User:Novidmarana/Sandbox
Rescued from Google Cache, has been deleted by retired editor:
Chemische Fabrik Kalk From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Chemische Fabrik Kalk GmbH Type GmbH Founded November 1, 1858 Founder Hermann Julius Grüneberg, Julius Vorster Headquarters Cologne, Germany Industry formerly chemicals today wholesale of chemicals Website www.cfk-gmbh.com Chemische Fabrik Kalk (CFK) (lit. Chemical Factory Kalk) was a German chemicals company based in Kalk, a city district of Cologne. The company was founded in 1858 as Chemische Fabrik Vorster & Grüneberg, Cöln by Julius Vorster and Hermann Julius Grüneberg and was renamed to Chemische Fabrik Kalk GmbH in 1892. At times the company was the second-largest German producer of soda ash and was with almost 2400 employees one of the largest employers in Cologne. For decades the chimneys and the water tower of the factory dominated the skyline of Cologne-Kalk.
In 1960 the company was acquired by the Salzdetfurth AG, which was later renamed into Kali und Salz (nowadays K+S) and became a subsidiary of BASF. All production facilities of the former Chemische Fabrik Kalk were closed in 1993, and the name Chemische Fabrik Kalk since then exists only as the name of a wholesale subsidiary of K+S. The factory was demolished and after the decontamination of the premises the new Cologne police departments headquarters and the Köln Arcaden shopping mall were build on the former factory premises.
Contents [hide] 1 History 1.1 Chemiewerk Vorster & Grüneberg (1858–1891) 1.2 Chemische Fabrik Kalk GmbH (1892–1945) 1.3 Acquisition by Salzdetfurth AG and factory closing (1945–1993) 1.4 Demolition and redevelopment of the factory site (1993–today) 2 References 3 Bibliography 4 External links
[edit] History
[edit] Chemiewerk Vorster & Grüneberg (1858–1891) On November 1, 1858 the merchant Julius Vorster and the chemist and pharmacist Hermann Julius Grüneberg, who was a doctoral student at that time, founded the Chemische Fabrik Vorster & Grüneberg, Cöln. Vorster, who had owned a chemical factory before, contributed 15,000 Thaler and Grüneberg contributed 5,000 Thaler.[1] As a location for the new factory they chose what was then the small village of Kalk (incorporated into Cologne in 1910) on the right bank of the Rhine. After purchasing the premises of the former iron foundry Biber & Berger construction began and three months later, in February 1859 production started. The factory produced potassium nitrate and as a byproduct sodium carbonate (also known as soda ash). Potassium nitrate was used in food preservation and in the production of black powder. The potassium nitrate was produced from Russian potash and nitratine. From 1859 to 1864 production of potassium nitrate increased from 250 metric tons (280 short tons) to 2,400 metric tons (2,600 short tons). In the first year the factory employeed ten workers.[2][3]
Chemische Fabrik Kalk in 1859.As the new company flourished several adjacent lots were purchased in 1860 to expand the production facilities and to maintain the regional market leadership in potassium nitrate. With prices for Russian potash increasing, the factory began to use a by-product of the sugar production from sugar beet. In 1860 the factory also began to produce sodium chloride, which was crystallized from rock salt.[4]
To secure a supply of rock salt the factory founders Vorster and Grüneberg acquired an salt mine in Staßfurt near Magdeburg.[5] The area was known for its deposits of a double salt, a compound of potassium chloride and magnesium chloride named carnallite after its discoverer, the Prussian mining engineer Rudolf von Carnall.[6] The new salt mine Vorster & Grüneberg was rich in deposits of carnallite. Grüneberg developed a new chemical process to produce potassium chloride from carnallite.[7] Initially the carnallite was transported from Staßfurt to Kalk where it was dissolved in a current of stream and after cooling down the carnallite crystallized to obtain potassium chloride. To reduce transport costs the two founders decided to build two potassium chloride factories in Staßfurt and Leopoldshall where they had acquired a second salt mine.[8]
In 1860 Grüneberg finished his doctoral studies and received a Ph.D. from the University of Leipzig.[9] His research was in the field of agricultural chemistry, in particular mineral fertilizers.[10] In 1864 the factory began the production of the fertilizer superphosphate, produced from phosphorite from a newly acquired mine in Nassau an der Lahn. One year later the production of the fertilizer ammonium sulfate begins. In 1866 the factory begins to use the Leblanc process to produce potassium carbonate from sodium chloride.[11] During the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia in 1876, the company was awarded a gold medal for having first manufactured Potash and Potash salts, according to Leblanc´s process, on a manufactoring scale , and for the purity of the products exhibited.[12]
