John H. Mitchell

For other people with the same name, see John Mitchell.

John H. Mitchell
United States Senator from Oregon
In office 1873–1879 1885–1897 1901–1905
Preceded by	Henry W. Corbett James H. Slater George W. McBride
Succeeded by	James H. Slater Joseph Simon John M. Gearin
President of the Oregon State Senate
In office 1864–1865
Preceded by	Wilson Bowlby
Succeeded by	Thomas R. Cornelius
Constituency	Multnomah County
Personal details
Political party	Republican
Profession	attorney

John Hipple Mitchell, also known as John Mitchell Hipple, John H. Mitchell, or J. H. Mitchell (June 22 1835 – December 8 1905) was a controversial American lawyer and politician, who served as a Republican United States Senator from Oregon on three occasions between 1872 and 1905. He also served as State Senate President, did the initial legal work involved in the dispute that lead to the landmark Supreme Court case of Pennoyer v. Neff, and later was involved with the Oregon Land Fraud Scandal, for which he was indicted, while a sitting U.S. Senator, one of only eleven sitting U.S. Senators ever indicted, though he died before being tried.

Early life

He was born in Washington County, Pennsylvania with the name John Mitchell Hipple. He moved with his parents to Butler County, Pennsylvania at the age of 2. He attended public schools during much of his childhood, but also attended some private schools including the Witherspoon Institute. As a young man he was a schoolteacher. He seduced a 15-year-old female student, and, due to the resulting scandal, was forced to marry her.

Legal career

In 1857, Mitchell stopped teaching and decided to become a lawyer. He built a successful law practice in Pennsylvania. However, in 1860, he decided to leave his community and family, and moved to California with a local schoolteacher with whom he was having an affair. After arriving in California, he abandoned her and moved to Portland, Oregon. It was then that he decided to change his name to John Hipple Mitchell, using his middle name as his last name, and attempted to start a completely new life in Oregon. Almost immediately, he started to become a successful lawyer and build political connections. Mitchell was not an intellectual man, but he was very ambitious and knew how to develop business and political friendships with important people. In 1867, he was hired as a professor at Willamette University School of Medicine to teach medical jurisprudence. Mitchell remained as professor for almost four years.

During his law practice in Oregon, Mitchell did some legal work for a client named Marcus Neff. Mitchell's dispute with Neff regarding some unpaid legal bills gave rise to the circumstances that lead to the U.S. Supreme Court case of Pennoyer v. Neff.

Political career

Two years after arriving in Oregon, in 1862, he was elected to the Oregon State Senate. In 1864 he became President of the state senate and served in that position until 1866. Because United States Senators were elected by the state legislatures during his lifetime, and that was the only office that Mitchell was to seek, this early position in the state senate was the only popularly elected office that he would ever run for or win.

Mitchell was an unsuccessful candidate for the United States Senate from Oregon in 1866, losing to Henry W. Corbett. He tried again in 1872 and this time won, taking office in 1873. By this time, he had married again, but had not divorced the woman he had married in Pennsylvania. His opponents tried to block him from becoming a senator by asking a senate committee to expel him for what he had done in the past, charging him with bigamy, desertion and living under an assumed name. Though these charges were certainly true, the Senate Committee decided they were not relevant. Mitchell served in the Senate from 1873 to 1879, and was defeated for reelection. He ran for reelection to the Senate in 1882 but lost. In 1885, however, he was elected again to the Senate, and reelected in 1890. He was defeated for reelection in 1896, but elected again for a final time in 1900. While not in the Senate, Mitchell practiced law. His last term in the Senate began in 1901 and was to last until 1907, but Mitchell died before it expired.

In 1905, Mitchell was indicted in the Oregon Land Fraud Scandal, involving his use of political influence in the federal government to help clients with their land claims. An appeal was under way and the Senate was beginning proceedings to expel him when Mitchell died of an illness in Portland, Oregon. He was buried at River View Cemetery in Portland.

Mitchell was devoted to business interests and was against the populists and their political reforms. In the Senate, he was interested in transportation issues. He was chairman of the committee on railroads from 1877 to 1879 and from 1889 to 1893, and chairman of several committees related to coastlines and the ocean during his terms in the Senate. He was also chairman of the committee on claims from 1891 to 1893 and chairman of the committee of elections and privileges from 1895 to 1897.

The town of Mitchell, Oregon was named after him.

His daughter, Marie Elisabeth Mitchell, married François XVI Alfred Gaston, 5th Duc de la Rochefoucauld, Duc de Liancourt, Prince de Marcillac, Duc d'Anville, in 1892.