Arcaicam Esperantom

Arcaicam Esperantom
Arcaicam Esperantom
Created by	Manuel Halvelik
Users	—
Purpose	Constructed language Arcaicam Esperantom
Writing system	Latin (Esperanto variant)
Language codes
ISO 639-3	–

Arcaicam Esperantom ("Archaic Esperanto") is a constructed language created to act as a fictional 'Old Esperanto,' in the vein of languages such as Old English or the use of Latin citations in modern texts. It was created by Manuel Halvelik as part of a range of stylistic variants including Gavaro (a slang), Popido (a patois) and a scientific vocabulary closer to Greco-Latin roots.

The idea of an "old Esperanto" was proposed by the Hungarian poet Kalman Kalocsay who in 1931 included a translation of the Funeral Sermon and Prayer, the first Hungarian text (12th century), with hypothetic forms as if Esperanto were a Romance language deriving from Vulgar Latin. Other possibility for Esperanto authors looking for archaism is the Proto-Esperanto, the first sketches created by L.L. Zamenhof before deciding on the 1887 standard.

Differences between Esperanto and Arcaicam Esperantom

Spelling

• c becomes tz
• ĉ becomes ch
• f becomes ph
• ĝ becomes gh
• ĥ becomes qh
• j becomes y
• ĵ becomes j
• k becomes qu (before e, i) or c (before other letters)
• ŝ becomes sh
• ŭ becomes ù (but see below regarding -aŭ)
• v becomes w

Pronouns

• mi becomes mihi
• vi becomes tu (singular) or wos (plural)
• li becomes lùi
• ŝi becomes eshi
• ĝi becomes eghi
• si becomes sihi
• ni becomes nos
• ili becomes ilùi

• There is a new pronoun egui which is a personal, sex-neutral pronoun. Its intended use is for referring to deities, angels, etc.

Verbs

• The infinitive ends in -ir, rather than in the -i of modern Esperanto. Ex.: fari becomes pharir.

• The verb endings change according to the subject. So it is not necessary to write the subject pronoun, where there is no ambiguity.

Ex: The modern Esperanto verb esti (to be), present tense:

• mi estas
• vi estas
• li/ŝi/ĝi estas
• ni estas
• vi estas
• ili estas

The Arcaicam Esperantom verb estir (to be), present tense:

• (mihi) estams
• (tu) estas
• (lùi/eshi/eghi/egui/sihi) estat
• (nos) estaims
• (wos) estais
• (ilùi) estait

The other verb tenses behave the same way, as does the conditional mood:

• The future-tense conjugation estos becomes estoms, etc.
• The past-tense conjugation estis becomes estims, etc.
• The conditional-mood conjugation estus becomes estums, etc.

The imperative mood behaves differently to that pattern:

• The imperative form estu stays estu for singular subjects, but becomes estuy for plural subjects.

Grammatical cases

• -o becomes om (sg. noun, nominative)
• -oj becomes oy (pl. noun, nominative)
• -on stays -on (sg. noun, accusative)
• -ojn becomes -oyn (pl. noun, accusative)
• al x-o, kun x-o becomes x-od (sg. noun, dative -- ex.: al domo becomes domod)
• al x-oj, kun x-oj becomes x-oyd (pl. noun, dative -- ex.: al domoj becomes domoyd)
• de x-o becomes x-es (sg. noun, genitive -- ex.: de domo becomes domes)
• de x-oj becomes x-eys (pl. noun, genitive -- ex.: de domoj becomes domeys)
• -e becomes -œ (adverb) (This is a new phoneme, not present in modern Esperanto. It is pronounced like the German ö.)
• -aŭ becomes -ez (-aŭ-adverb such as baldaŭ, etc.)
• -a becomes -am (sg. adjective, nominative)
• -aj becomes -ay (pl. adjective, nominative)

Nouns

• A noun is always written with a capital letter. Ex: Glawom = (la) glavo.

• The verb infinitive can function as a noun, having the meaning that is carried in modern Esperanto by the root with the suffix -ado. The infinitive functioning as a noun takes, as does any other noun, both a capital letter and a case ending. Ex: Legirom = (la) legado.

Correlatives

• ki- becomes cuy
• ti- becomes ity-
• i- becomes hey-
• nen- becomes nemy-
• ĉi- becomes chey-
• ali- becomes altri-

(Note: Ali-, which in modern Esperanto is not actually a correlative despite its use in that fashion by some, becomes in Arkaika Esperanto as altri- a full-fledged correlative.)

• -o becomes -om
• -a becomes -am
• -am becomes -ahem
• -e becomes -œ
• -om becomes -ohem
• (-u stays -u)
• (-el stays -el)

• the particle ĉi- becomes is- (ĉi tiu = is-ityu)

Articles

• The definite article la does not exist in Arcaicam Esperantom. If necessary, a specific person or object can be indicated by means of ityu (in modern Esperanto tiu).

• The indefinite article, which modern Esperanto does not have, does exist in Arcaicam Esperantom. The indefinite article is unn (which is the same word for the number 1).

Examples

• (Mihi) ityon bonœ comprenams. - I understand this well.
• Tempom phughat. -- Ovid
• Amom cheyon wencat. --Virgil
• Ityel pasat mondes Glorom. -- Thomas Van Kempen
• Ritmom estat in Tempom cuyom Simetrom estat in Spatzom. -- Cicero
• Wenims, widims, wenquims. -- Julius Ceasar

The Lord's Prayer

Patrom nosam, cuyu estu in Chielom,
Estu sanctigitam Tuam Nomom.
Wenu Tuam Regnom,
Plenumizzu Tuam Wolom,
Cuyel in Chielo, ityel anquez sobrez Terom.
Nosid donu hodiez Panon nosan cheyutagan,
Ed nosid pardonu nosayn Pekoyn,
Cuyel anquez nos ityuyd cuyuy contrez nos pekait pardonaims.
Ed nosin ned conducu in Tenton,
Sed nosin liberigu ex Malbonom.
Amen.

Romeo ed Julieta

Sed haltu: cuyam Lumom traradiat
Ityun Phenestron? Yemen orientom,
Ed Julieta estat memes Sunom!
Lewizzu, belam Sunom, ed mortigu
Enwian Lunon, cuyu tristœ palat,
Char tu, Serwantom eshiam, estas yam
Plid belam ol eshi memes. Ned estu plud
Eshiam Serwantom, se eshi tuin enwiat:
Eshiam westalam Robom estat werdam
Ed malsanetzam, ed nur Pholuloy
Portadait eghin wolontœ. Eghin phorjetu.
Yemen Damom miham; ho, yemen Amom miham!
Se nur ityon eshi stziut!

References

• Halvelik, Manuel
  • Arkaika Esperanto : Arcaicam Esperantom. - Brugge : Sonorilo, 1969. - 122 pages
  • Arkaika Esperanto : Arcaicam Esperantom. - 1.4 (2005) edition - 261 pages. Downloadable as a 12-MB PDF file.