The company continued to expand, with a factory producing ammonium sulfate opening in 1865 in Raderberg near Cologne (incorporated into Cologne in 1888). This factory produced the ammonium sulfate from ammonia and sulfuric acid, the latter a waste product of the production of town gas. As the new factory was highly profitable, Vorster & Grüneberg openend new ammonium sulfate factories in Nippes near Cologne (incorporated into Cologne in 1888), Düsseldorf, Essen, Dortmund, Hamburg, Leipzig and Saint Petersburg and an ammonium chloride factory in Moscow.[13]
Chemische Fabrik Kalk in 1892.In 1867 the company incurred financial losses from a bad investment in the United Kingdom and declining demand for its products. In the same year Julius Vorster Jr., the son of the founder Julius Vorster, became involved in the management of the company. On his recommendation the company began to produce magnesium sulfate in order to reduce the losses. Magnesium sulfate was primarily intended for the export to the United Kingdom, where it was used as a drying agent in the textile industry. The new product and an improving market for potassium nitrate helped the company to overcome the financial crisis in 1870. In 1871 the potassium chloride factory in Staßfurt was closed. On October 1, 1875 the second son of Vorster, the chemist Fritz Vorster joined the company as technical director. After the death of the founder Julius Vorster on October 10, 1876, the new owners converted the company into a limited partnership (Kommanditgesellschaft).[14]
In 1878 Carl Scheibler became the head of the fertilizer department. Scheibler introduced an inexpensive fertilizer known as Thomas phospate. This fertilizer was based on Thomas slag, named after Sidney Gilchrist Thomas. This new, inexpensive fertilizer allowed even poor farmers to fertilize their fields.[15] At the same time municipalities began to use the waste products of the production of town gas for themselves or were selling them for profits, forcing Vorster & Grüneberg to gradually close their ammonium sulfate factories at other locations over the next fifteen years. In contrast, the factory in Kalk continued its expansion with new production facilities for sulfuric acid and nitric acid opening in 1881. In 1885 Carl Scheibler founded his own company, Düngerfabrik C. Scheibler & Co, with the participation of the owners of Vorster & Grüneberg. This company produced Thomas phospate and other fertilizers in domestic and international production facilities.[16]
[edit] Chemische Fabrik Kalk GmbH (1892–1945)
On May 24, 1892 the Vorster & Grüneberg Kommanditgesellschaft was renamed into Chemische Fabrik Kalk GmbH (CFK) and converted into a company with limited liability (GmbH).[17] It was one of the first limited liabilities companies in the German Empire as the law on companies with limited liabilities was adopted only one month earlier. On June 7, 1894 the last surviving founder Hermann Julius Grüneberg dies. His son Richard Grüneberg succeeds him and joins the management board of the company.[18] After 1900 the production of potassium carbonate ceased due to competitive pressure. Instead, the company began to produce sodium carbonate using the Solvay process. In 1902 the Düngerfabrik C. Scheibler & Co. was incorporated, and a year later the last remaining factory in the Staßburg region, the potassium chloride factory in Leopolshall was sold. To guarantee the water supply in the main factory in Kalk a water tower with an integrted chimney and a height of 43.6 metres (143 ft) was build. This water tower should dominate the skyline of Kalk for the next one hundred years.[19]
Chemische Fabrik Kalk in 1908.At the fiftieth anniversary of the founding of the company on November 1, 1908 the Chemische Fabrik Kalk produced the following chemicals: ammonium hydroxide, ammonium chloride, ammonia, sodium hydroxide, sodium sulfate, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, sodium carbonate and various fertilizers. Apart from the main factory in Kalk the company operated an ammonia factory in Cologne-Nippes and fertilizer factories in Cologne-Ehrenfeld and Euskirchen. The company was also one of the owners of the coal istillation plant Ammonium GmbH in Weitmar near Bochum and held interests in domestic and international Thomas steel mills producing slag. Total production of all chemicals combined was 600,000 metric tons (660,000 short tons). In 1908 the company employed more than 1200 workers.[20]
With the outbreak of World War I employment fell to 70 workers and parts of production were shut down, as the company was not producing essential chemicals for the war economy. Management then concentrated on the production of saltpeter, a raw material for explosives. Due to the importance of the chemical the workfore increased to 504 employees in December 1914. In 1916 an explosives research laboratory was created, and a short time afterwards the first explosive agent was developed. Despite the lack of workers the company also expanded into the new market for animal food by treating straw with sodium hydroxide.[21]
