture is that francophone curses and expletives are composed nearly entirely of religious references and vocabulary.

All major religions are represented, to some degree, especially in Montreal and Quebec City where the Anglican Church of Canada has cathedrals. The allophone population of Montreal (those who speak neither English nor French) in particular represents many different religions and faiths. Montreal was once the centre of Jewish culture in Canada, and retains a sizeable Jewish population, especially visible in Côte Saint-Luc and in Mile-End/Le Plateau, which has a large Hasidic population.

Vacation

Starting probably in the late 1940s and reaching its peak in the 1970s, some Quebec residents have vacationed or spent the whole winter months in southeast Florida, mainly in the Hallandale Beach and Fort Lauderdale regions. Initially a trend that only the wealthy could afford; this destination is now considered by many as outdated and unstylish. It did, however, spur the coining of the term, "Floribécois,"[citation needed] a Quebec snowbird. The increasing real estate taxes might explain why Quebeckers increasingly tend to visit the North Miami area instead of residing there for part of the year. Many snowbirds owned a trailer or a house but were renting the land where their property was located. New locations and resort areas such as Mexico, Cuba, the Dominican Republic and Caribbean islands are now favoured by many Quebecers to spend their traditional sunny one or two-week vacations.

Humour

Le poisson d'avril (April Fools) is an old French tradition involving tacking fish (usually paper ones) on people's back without their knowledge. It dates back to 1564, and is still to this day a tradition in Quebec, although now people play pranks on each other instead of the fish, as is done in most other parts of the world.

Many Quebec television shows contain humour, and a lot of talk-shows ask for comic people to participate in. A famous show called "Bye-Bye", broadcast each year on December 31, was a funny way to review the last year and laugh about any news (political or not) that happened that year.

The "Juste pour rire" (or "Just for Laughs") festival is now considered the world's biggest comedy festival of its kind; it started in Montreal and has expanded to Toronto, Nantes in France, and other countries. In addition, it now consists of more English-language programming than French.[citation needed]

Prior to the modern independent political movement, many citizens of Quebec decided to express their dissatisfaction with federal elections by forming the Rhinoceros Party of Canada. Founded in 1963, the party fielded humorous candidates in many ridings with a satirical platform. They added colour to many otherwise drab elections for more than two decades.

Food

Main article: Cuisine of Quebec

As in European countries like Italy or France, where cooking is considered one of the fine arts, fine dining is a passion among the well-to-do of Quebec society. While Montreal has the greatest concentration of fine cuisine restaurants in Canada[citation needed], even small communities proudly boast of famous inns where the chef has an international reputation. [citation needed] This could be partly explained by a strong immigration in the 1960s and 1970s from Belgium, Switzerland and France. Many of those immigrants were waiters, cooks and chefs.

Sports and hobbies

Sporting activities are increasingly popular in Quebec. As Quebec is snow-bound for several months of the year, typically from November to March, it is no surprise that many winter activities have taken root and, in a few cases, even originated here.

Ice hockey is by far the sport of choice in Quebec. It lives in the hearts and minds of Quebecers thanks to the rich legacy of the Montreal Canadiens.[citation needed] The rules of the game were set up by students at McGill University in 1875. There are many junior ice hockey teams, and one would be hard-pressed to find even the smallest community without a rink available for organized play.

Cross-country skiing is very easily accessible due to the abundance of snow and an unending supply of open fields. With the Laurentian Mountains close at hand, some of the best downhill skiing in Canada east of the Rockies is to be found in Quebec as well.

The snowmobile (or "skidoo"), invented in Quebec by Joseph-Armand Bombardier, is a popular hobby, though its reputation has been marred by several deaths each year. Through the 1990s, the Mont Tremblant and Mont Sainte-Anne ski resorts became popular destinations internationally.

Another popular pastime is ice fishing. Rivers freeze over quickly come wintertime and as soon as the ice is solid enough to walk upon, one can find dozens of tiny homemade shacks (ice houses) dotting the frozen surface.

