Water-fuelled car
A water-fuelled car is a motor car that uses water as its fuel or produces fuel from water onboard, with no other energy input. Water-fuelled cars have been mentioned in history books, newspaper and popular science magazines, and urban legends since the 1800s; at least some of the claims where found to be tied to investment frauds.[1] [2] This article is restricted to those cars or motors which purport to extract their energy directly from water, a process which would violate the first and/or second laws of thermodynamics.
The water-fuelled car is not
any of the following:
- The steam engine: A steam engine uses water to transmit energy from the fire or other heat source to the pistons or turbine that do the work of turning the engine.
- The Crower six stroke, which adds two extra strokes to the customary internal combustion engine four stroke Otto cycle, to produce and exhaust steam from water, while venting heat from the engine.
- water injection which is a method for cooling the combustion chambers of engines by adding water to the incoming fuel-air mixture, allowing for greater compression ratios and reduced engine knocking (detonation).
- The hydrogen car, although it often incorporates some of the same elements. To fuel a hydrogen car from water, energy from a power plant is used to generate hydrogen by electrolysis. The resulting hydrogen is then either burned in the car's engine or merged with oxygen to create water via a fuel cell. The car ultimately receives its energy from the power plant, with the hydrogen acting as an energy carrier.
- Hydrogen fuel enhancement systems.
Chemical energy content of water
The burning of conventional fuels such as petrol (gasoline), wood, and coal converts the fuel into substances with less energy (see enthalpy of formation). Energy is released. In the case of most fossil fuels, combustion can be represented with the following chemical equation:
Water is a waste product.
Spontaneous chemical processes do not create energy, they release it by converting unstable bonds into more stable bonds and/or by increasing entropy. Water is such an abundant chemical compound in part because it has very stable bonds that resist most reactions. In order for water to participate in a reaction that produces energy, high energy compounds must be added. For example, it is possible to generate the combustible fuel acetylene by adding calcium carbide to water. However, the calcium carbide, a high energy material, is the 'fuel,' not water.
It is theoretically possible to extract energy from water by nuclear fusion, but fusion power plants of any scale remain impractical, much less on an automotive platform.
Electrolysis
Claimed water fuelled engines often obtain hydrogen by electrolysis of water. The electrolysis cell must be powered electrically. The hydrogen and oxygen obtained by this electrolysis can then be burned but more energy is required to drive the electrolysis cell than can be extracted from the resulting hydrogen-oxygen mixture. Otherwise, such a system would be equivalent to a perpetual motion machine.
When hydrogen is burned, the heat it creates can be converted into work by a conventional Otto cycle car engine, but the efficiency of such engines is limited by the second law of thermodynamics and is likely to be around 20%.[3][4] Because a conventional electric motor does not use heat, it can theoretically have an efficiency close to 100%. 94% efficient motors of sufficient power to drive a car are commonplace.[5]
Technology
Stanley Meyer's water-fuel cell
Meyer claimed he ran his 1.6 liter Volkswagen dune buggy on water instead of gasoline. He replaced the spark plugs with "injectors" to spray a fine mist of water into the engine cylinders, which he claimed were subjected to an resonant frequency. The fuel cell would split the water mist into hydrogen and oxygen gas, which would then be combusted back into water vapor in a conventional internal combustion engine to produce net energy.[1]
Garrett electrolytic carburetor
Charles H. Garrett from Dallas, Texas allegedly demonstrated a water-fuelled car, which was reported on September 8, 1935 in The Dallas Morning News.[citation needed] The car generated hydrogen by electrolysis as can be seen by examining Garrett's patent, issued that same year.U.S. patent 2,006,676 This patent includes drawings which show a carburetor similar to an ordinary float-type carburetor but with electrolysis plates in the lower portion, and where the float is used to maintain the level of the water. Garrett's patent fails to identify a new source of energy.
Genepax Water Energy System
In June 2008, Japanese company Genepax unveiled a car which it claimed runs on water and air,[6] and many news outlets dubbed the vehicle a "water-fuel car".[7] The company says it "cannot [reveal] the core part of this invention,” yet,[8] but it has disclosed that the system uses an onboard energy generator (a "membrane electrode assembly") to extract the hydrogen using a "mechanism which is similar to the method in which hydrogen is produced by a reaction of metal hydride and water".[9] The hydrogen is then used to generate energy to run the car. This has led to speculation that the metal hydride is consumed in the process and is the ultimate source of the car's energy, making the car hydride-, rather than water-fuelled.[10][11][12] The company has said that it has filed for a patent.[13]
On June 27th 2008 they released information on english on their website, where the energy source is explained only with the words "Chemical reaction between water and air at room temperature".[14] Also, Genepax illustrated that no external energy or fuel is needed, not even activation energy for achieving the unknown chemical reaction.[15] If what the company claimed is true, this will be the world's first working example for violation of the first law of thermodynamics and chemical reaction kinetics theory which states that activation energy, however little, is required for all chemical reaction.[16]
The gasoline pill and related additives
Related to the water-fuelled car hoax are claims that additives, often a pill, convert the water into usable fuel. Recall that in a carbide lamp, a high-energy additive produces the combustible fuel. This gasoline pill has been allegedly demonstrated on a full-sized vehicle, as reported in 1980 in Mother Earth News. Once again, water itself cannot contribute any energy to the process, the additive or the pill is the fuel.