After the end of the war the treaty of Versailles forced Chemische Werke Kalk to end the production of explosives and close the research laboratory. In the 1920s demand for fertilizers slowly increased, but was accompanied by an increase in prices for raw materials. To mitigate the effect of the price increases the company began to produce a fertilizer based on ammonium nitrate and calcium carbonate, two by-products of the production of other fertilizers. In 1930 Scheibler’s Kampdünger (Kamp standing for Kalk-Ammon-Phospor, i.e. lime-ammonium-phosphorus and Dünger being the German word for fertilizer) was introduced, a two-component fertilizer that was readily accepted by the market.[22] The company management at this time considered moving the factory from Kalk to Godorf in Rodenkirchen as the high population density made expansion of the factory difficult. Ultimately this plan was not implemented.[23]
After the Hitler's rise to power in 1933 the company gradually began to concentrate on raw materials for the production of explosives. Since 1937 women were employed as workers. After the outbreak of World War II, with the maleworkforce in military service, women were conscripted for work at the company. Since 1940 Chemische Fabrik Kalk used approximately 460 forced laborers from Poland and later the Soviet Union.[24] The factory was heavily damaged during the bombing raids which started in 1942. In 1943 the sulfuric acid plant was completely destroyed, a year later almost all of the production came to a standstill. On March 6, 1945 the grandson of the founder, Fritz Vorster Jr. closed the factory after 80 percent of the production facilities had been destroyed. At this time the company had only 100 employees.[25][26]
[edit] Acquisition by Salzdetfurth AG and factory closing (1945–1993)
In August 1945, only three months after the end of the war the Chemische Fabrik Kalk began to produce burnt lime for the purpose of bartering. Workers returning from war captivity cannibalized some sections of the plant to repair other sections. Some equipment and tools that were removed from the factory before the bombing raids were returned. In March 1946 the production of ammonium sulfate resumed. In 1947 large parts of the factory were rebuild and in the summer of 1948 production of susperphospate in September 1948 production of Kampdünger resumed. As potash was added to the Kampdünger it was sold as KAMPKA-Dünger (the ending KA standing for Kalisalz, the German word for potash).[27] In 1950 the production of the company had reached the old pre-war production level and the company had a market share of 20 percent of the German market for sodium carbonate, although it decreased to 13 percent one year later. During this time the management again considered a move of the factory from Kalk to Godorf, but after a study concluded that a moving the factory would be more costly than staying in Kalk the already purchased Land in Godorf was sold.[28] In 1952 the Salzdetfurth AG acquired a 25 percent share of Chemische Fabrik Kalk and increased the share to 75 percent in 1957.[29]
The former water tower of Chemische Fabrik Kalk in 2007.At the centennial anniversary of the founding of the company on November 1, 1958 the company employed 1820 workers and 549 salaried professionals.[30] A new production facility for phosphates was opened in 1960. In the same year the factory produced 417,000 metric tons (460,000 short tons) of KAMPKA fertilizer and 170,000 metric tons (190,000 short tons) of sodium carbonate.[31] In 1960 the Salzdetfurth AG acquired the remaining 25 percent of Chemische Fabrik Kalk. After the takeover the Salzdetfurth AG began to modernize the production facilities and build for example a new, 120 metres (390 ft) tall chimney that helped alleviate the odor pollution from sulfurous exhaust fumes. In the mid 1960s the fillings and loading plants were converted to fully automated operation. Despite these modernizations the factory equipment, in particular the sodium carbonate production facilities were outdated. The company also lacked new products that would haved allowed the company to enter new markets.[32]
In 1971 the Salzdetfurth AG merged with the BASF subsidiary Wintershall and the Burbach-Kaliwerke AG. One year later the Salzdetfurth AG and Burbach-Kaliwerke AG and the sodium carbonate production facilities of Wintershall were merged into the new Kali und Salz AG. Under the new ownership Chemische Fabrik Kalk expanded into the production of flower and garden fertilizers. In 1974 the factory had 1800 employees, had a revenue of 400 million DM and was active in the production of sodium carbonate, calcium chloride, fine chemicals, phosphate for animal feed and fertilizers.[33]