Quebec is home to many professional sports teams and events, the majority of which call Montreal home.

Existing teams

Defunct teams

Events

Athletes

Noted Quebec athletes include:

Events

The Quebec City Winter Carnival is held every winter in Quebec City and is famous for its world-class ice sculpture competition, sledding at the feet of Chateau Frontenac and its mascot, Le Bonhomme Carnaval. It was created by an association of Quebec City restaurateurs and hotel owners in order to boost the city slow winter tourism economy. Not as bawdy as the Brazilian version, though arising from the same Christian tradition of partying before Lent, it is generally a celebration of winter. Recently, there has even been a hotel made entirely of ice available for lodging.

During the summer season, Montreal is kept busy by a wide variety of festivals, which has given the city its reputation for being one of the festival capitals of North America.

The Montreal Jazz Festival, or Festival International du Jazz, is held annually in Montreal during the summer season and attracts artists from around the world and is typically attended by millions of people who are attracted by the electric atmosphere. The city's downtown core is closed to traffic for two weeks as outdoor shows are free to the public on many stages.

The Fireworks Festival (L'International des Feux Loto-Québec) is one of the most important annual, international fireworks competition held at Six Flags La Ronde (in Montreal), an amusement park built on the artificial island used for Expo 67. The competition takes the form of a series of biweekly fireworks shows usually beginning in late June and ending in late July. The fireworks are synchronized to music which is also broadcasted over a local radio station. Spectators can purchase tickets to be seated on site at La Ronde, providing an exceptional view of the lower altitude display and of the whole perspective. However, tens of thousands of people watch the fireworks for free from nearby locations. Because of its proximity to La Ronde, the Jacques Cartier Bridge is closed down to automobile circulation and is flooded by thousands of pedestrian spectators for the duration of the show.

The Just for Laughs Festival, or Festival Juste pour rire, a comedy festival, again highlights Quebec's love of humour. Gala events are held nightly for several days and an atmosphere similar to the Jazz Fest is seen on the streets of Montreal, with many street performers and crowds.

The Francofolies is a festival celebrating the diversity of francophone music. Many exterior shows are given for free.

See also: List of Quebec festivals

Media

The major newspapers in Quebec include the broadsheets La Presse (Montreal), Le Devoir (Montreal) and Le Soleil (Quebec City), the tabloids Le Journal de Montréal (Montreal) and Le Journal de Québec (Quebec City), and the English-language broadsheet The Gazette (Montreal).

Other smaller centres have their own newspapers, and there are also several free papers including "alternative weeklies" and daily micro-presses available in cafes and the Montreal Metro.

A number of television networks and stations broadcast in Quebec. Two public broadcasters broadcast over the air in French: Radio-Canada, operated by the federal government, and Télé-Québec, operated by the provincial government. Two private broadcasters broadcast over the air in French: TVA (which generally has the highest ratings of all French-language broadcasters) and Télévision Quatre Saisons (TQS). These Quebec television networks produce a considerable amount of their content locally, including the popular téléromans.

The three main Canadian English networks also broadcast over the air in Quebec: public broadcaster CBC and private broadcasters CTV and Global Television. These networks provide some local content, primarily news and public affairs programming. Montreal's CJNT, owned by Global, is a hybrid affiliate of English language CH system and multicultural programming.

A number of networks are only available to cable and satellite subscribers. Subscribers can watch a wide range of specialized French-language TV channels. Amongst these offerings is TV5, the international French-language network. Most major Canadian English-language cable and satellite networks are also available.

Most American television networks are available in Quebec, although in some locations farther from the border they are not available over the air, but only on cable. The PBS affiliates from the neighbouring states, WETK in Burlington, Vermont and WCFE in Plattsburgh, New York, sometimes run Quebec-specific material.

See also: List of Quebec media and List of Quebec television series

Cultural institutions

Many cultural institutions were set up in Quebec in the wake of the Quiet Revolution.