A popular science article in New Scientist in July 2006 described a new type of engine under the misleading headline "A fuel tank full of water".[17] New Scientist later published a letter criticizing them for making "outrageous claims" and pointing out that the engine actually used boron as its fuel.[18] In this case, the fuel is sodium borohydride, a high energy compound that releases hydrogen upon contact with water:
- NaBH4 + 4 H2O → NaB(OH)4 + 4 H2
Hydrogen burns in air (to produce water):
- 2 H2 + O2 → 2 H2O
A number of chemical compounds combine with water to release hydrogen, but in all cases the energy required to produce such compounds exceeds the energy obtained upon their combustion.
Free energy suppression
Free energy suppression is a conspiracy theory that states that advanced technology which would allow us to better meet our energy needs exists today but is being suppressed by special interest groups to whom the status quo is advantageous.
In popular culture
"Like Water for Octane", an episode of The Lone Gunmen (TV series) (a spin-off of The X-Files),[19] is based on a "water-powered" car that character Melvin Frohike saw with his own eyes back in 1962.[20]
The Water Engine, a David Mamet play, made into a television film in 1994, tells the story of Charles Lang inventing an engine that runs using water for fuel. The plot centers on the many obstacles the inventor must overcome to patent his device.[21]
See also
References
- ^ a b Edwards, Tony (1996-12-01). "End of road for car that ran on Water". The Sunday Times. Times Newspapers Limited. p. Features 12. Retrieved 2007-05-16.
- ^ State of New Jersey Department of Law and Public Safety press release, November 9, 2006
- ^ Physics In an Automotive Engine
- ^ Improving IC Engine Efficiency
- ^ Washington University Extension Energy Solutions Database
- ^ "New Fuel Cell System 'Generates Electricity with Only Water, Air'". Nikkei Business Publications,Inc. 2008-6-13. Retrieved 2008-6-13.
{{cite news}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=and|date=(help) - ^ "Water-fuel car unveiled in Japan". Reuters. 2008-6-13. Retrieved 2008-6-18.
{{cite news}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=and|date=(help) - ^ Ghelfi, Carli (June 18, 2008). "Water-fueled car: too good to be true?". Cleantech.com. Retrieved 2008-06-22.
- ^ "Japanese company creates eco-friendly car that uses water as fuel!". India Times. 2008-6-17. Retrieved 2008-6-18.
{{cite news}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=and|date=(help); Cite has empty unknown parameter:|1=(help) - ^ http://www.treehugger.com/files/2008/06/genepax-water-powered-car-japan-debunking.php
- ^ "Japanese Company Says Laws of Physics Don't Apply — to Cars". Slashdot. 2008-6-14. Retrieved 2008-6-14.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=and|date=(help) - ^ Rapier, Robert (18 Jun 2008). "How to Run a Car on Water: The Truth About Genepax's Hydrogen Car". The Intelligence Daily. Retrieved 2008-06-22.
- ^ "Japanese company unveils water-fueled car". New Delhi Television Limited.
- ^ http://genepax.co.jp/en/mechanism/system.html Power generation mechanism of WES
- ^ http://genepax.co.jp/en/mechanism/system.html Schematic Diagram for WES System
- ^ http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/ch22/activate.html The working concept of activation energy in chemical reaction
- ^
Adam, David (2006-07-29). "A fuel tank full of water". New Scientist: p. 35. Retrieved 2007-03-01.
{{cite journal}}:|pages=has extra text (help); Check date values in:|date=(help) "Forget cars fuelled by alcohol and vegetable oil. Before long, you might be able to run your car with nothing more than water in its fuel tank. It would be the ultimate zero-emissions vehicle." - ^ Wilkins, Lucas (2006-08-12). "Water is no fuel". New Scientist: p. 19. Retrieved 2007-03-01.
{{cite journal}}:|pages=has extra text (help); Check date values in:|date=(help) "Why is it deemed necessary to put such outrageous claims in the titles and beginnings of articles? Saying that the car discussed in the article runs on water is equivalent to saying that the internal combustion engine runs on air. ... The fuel is boron." - ^ "The Lone Gunmen - Plot Summary." _IMDB_. 2007. Internet Movie Database Inc. Accessed 18-11-2007.
- ^ "The Lone Gunmen - Like Water for Octane (2001) - Overview - Plot Outline." _IMDB_. 2007. Internet Movie Database Inc. Accessed 18-11-2007.
- ^ "The Water Engine - Plot Summary for" _IMDB_. 2007. Internet Movie Database Inc. Accessed 17-03-2008.