In the early 1980s the factory tried to enter new markets with the production of bromine, but closed production after a fire destroyed the production facility only two weeks after completion in 1985. Due to increasing competition in the market for fertilizers and the lack of new products company revenue fell from 570 million DM in 1985 to 370 million DM. The company posted increasing financial losses, partly due to its locational disadvantage as all raw materials and all final goods had to be transported by truck from the factory to Cologne's Rhine harbor. Another disadvantage was the location of the factory in a densely populated residential area and a decreasing acceptance of the pollution caused by the factory. Without operating profits a relocation of the factory was not feasible, and thus, without any prospects, the fertilizer production was shut down in 1989. Employment fell from 1400 employees in 1985 to 830 in 1990, with the factory only producing sodium carbonate, calcium chloride and phosphate for animal feed. Although losses were reduced to almost zero in 1990, the financial situation deteriorated in 1992 when the prices for sodium carbonate fell.[34] The fall in prices was partly due to the lifting of anti-dumping on sodium carbonate imports from the American Natural Soda Ash Corporation (ANSAC) by the European Commission. Another factor in the worsening financial situation was an antitrust fine of US$1.38 million imposed by the European commission for participating in a sodium carbonate cartel together with Solvay and Imperial Chemical Industries.[35] Company revenue fell to 225 million DM and losses increased to 9.6 million DM. On December 23, 1993 all remaining production was shut down and all remaining 700 workers were laid off.[36] Since then Chemische Fabrik Kalk GmbH is the name of a wholesale distributor of chemicals and subsidiary of K+S AG (named Kali und Salz AG until 1999). Company revenue in 2007 was 7.86 million Euro, down from 10.07 million Euro in 2004.[37]
[edit] Demolition and redevelopment of the factory site (1993–today)
The new Cologne police department headquarters.After the factory was closed all production facilities and factory buildings on the almost 40 hectares (99 acres) large premises were demolished. A small laboratory building and the water tower which had been listed as a historic landmark were preserved. The former office buildings on the southern side of the factory premises were sold. Equipment was sold to other factories, in for example Poland and Brazil. In October 1994 the tall chimney was blasted. The last building demolished was the fertilizer factory building dating from 1894 which is torn down in March 2001. As the premises were heavily contaminated with sulfur and heavy metals they had to be decontaminated from 1996 to 2001. New streets and an access road to the Zoobrücke, a Rhine bridge were build. In 2003 the new Cologne police department headquarters were opened. In 2005 the Köln Arcaden shopping mall openend, with the parking garage build around the historic water tower. Plans to open a Chemische Fabrik Kalk museum in the water tower have not been realized. In April 2009 the science center Odysseum will open, which will be the largest science center in Germany. Other planned projects include residential and office buildings, retail space and an urban park. The former factory site is today known under the official name Cityforum Kalk, or abbreviated CFK.[38][39]
[edit] References
^ Bützler 2001, p. 285
^ Jahrbuch für Geschichte und Landeskunde, Band 32, 2007, p. 31
^ Brügelmann 2004, Vorster & Grüneberg Chemische Fabriken in Kalk, Staßfurt und Leopoldshall (1858–1877)
^ Brügelmann 2004, Vorster & Grüneberg Chemische Fabriken in Kalk, Staßfurt und Leopoldshall (1858–1877)
^ Brügelmann 2004, Die Staßfurter Abraumsalze (1858–1862)
^ Meyers Konversationslexikon Band 3, Leipzig and Vienna: Verlag des Bibliographischen Instituts, 1885–1892, p. 816
^ Prüfer, Reder & Roeseling 2006, p. 25
^ Brügelmann 2004, Die Staßfurter Abraumsalze (1858–1862)
^ Teuffel 2004
^ Brügelmann 2004, Die mineralische Düngung in der Landwirtschaft (1861)
^ Teuffel 2004
^ Goshorn, Alfred Traber; Francis Amasa Walker and Dorsey Gar (1880), Francis A. Walker, ed., International Exhibition, 1876: Reports and Awards, Vol. IV, Washington D.C.: United States Centennial Commission, pp. 187, http://books.google.com/books?id=GC4SAAAAYAAJ&printsec=titlepage#PPA187,M1. Retrieved on 1 November 2008
^ Bützler 2001, p. 288
^ Bützler 2001, pp. 286–287
^ Bützler 2001, p. 287
^ Steller, Paul (1930), Führende Männer des rheinisch-westfälischen Wirtschaftslebens, Berlin: R. Hobbing, p. 109
^ Creditreform business reports: Chemische Fabrik Kalk, Verband der Vereine Creditreform e.V., 2008, http://www.firmenwissen.de. Retrieved on 2 November 2008
^ Teuffel 2004
^ Greiling 1958
^ Festschrift zur Feier des 50jährigen Bestehens der Firma Vorster & Grüneberg, jetzt Chemische Fabrik Kalk GmbH in Cöln, Cologne: Chemische Fabrik Kalk, 1908
^ Greiling 1958, p. 56
^ Prüfer, Reder & Roeseling 2006, p. 96
^ Jahrbuch für Geschichte und Landeskunde, Band 32, 2007, pp. 36–37
^ Roeseling, Gereon (2003), Zwischen Rhein und Berg. Die Geschichte von Kalk, Vingst, Humboldt/Gremberg, Höhenberg, Cologne: Bachem Verlag, p. 145, ISBN 3761616236
^ Jahrbuch für Geschichte und Landeskunde, Band 32, 2007, p. 37