Among the key institutions are:

Quebec's rich heritage of culture and history can be explored through a network of museums, which include the Musée d'art contemporain de Montréal, the Musée de la civilisation and the Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec.

Many of Quebec's artists have been educated in universities' arts faculties and specialized art schools. Notable schools include the Conservatoire de musique et d'art dramatique du Québec, the École nationale de théâtre du Canada, the École nationale de l'humour and the École nationale de cirque.

See also: list of Quebec museums, List of Quebec art schools, List of Quebec Universities, and Quebec education system

Prizes and awards

Quebec rewards its singers, musicians, authors, actors, directors, dancers, etc. regularly. Among the awards are:

Regional cultures

Saguenay-Lac-St-Jean

A region known for its blueberries, its tourtière, its soupe aux gourganes and other specialties, Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean is also the birth place of many of Quebec's public figures such as former Quebec premier Lucien Bouchard, singer Mario Pelchat and Olympic athlete Marc Gagnon. The accent of this region is one of the most distinctive and peculiar ones found in Quebec, although natives of the regions would reply that in fact it is the people of Montreal who have an accent, not them.

This area is the heart-land of the Quebec sovereigntist movement.

Gaspé (Gaspésie)

The Gaspé (Gaspésie in French) peninsula borders on the Maritimes and shares its marine culture. Acadians are in fact a majority in many towns such as Bonaventure, and Québécois Gaspesians have an accent very close to that of their Acadian neighbours.

The culture of the Gaspé Peninsula is very much based on the sea. Tourist attractions include the shrimp industry and salmon pass of Matane, regional gastronomy and the scenery of its sea coast, the Percé Rock, and Chic-Chocs Appalachian mountains.

This area in recent years has become a haven for sovereigntists as well. [citation needed]

Montreal

Montreal, Quebec's largest city, is the second largest French-speaking city in the Western World after Paris. The city is known for its culture, cuisine, and shopping. Montreal has a large English-speaking population who form a majority in some municipalities of the West Island. Most immigrants to Quebec settle in Montreal, and many come from French-speaking nations.

Quebec City

Quebec City, the provincial capital (albeit dubbed La Capitale Nationale), is best known as the first permanent settlement and the only fortified city in North America. The old city, partially encircled in the centuries old walls, has a European flair.

Aboriginal peoples

Main article: Aboriginal peoples in Quebec

People of 11 aboriginal nations live in the territory of Quebec. They make up around 1% of the population. Their influence on Quebec culture has been and continues to be significant. They are the ones who taught the first French settlers how to survive and to adapt to the harsh winters. Later, the French engaged in trade with a great number of tribes inside and outside Quebec.

There are many words in Quebec French that come from aboriginal languages, such as manitou (wizard) and mocassin (soft leather shoes) as well as many places, rivers and lakes that have a native name.

Foreign influences

Quebec's cultural roots not only draw from the St. Lawrence River, but also from the cultures of France, the United Kingdom, Ireland and the United States.

France

Since the 1960s, cultural ties between France and Quebec have increased significantly and the exchange between the two has resulted in much mutual exposure to each others arts and societies. The Quebec government does not charge foreign student fees to students from France and certain other French-speaking countries, and France has also provided support for Quebec's national project, particularly during the era of President Charles de Gaulle.

The intellectual elites of French Quebec are divided on this matter. One branch looks to Paris, France for all things cultural, and the other considers New York City as the cultural capital of the universe.[citation needed] The mass of the population tends to favour local talent or adopts a surprisingly cosmopolitan attitude, listening to Brazilian rhythms and going to Asia as well as Florida, Mexico and Cuba for vacations.[citation needed]

United Kingdom

The influence of British culture on Quebec slowly began after the British Conquest of New France in 1760. At first, the establishment of a British administration did not truly affect the life of the inhabitants of what was then called le Canada. The British population was in fact very low for a long period of time until around 1783 when United Empire Loyalists began colonizing the Eastern Townships. The arrival of many immigrants directly from Britain, many from Scotland later on of course greatly affected the cultural life of French-speaking Quebecers.