^ Kriege, Zerstörung und Wiederaufbau, Geschichtswerkstatt Kalk, http://www.gw-kalk.de/gwkalk/Kknkge5i.htm. Retrieved on 2 November 2008
^ Prüfer, Reder & Roeseling 2006, p. 118
^ Jahrbuch für Geschichte und Landeskunde, Band 32, 2007, p. 38
^ Prüfer, Reder & Roeseling 2006, p. 135
^ Greiling 1958
^ An der Kapazitätsgrenze, Die Zeit, 1961-06-02, p. 22, http://www.zeit.de/1961/23/An-der-Kapazitaetsgrenze. Retrieved on 2 November 2008
^ Jahrbuch für Geschichte und Landeskunde, Band 32, 2007, pp. 38–39
^ Prüfer, Reder & Roeseling 2006, p. 207
^ Prüfer, Reder & Roeseling 2006, pp. 219–220
^ Soda Ash Makers Fined, New York Times, 1990-12-20, http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE3DD113DF933A15751C1A966958260. Retrieved on 2 November 2008
^ Young, Ian (1993-05-12), "Soda ash: Import competition forces the demise of Kalk", Chemical Week (New York: Access Intelligence) 152(18): 26
^ Creditreform business reports: Chemische Fabrik Kalk, Verband der Vereine Creditreform e.V., 2008, http://www.firmenwissen.de. Retrieved on 2 November 2008
^ Paffenholz, Stephan (2004), Moderner Nutzungsmix in Köln-Kalk, Amt für Wirtschaftsförderung der Stadt Köln
^ Hübner, Karl (2008-10-31), Die Sprengstoff-Fabrik, Kölner Stadt-Anzeiger, http://www.ksta.de/html/artikel/1218660775383.shtml. Retrieved on 2 November 2008
[edit] Bibliography Brügelmann, Walther (2004), Dr. Hermann Julius Grüneberg — Lebenswerk, http://hermann-grueneberg.de/lebenswerk/lebenswerk.php. Retrieved on 1 November 2008 Bützler, Heinrich (2001), Geschichte von Kalk und Umgebung. Nachdruck nach dem Original von 1910 (Edition Kalk ed.), Cologne: Buchhandlung W. Ohlert, ISBN 3935735006 Jahrbuch für Geschichte und Landeskunde, Band 32 (2007), Die chemische Fabrik Kalk, Cologne: Geschichts-und Heimatverein Rechtsrheinisches Köln Greiling, Walter (1958), 100 Jahre Chemische Fabrik Kalk 1858–1958, Cologne: Chemische Fabrik Kalk Bilz, Fritz (1997), Veränderung der Industriearbeit in Köln-Kalk (Edition Kalk ed.), Cologne: Buchhandlung W. Ohlert, ISBN 3935735022 Pohl, Stefan; Georg Möhlich (2000), Das rechtsrheinische Köln. Seine Geschichte von der Antike bis zur Gegenwart, Cologne: Wienand Verlag, ISBN 3879093911 Prüfer, Thomas; Reder, Dirk; Roeseling, Severin (2006), Wachstum erleben — Die Geschichte der K+S Gruppe, Kassel: K+S Aktiengesellschaft, ISBN 3980973816, http://media.k-plus-s.com/pdf/wachstum_erleben.pdf Roeseling, Georg (2003), Zwischen Rhein und Berg – Die Geschichte von Kalk, Vingst, Humboldt/Gremberg, Höhenberg, Cologne: Bachem Verlag, ISBN 3761616236 Freiherr von Teuffel, Heinrich (2004), Dr. Hermann Julius Grüneberg — Zeittafel, http://hermann-grueneberg.de/nachlass/zeittafel.php. Retrieved on 1 November 2008
[edit] External links (German) Official webpage of the successor company (German) Webpage on the founder Herman Julius Grüneberg Coordinates: 50°56′27″N 6°59′45″E / 50.94083, 6.99583
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemische_Fabrik_Kalk" Categories: 1858 establishments | BASF | Chemical companies of Germany | Companies based in Cologne | Defunct companies of Germany
List of German companies by employees in 1907
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Ammunition production at Friedrich Krupp in 1905.This is a list of the largest companies of the German Empire by employees in 1907. The largest 127 German companies in 1907 accounted for 7.8 percent of all employees in the German Empire; excluding railways and state-owned enterprises the share was only 3.6 percent. This compares to corresponding percentage shares of 8.2 respectively 4.6 for the United Kingdom at the same time. The largest German companies were predominantly in the heavy industries (mining, coal, iron, iron ore, steel and metals), accounting for 38.7 percent of all employees and the transport and communication sector (railways, postal service, shipping), accounting for 45.4 percent of all employees. State-owned enterprises such as the state railways companies, the postal administration, the Prussian state mines, military workshops and the Imperial shipyards are dominant among the very largest companies.[1]
Contents [hide] 1 Companies by employees 2 See also 3 References 4 External links
[edit] Companies by employees The list is based on Wardley (1999), who compiled data from three different sources: the work of Kocka and Siegrist (1979) and Fiedler (1999) on German companies in 1907, and the work of Kunz (1990) on Prussian state-owned enterprises in 1913. Given the shortage of historical employment data some employment numbers are only estimates and some companies might be missing from this list. Employment numbers are including all subsidiaries as long as the parent company is the majority shareholder, that is, holds more than 50 percent of the stock. Employee numbers are not including those employed in foreign subsidiaries. The only two companies in 1907 with large foreign subsidiaries were Siemens with 19.9 percent of the workforce employed abroad (8,542 employees) and Mannesmann with 34 percent of the workforce employed abroad (2,680 employees). With the de Wendel'sche Berg-und Hüttenwerke the list also includes the German subsidiary of the French de Wendel group. Originally this establishment was located in France, but became part of the German empire with the annexation of Alsace-Lorraine in 1871.[2]
Rank Company Employees Industry Source 1. Preußische Staatseisenbahnen 486,318 Railway Fiedler 2. Deutsche Reichspost 277,116 Postal administration Fiedler 3. Preußische Berg-, Hütten-und Salinenverwaltung (English: Prussian state mines) 180,000 (1913 data) Mining Kunz 4. Friedrich Krupp 64,354 Mining and steel Kocka & Siegrist 5. Bayerische Staatseisenbahn 55,295 Railway Fiedler 6. Sächsische Staatseisenbahn 40,000 Railway Fiedler 7. Siemens (Siemens & Halske and Siemens-Schuckert) 34,324 Electrical engineering Fiedler 8. Elsass-Lothringen Reichseisenbahn 32,545 Railway Fiedler 9. Phoenix AG für Bergbau und Hüttenbetrieb 32,000 Mining and steel Fiedler 10. Gelsenkirchener Bergwerks-AG 31,261 Mining and steel Fiedler 11. Allgemeine Elektrizitäts-Gesellschaft 30,667 Electrical engineering Kocka & Siegrist 12. Preußische Rüstungswerkstätten (English: Prussian military workshops) 30,000(1913 data) Mechanical engineering Kunz 13. Kaiserliche Werften 27,000(1913 data) Shipbuilding Kunz 14. Harpener Bergbau 26,317 Mining Fiedler 15. Badische Staatseisenbahnen 25,709 Railway Fiedler 16. Norddeutscher Lloyd 25,000 Shipping Fiedler 17. Vereinigte Königs- und Laurahütte 24,885 Mining and metals Fiedler 18. Gutehoffnungshütte 21,657 Mining and steel Kocka & Siegrist 19. Mansfeld'sche Kupferschiefer-bauende Gewerkschaft 21,283 Mining and metals Kocka & Siegrist 20. Württembergische Staatseisenbahnen 20,234 Railway Fiedler 21. Bergwerksgesellschaft Hibernia 19,109 Mining Fiedler 22. Gewerkschaft Deutscher Kaiser 18,931 Mining and steel Kocka & Siegrist 23. Gebrüder Stumm GmbH 17,000 Steel Fiedler 24. Hamburg-Amerika Linie 17,000 Shipping Fiedler 25. von Giesche Erben Bergwerksgesellschaft 13,291 Mining Kocka & Siegrist 26. de Wendel'sche Berg-und Hüttenwerke 12,500 Mining and steel Fiedler 27. Hohenlohe-Werke 12,367 Mining and steel Kocka & Siegrist 28. Kattowitzer AG für Bergbau und Hüttenbetrieb 12,218 Mining and steel Fiedler 29. Bochumer Verein 12,173 Mining and steel Fiedler 30. Felten & Guilleaume 11,848 Electrical engineering Fiedler 31. Dortmunder Union 11,605 Mining and steel Kocka & Siegrist 32. Oberschlesische Eisenbahnbedarf 11,500 Mining and steel Kocka & Siegrist 33. Deutsch-Luxemburgische Bergwerks- und Hütten-AG 11,038 Mining and steel Fiedler 34. Ludwig Loewe & Company 11,000 Mechanical engineering Fiedler 35. Vereinigte Maschinenfabrik Augsburg-Nürnberg 10,908 Mechanical engineering Kocka & Siegrist 36. Große Berliner Straßenbahn 10,391 Public transport Fiedler 37. Borsig 10,000 Rail vehicles Fiedler 38. Elsässische Maschinenbau-Gesellschaft 10,000 Mechanical engineering Kocka & Siegrist 39. Schichau-Werke 10,000 Shipbuilding Fiedler 40. Schlesische AG für Bergbau und Zinkhütten 10,000 Mining and metals Kocka & Siegrist 41. Eschweiler Bergwerksverein 9,648 Mining and steel Fiedler 42. Oberschlesische Eisenindustrie 9,500 Metals Kocka & Siegrist 43. Rheinische Stahlwerke 9,435 Mining and steel Fiedler 44. Rheinpreußen Gewerkschaft 9,277 Mining Fiedler 45. Hoesch Eisen-und Stahlwerk 9,183 Mining and steel Fiedler 46. Gräflich Henckel von Donnersmarckische Verwaltung 9,122 Metals Kocka & Siegrist 47. Badische Anilin-& Soda-Fabrik 8,877 Chemicals Kocka & Siegrist 48. Fürstlich Pless'sche Kohlenbergwerke 8,560 Mining Kocka & Siegrist 49. Donnersmarckhütte 8,000 Mining and steel Kocka & Siegrist 50. Henschel 8,000 Rail vehicles Kocka & Siegrist 51. Norddeutsche Wollkämmerei 8,000 Textiles Kocka & Siegrist 52. Röchling'sche Eisen-und Stahlwerke 8,000 Steel Kocka & Siegrist 53. Villeroy & Boch 8,000 Ceramics Fiedler 54. Farbenfabriken Bayer 7,811 Ceramics Kocka & Siegrist 55. Mathias Stinnes 7,700 Mining Kocka & Siegrist 56. Bismarckhütte 7,505 Steel Fiedler 57. Georgs-Marien-Bergwerks- und Hüttenverein 7,296 Mining and steel Fiedler 58. Rombacher Hüttenwerke 7,120 Steel Fiedler 59. Schalker Gruben- und Hüttenverein 7,091 Steel Fiedler 60. Stettiner Maschinenbau Vulkan 6,748 Shipyard Fiedler 61. Ewald bei Herten Gewerkschaft 6,500 Mining Kocka & Siegrist 62. Kaiserliche Werft Kiel 6,500 Shipbuilding Fiedler 63. Thyssen & Co. 6,489 Mechanical engineering Fiedler 64. Arenbergische AG für Bergwerk und Hüttenbetrieb 6,292 Steel Fiedler 65. Consolidation Bergwerks AG 6,000 Mining Kocka & Siegrist 66. Hoechster Farbwerke 6,000 Chemicals Kocka & Siegrist 67. Zollverein Gewerkschaft 5,958 Mining Fiedler 68. Gerresheimer Glashüttenwerk 5,800 Glass Fiedler 69. Preußische Bergwerksdirektion Recklinghausen 5,745 Mining Fiedler 70. Concordia Bergbau 5,741 Mining Fiedler 71. Constantin der Große Verein Gewerkschaft 5,583 Mining Kocka & Siegrist 72. Leop. Engelhardt & Biermann Cigarettenfabrik 5,523 Tobacco Fiedler 73. Ilseder Hütte 5,400 Steel Fiedler 74. Deutsch-Österreichische Mannesmannröhren-Werke AG 5,200 Steel Fiedler 75. Continental-Caoutchouc-Companie 5,185 Rubber Fiedler 76. König