At the peak of British colonization of Quebec in the late 19th century, about 25% of Quebecers were Anglophones and Montreal, the largest city in Canada at the time, was a predominantly English-speaking city.

The first traces of British influence on Quebecers occurred in the beginning of the 19th century when the population adopted the table manners of the British instead of the one used in New France: the fork to the left, the knife and spoon to the right and early dinner at 5-6 PM. Before that, the Canadiens of New France used the French customs of the time, everyone having a pocket knife ready to use when it was time to eat.

Increased trade with the United Kingdom transformed many of the habits of Quebecers. Especially in urban areas, they began to copy the way of life of the British. It became trendy for men to dress as English dandies, and household were decorated with all things British. The architecture of Montreal is full of remnants of a Victorian trend, which was followed in all British colonies.

Ireland

Irish immigration had a huge impact on Quebecers as listening to Quebec's traditional music will reveal. The immigrants from Ireland were mostly Catholic, and the two populations intermarried to a much greater extent than with any other ethnic group. Although not as represented as the British in finance or industry, the Irish have been actively involved in Quebec politics, a fact alluded to by the two prime ministers, five premiers, many Members of the National Assembly of Quebecs and court justices with Irish roots.

Today, many Quebecers have an Irish ancestor somewhere in their family tree. The Irish brought the celebration of St. Patrick's Day to Montreal, making it one of the oldest of its kind in North America. Quebec's most praised poet, Émile Nelligan, is born of a Quebec French-speaking mother and an English-speaking Irish father.

See also: Irish Quebecers

United States

American influences on Quebec culture go back to the first era of prosperity experienced by the American people after their independence. American culture and values began to pour into Quebec starting with the Industrial Revolution and continue to this day, thanks to an open border between the US and Canada.

Though the same phenomenon has occurred with the other Canadian provinces, Quebec, being mostly French-speaking and (formerly) Catholic, the contact of the two cultures has produced significantly different results. It has often taken the form of a conflict between the "old way" of living and the "new way" coming from the outside.

The United States drew a number of emigrants from Quebec, mostly during the period from the 1840s to the 1930s and mostly to New England, many immigrated to work in the timber trade or were seeking work in the heavily industrialized Northeast cities such as Boston and Providence. Some eventually returned to Quebec, but most stayed in the US. Jack Kerouac is a notable American descended from French-Canadian emigrants.

Hollywood

Movies and television have long been welcomed in Quebec and remain among the more popular forms of entertainment. However, due to the language barrier, most of the cultural flooding seen in most English-speaking areas has not occurred to the same extent.[citation needed] Dubbed US productions still enjoy great success. In fact, dubbed productions have seen a great boom in popularity over the last ten years.[citation needed]

One regulation adopted under the Charter of the French Language stipulates that movie distributors are to release a French dubbed version of any major movie at the same time as the original English. Distributors had steadfastly opposed this measure, but once it took effect they found that their total sales of tickets for any given movie jumped dramatically in Quebec. They had not realized before then that many Quebecers capable of reading advertising or reviews in English, to some extent, were not fluent enough to really enjoy a movie in the original English. They also invested less money on the marketing of the dubbed versions, months later. By releasing both versions at the same time, all of the population, regardless of language or relative degrees of fluency in English, was subject to the same bombardment of publicity and movie reviews at the same time. Nowadays, movies are allowed to be shown in English only as long as they only remain in cinemas for 45 days.

However, the movies are sometimes dubbed in France and use Parisian argot that the French-Canadian viewer would find incomprehensible. For example, politician Mario Dumont took his children to see the Parisian French dub of Shrek the Third, and was unable to understand anything that the characters were saying. Dumont proposed a bill stating that all French-language movies in Quebec must be dubbed locally, but the bill did not pass. However, studios seemed to be more inclined towards dubbing their movies in Quebec after the incident.[citation needed]

See also

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