Ludwig Gewerkschaft 5,157 Mining Kocka & Siegrist 77. Graf von Ballestremische Güterverwaltung 5,000 Mining Kocka & Siegrist 78. Gräflich Schaffgotschische Werke GmbH 5,000 Mining Kocka & Siegrist 79. Mülheimer Bergwerksverein 4,933 Mining Fiedler 80. Julius Pintsch 4,918 Mechanical Engineering Fiedler 81. Essener Steinkohlenbergwerke 4,840 Mining Kocka & Siegrist 82. Eisenhüttenwerke Thale 4,795 Steel Fiedler 83. Lothringer Hüttenverein Aumetz-Friede 4,700 Steel Fiedler 84. Blohm + Voss 4,630 Shipbuilding Fiedler 85. Breslauer AG für Eisenbau-Wagenbau 4,600 Rail vehicles Fiedler 86. Gewerkschaft des Steinkohlenbergwerks Neumühl 4,600 Mining Fiedler 87. Strassen-Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft Hamburg 4,500 Public Transport Fiedler 88. Württembergische Metallwarenfabrik 4,500 Metalware Fiedler 89. Deutsche Bank 4,439 Banking Fiedler 90. Buderus'sche Eisenwerke 4,400 Steel Kocka & Siegrist 91. Vereinigte Gummiwaaren-Fabrik 4,320 Rubber Fiedler 92. Oberschlesische Kokswerke & Chemische Fabrik 4,259 Coal products and chemicals Kocka & Siegrist 93. Graf Bismarck Gewerkschaft 4,234 Mining Fiedler 94. Riebeck'sche Montanwerke 4,104 Chemicals Kocka & Siegrist 95. Friedrich der Große Gewerkschaft 4,076 Mining Kocka & Siegrist 96. Aktien-Gesellschaft Weser 4,059 Shipbuilding Fiedler 97. AG für Bergbau-, Blei-und Zinkfabrikation 4,025 Metals Kocka & Siegrist 98. Bergmann Elektricitäts-Werke 4,000 Electrical engineering Fiedler 99. Chemische Fabrik Griesheim-Elektron 4,000 Chemicals Kocka & Siegrist 100. Deutsche Gasglühlicht (Auer-Gesellschaft) 4,000 Electrical engineering Fiedler 101. Luxemburger Bergwerk und Saarbrückener Eisenhütte 4,000 Steel Fiedler 102. Rheinische Metallwaren-und Maschinenfabrik 4,000 Mechanical engineering Kocka & Siegrist 103. Sächsische Maschinenfabrik 4,000 Mechanical engineering Fiedler 104. Königsborn AG für Bergbau 3,927 Mining Kocka & Siegrist 105. Lauchhammer AG 3,774 Steel Fiedler 106. Saar-und Mosel Bergwerks Gesellschaft 3,758 Mining Fiedler 107. Hannoversche Maschinenbau AG 3,744 Mechanical engineering Fiedler 108. Dortmunder Steinkohlebergwerk Louise Tiefbau 3,724 Mining Fiedler 109. Orenstein & Koppel 3,700 Mechanical engineering Kocka & Siegrist 110. Bergwerksgesellschaft Dahlbusch 3,600 Mining Fiedler 111. Maschinenfabrik Gritzner 3,595 Mechanical engineering Fiedler 112. Gasmotorenfabrik Deutz 3,470 Mechanical engineering Kocka & Siegrist 113. Maschinenbauanstalt Humboldt 3,470 Mechanical engineering Fiedler 114. Essener Bergwerksverein König Wilhelm 3,277 Mining Fiedler 115. Zeche Königin Elisabeth 3,150 Mining Kocka & Siegrist 116. Berlin Anhaltische Maschinenbau 3,117 Mechanical engineering Kocka & Siegrist 117. Deutsche Reichsbank 3,084 Banking Fiedler 118. Adlerwerke vormals Heinrich Kleyer 3,000 Mechanical engineering Fiedler 119. Berliner Maschinenbau Schwartzkopff 3,000 Rail vehicles Fiedler 120. Kammgarnspinnerei Stöhr 3,000 Textiles Kocka & Siegrist 121. Gewerkschaft Lothringen 3,000 Mining Kocka & Siegrist 122. Gewerkschaft Mont Cenis 2,978 Mining Kocka & Siegrist 123. Saar- und Mosel-Bergwerks-Gesellschaft 2,933 Mining Kocka & Siegrist 124. Gebrüder Körting 2,800 Mechanical engineering Kocka & Siegrist 125. Gewerkschaft Vereinigte Helene & Amalie 2,598 Mining Kocka & Siegrist 126. Gebrüder Stollwerck 2,500 Food Kocka & Siegrist 127. Portland-Cement-Fabrik AG Heidelberg 2,500 Cement Kocka & Siegrist
[edit] See also
Economic history of Germany
List of companies by employees
List of German companies by employees in 1938
[edit] References General Wardley, Peter (1999). "The Emergence of Big Business: the Largest Corporate Employers of Labour in the United Kingdom, Germany and the United States c. 1907". Business History 41 (4): 88–116. London: Routledge. Kocka, Jürgen; Hannes Siegrist (1979). in Horn, Norbert and Jürgen Kocka: Die hundert größten deutschen Industrieunternehmen im späten 19. und frühen 20. Jahrhundert: Expansion, Diversifikation und Integration im internationalen Vergleich, Recht und Entwicklung der Großunternehmen 1820–1920 (in German), Göttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, 55–122. ISBN 3525359926. Fiedler, Martin (1999). "Die 100 größten Unternehmen in Deutschland - nach der Zahl ihrer Beschäftigten - 1907, 1938, 1973 und 1995" (in German). Zeitschrift für Unternehmensgeschichte 1: 32–66. Munich: Verlag C.H. Beck. Kunz, Andreas (1990). in Lee, W. Robert and Eve Rosenhaft: The state as employer in Germany, 1880–1918: From paternalism to public policy, The State and Social Change in Germany, 1880–1980, New York: St. Martin's Press, 34–60. ISBN 0854962344. Specific ^ Wardley, Peter (1999). "The Emergence of Big Business: the Largest Corporate Employers of Labour in the United Kingdom, Germany and the United States c. 1907". Business History 41 (4): 88–116. London: Routledge. ^ Fiedler, Martin (1999). "Die 100 größten Unternehmen in Deutschland - nach der Zahl ihrer Beschäftigten - 1907, 1938, 1973 und 1995" (in German). Zeitschrift für Unternehmensgeschichte 1: 32–66. Munich: Verlag C.H. Beck.
[edit] External links Big Business webpage by Peter Wardley Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_German_companies_by_employees_in_1907" Categories: Companies of Germany | Economic history of Germany | German Empire | Lists of companies | 1907 in Germany
Prize of the Ecumenical Jury
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Prize of the Ecumenical Jury
Logo of the Jury œcuménique Awarded for honours works of quality which touch the spiritual dimension of our existence[1] Presented by Jury œcuménique at the Cannes Film Festival Country France Location Cannes First awarded 1974 Official website The Prize of the Ecumenical Jury (French: Prix du Jury Œcuménique) is an independent film award for feature films at the Cannes Film Festival since 1974. The Ecumenical Jury (French: Jury Œcuménique) is one of three juries at the Cannes Film Festival, along with the official jury and the FIPRESCI jury. The award was created by Christians film makers, film critics and other film professionals. The objective of the award is to "honour works of artistic quality which witnesses to the power of film to reveal the mysterious depths of human beings through what concerns them, their hurts and failings as well as their hopes."[1] The ecumenical jury is composed of 6 members, who are nominated by SIGNIS for the Catholics and Interfilm for the Protestants.[2] The jury is also present at other film festival, including the Berlin International Film Festival, the Locarno International Film Festival, the Montreal World Film Festival and the Karlovy Vary International Film Festival.[1]
[edit] Prize Winners
Since 1974, films from diverse countries have won the Prize of the Ecumenical Jury at the Cannes Film Festival. Most films having won the award are from European countries, with Italy, Germany and Poland dominating. Samira Makhmalbaf is the only woman who has won the award, and is together with her father Mohsen Makhmalbaf the only winning director from a predominantly muslim country. Other countries that are not predominantly Christian that have won the award are Japan and the People's Republic of China.
Year Film Director Country 1974 Ali: Fear Eats the Soul Rainer Werner Fassbinder West Germany 1975 The Enigma of Kaspar Hauser Werner Herzog West Germany 1976 no award 1977 The Lacemaker Claude Goretta France 1978 The Tree of Wooden Clogs Ermanno Olmi Italy 1979 Without Anesthesia Andrzej Wajda Poland 1979 Stalker Andrei Tarkovsky Soviet Union 1980 The Constant Factor Krzysztof Zanussi Poland 1981 Man of Iron Andrzej Wajda Poland 1982 The Night of the Shooting Stars Paolo and Vittorio Taviani Italy 1983 Nostalghia Andrei Tarkovsky Italy 1984 Paris, Texas Wim Wenders West Germany 1985 The Official Story Luis Puenzo Argentina 1986 The Sacrifice Andrei Tarkovsky Sweden 1987 Repentance Tengiz Abuladze Soviet Union 1988 A World Apart Chris Menges United Kingdom 1989 Jesus of Montreal Denys Arcand Canada 1990 Stanno Tutti Bene Giuseppe Tornatore Italy 1991 The Double Life of Véronique Krzysztof Kieślowski Poland 1992 The Stolen Children Gianni Amelio Italy 1993 Libera me Alain Cavalier France 1994 To Live Zhang Yimou People's Republic of China 1994 Burnt by the Sun Nikita Mikhalkov Russia 1995 Land and Freedom Ken Loach United Kingdom 1996 Secrets & Lies Mike Leigh United Kingdom 1997 The Sweet Hereafter Atom Egoyan Canada 1998 Eternity and a Day Theodoros Angelopoulos Greece 1999 All About My Mother Pedro Almodóvar Spain 2000 Eureka Shinji Aoyama Japan 2001 Kandahar Mohsen Makhmalbaf Iran 2002 The Man Without a Past Aki Kaurismäki Finland 2003 At Five in the Afternoon Samira Makhmalbaf Iran 2004 The Motorcycle Diaries Walter Salles Argentina 2005 Caché Michael Haneke France 2006 Babel Alejandro González Iñárritu United States 2007 The Edge of Heaven Fatih Akın Germany 2008 Adoration Atom Egoyan Canada
[edit] References
General
Vaccaro, Pierre (May 2008). "Jury Œcuménique - 34ème année" (in French) page 4. Jury Œcuménique. Retrieved on 2008-09-04.
"Film Primes" (in French). Jury Œcuménique. Retrieved on 2008-09-05.
Specific
^ a b c Vaccaro, Pierre (May 2008). "Jury Œcuménique - 34ème année" (in French) page 1. Jury Œcuménique. Retrieved on 2008-09-04.
^ Vaccaro, Pierre (2008-05-08). "Communiqué de presse - Le Jury oecumenique 2008" (in French). Jury Œcuménique. Retrieved on 2008-09-05.
[edit] External links Offical webpage of the jury Offical webpage of the Cannes Film Festival [hide]v • d • eCannes Film Festival
Awards Palme d'Or • Grand Prix • Prix d'interprétation féminine • Prix d'interprétation masculine • Prix de la mise en scène • Prix du scénario • Prix du Jury • Palme d'Or du court métrage • Un Certain Regard • Cinéfondation • Caméra d'Or
Awards given by independent entities Prix de la FIPRESCI • Vulcain Prize • International Critics' Week • Prize of the Ecumenical Jury
By year 1946 · 1947 · 1949 · 1951 · 1952 · 1953 · 1954 · 1955 · 1956 · 1957 · 1958 · 1959 · 1960 · 1961 · 1962 · 1963 · 1964 · 1965 · 1966 · 1967 · 1968 · 1969 · 1970 · 1971 · 1972 · 1973 · 1974 · 1975 · 1976 · 1977 · 1978 · 1979 · 1980 · 1981 · 1982 · 1983 · 1984 · 1985 · 1986 · 1987 · 1988 · 1989 · 1990 · 1991 · 1992 · 1993 · 1994 · 1995 · 1996 · 1997 · 1998 · 1999 · 2000 · 2001 · 2002 · 2003 · 2004 · 2005 · 2006 · 2007 · 2008
Directors' Fortnight • Marché du Film
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prize_of_the_Ecumenical_Jury"
Categories: Cannes Film Festival | Lists of films by award