French conjugation

French verbs are divided into three conjugations (conjugaisons) by the ending of their infinitives: -er verbs, -ir verbs, and -re verbs. There are also many irregular verbs, of which the most often used are avoir, être, and faire.

-er verbs

French verbs ending in -er, which comprise the largest class, inflect somewhat differently than other verbs. Between the stem and the inflectional endings that are common across most verbs, there may be a vowel, which in the case of the -er verbs is a silent -e- (in the simple present singular), -é or -ai /e/ (in the past participle and the je form of the simple past), and -a- /a/ (in the rest of simple past singular and in the past subjunctive). In addition, the orthographic -t found in the -ir and -re verbs in the singular of the simple present and past in not found in this conjugation, so that the final consonants are -, -s, - rather than -s, -s, -t.

The verb *parler* "to speak", in French orthography and IPA transcription

	Indicative				Subjunctive		Conditional	Imperative
	Present	Simple Past	Imperfect	Simple Future	Present	Imperfect	Present	Present
je	parle /paʀl/	parlai /paʀle/	parlais /paʀlɛ/	parlerai /paʀləʀe/	parle /paʀl/	parlasse /paʀlas/	parlerais /paʀləʀɛ/
tu	parles /paʀl/	parlas /paʀla/	parlais /paʀlɛ/	parleras /paʀləʀa/	parles /paʀl/	parlasses /paʀlas/	parlerais /paʀləʀɛ/	parle /paʀl/
il	parle /paʀl/	parla /paʀla/	parlait /paʀlɛ/	parlera /paʀləʀa/	parle /paʀl/	parlât /paʀla/	parlerait /paʀləʀɛ/
nous	parlons /paʀlɔ̃/	parlâmes /paʀlam/	parlions /paʀljɔ̃/	parlerons /paʀləʀɔ̃/	parlions /paʀljɔ̃/	parlassions /paʀlasjɔ̃/	parlerions /paʀləʀjɔ̃/	parlons /paʀlɔ̃/
vous	parlez /paʀle/	parlâtes /paʀlat/	parliez /paʀlje/	parlerez /paʀləʀe/	parliez /paʀlje/	parlassiez /paʀlasje/	parleriez /paʀləʀje/	parlez /paʀle/
ils	parlent /paʀl/	parlèrent /paʀlɛʀ/	parlaient /paʀlɛ/	parleront /paʀləʀɔ̃/	parlent /paʀl/	parlassent /paʀlas/	parleraient /paʀləʀɛ/

Non-finite forms:

Infinitive: parler /paʀle/
Present participle: parlant /paʀlɑ̃/
Gerundive: en parlant /ɑ̃ paʀlɑ̃/
Verbal adjective: parlant(s) /paʀlɑ̃/, parlante(s) /paʀlɑ̃t/
Past Participle: parlé(e)(s) /paʀle/

Auxiliary verb: avoir (arriver, entrer, monter, passer, rester, rentrer, retourner, and tomber use être)

Exceptional contexts:

When the first-person singular present tense form of the indicative or subjunctive is found in inversion, the writer must change the final e to either é or è, in order to link the two words : « Parlé-je ? », /paʀlɛʒ/, "Am I speaking?" (This is a very rare construction, however.)
When the second-person singular form of the imperative is followed by its object y or en, a final s is added: « Parles-en ! », [paʀlzɑ̃], "Talk about it!"

Exceptional verbs:

The verb aller is completely irregular.
In -cer verbs, the c becomes a ç before endings that start with a or o, to indicate that it is still pronounced /s/; similarly, in -ger verbs, the g becomes ge before such endings, to indicate that it is pronounced /ʒ/.
In -oyer and -uyer verbs, the y becomes an i before endings that start with a silent e; in -ayer verbs, the writer may or may not change the y to an i before such endings. Additionally, the future and conditional forms of envoyer start with enverr- rather than envoyer-; and similarly with renvoyer.
In -é.er verbs, the é becomes an è before silent endings, and optionally in the future and conditional tenses.
In -e.er verbs other than most -eler and -eter verbs, the e becomes an è before endings that start with a silent e (including the future and conditional endings).
In most -eler and -eter verbs, the writer must either change the e to an è before endings that start with a silent e, or change the l or t to ll or tt. In the rest of these verbs, only one or the other form is allowed.
The verbal adjective of following verbs is irregular: adhérer - adhérent(e)(s); coïncider - coïncident(e)(s); confluer - confluent(e)(s); affluer - affluent(e)(s); converger - convergent(e)(s); déterger - détergent(e)(s); différer - différent(e)(s); exceller - excellent(e)(s); diverger - divergent(e)(s); négliger, négligent(e)(s); précéder - précédent(e)(s); violer - violent(e)(s); influer - influent(e)(s); communiquer - communicant(e)(s); suffoquer - suffocant(e)(s); provoquer - provocant(e)(s); naviguer - navigant(e)(s); déléguer - délégant(e)(s); fatiguer - fatigant(e)(s); intriguer - intrigant(e)(s).

aller

The verb aller "to go" has different stems for different tenses. These are all pronounced differently: past all- /al/ (simple past, imperfect, past subjunctive); present subjunctive aill- /aj/; conditional and future ir- /iʀ/. The inflections of these tenses are completely regular, and pronounced as in any other -er verb. However, in the simple present, not only are there stem changes, but the inflections are irregular as well:

*Aller* "to go"

	Indicative				Subjunctive		Conditional	Imperative
	Present	Simple Past	Imperfect	Future	Present	Imperfect	Present	Present
je	vais /vɛ/	allai /ale/	allais /alɛ/	irai /iʀe/	aille /aj/	allasse /alas/	irais /iʀɛ/
tu	vas /va/	allas	allais	iras	ailles	allasses	irais	va
il	va /va/	alla	allait	ira	aille	allât	irait
nous	allons /alɔ̃/	allâmes	allions	irons	allions	allassions	irions	allons
vous	allez /ale/	allâtes	alliez	irez	alliez	allassiez	iriez	allez
ils	vont /vɔ̃/	allèrent	allaient	iront	aillent	allassent	iraient

The non-finite forms are all based on all- /al/:

Infinitive: aller
Present participle: allant
Gerundive: en allant
Verbal adjective: allant(e)(s)
Past participle: allé(e)(s)

Auxiliary verb: être

-ir verbs

The -ir verbs differ from the -er verbs in the following points:

The vowel of the inflections is always -i-, for example -isse in the past subjunctive rather than the -asse of the -er verbs.
A few of the singular inflections themselves change, though this is purely orthographic and does not affect the pronunciation: in the simple present and past, these are -s, -s, -t rather than -, -s, -. (The change in pronunciation is due to the change of vowel from e, ai, a to -i-.)
In the simple present, imperfect, the present subjunctive, and the gerund, a suffix -iss- /is/ appears between the root and the inflectional endings. Orthographically, this reduces before a consonant, so the inflections of the simple present singular become -is, -is, -it.

The verbs voir "to see" and seoir "to suit" and their derivatives (prévoir, asseoir) inflect as -ir verbs, not as -oir verbs, as they have the vowel i in the past simple and subjunctive: je vis, j'assis, etc.

The verb *choisir* "to choose", in French orthography and IPA transcription

	Indicative				Subjunctive		Conditional	Imperative
	Present	Simple Past	Imperfect	Simple Future	Present	Imperfect	Present	Present
je	choisis /ʃwazi/	choisis /ʃwazi/	choisissais /ʃwazisɛ/	choisirai /ʃwaziʀe/	choisisse /ʃwazis/	choisisse /ʃwazis/	choisirais /ʃwaziʀɛ/
tu	choisis /ʃwazi/	choisis /ʃwazi/	choisissais /ʃwazisɛ/	choisiras /ʃwaziʀa/	choisisses /ʃwazis/	choisisses /ʃwazis/	choisirais /ʃwaziʀɛ/	choisis /ʃwazi/
il	choisit /ʃwazi/	choisit /ʃwazi/	choisissait /ʃwazisɛ/	choisira /ʃwaziʀa/	choisisse /ʃwazis/	choisît /ʃwazi/	choisirait /ʃwaziʀɛ/
nous	choisissons /ʃwazisɔ̃/	choisîmes /ʃwazim/	choisissions /ʃwazisjɔ̃/	choisirons /ʃwaziʀɔ̃/	choisissions /ʃwazisjɔ̃/	choisissions /ʃwazisjɔ̃/	choisirions /ʃwaziʀjɔ̃/	choisissons /ʃwazisɔ̃/
vous	choisissez /ʃwazise/	choisîtes /ʃwazit/	choisissiez /ʃwazisje/	choisirez /ʃwaziʀe/	choisissiez /ʃwazisje/	choisissiez /ʃwazisje/	choisiriez /ʃwaziʀje/	choisissez /ʃwazise/
ils	choisissent /ʃwazis/	choisirent /ʃwaziʀ/	choisissaient /ʃwazisɛ/	choisiront /ʃwaziʀɔ̃/	choisissent /ʃwazis/	choisissent /ʃwazis/	choisiraient /ʃwaziʀɛ/

Non-finite forms:

Infinitive: choisir /ʃwaziʀ/
Present participle: choisissant /ʃwazisɑ̃/
Gerundive: en choisissant /ɑ̃ ʃwazisɑ̃/
Verbal adjective: choisissant(s) /ʃwazisɑ̃/, choisissante(s) /ʃwazisɑ̃t/
Past participle: choisi(e)(s) /ʃwazi/

Auxiliary verb: avoir (partir uses être)

Exceptional -ir verbs

haïr

The verb haïr loses its dieresis in the singular of the simple present tense (the i loses its trema, reflecting the pronunciation of the initial syllable as a single vowel /ɛ/ rather than the hiatus /ai/): je hais, tu hais, il hait but nous haïssons, vous haïssez, ils haïssent /ʒə ɛ, ty ɛ, ilɛ, nu aisɔ̃, vu aise, ilais/. Hais is as usual used for the imperative. In all other forms, the root is /ai/ (imperfect and present & past subjunctive /ais/-, future and conditional /aiʀ/-).

dormir, mentir, partir, sentir, servir, sortir

The verbs dormir, mentir, partir, sentir, servir and their derivatives do not take the -iss- suffix. The effect of this is that they conjugate as -re verbs rather than -ir verbs, apart from the past participle which is still -i. Sortir and its derivatives are similar in their usual meanings of "to go out" etc., though in their legal senses they conjugate regularly as -ir verbs: les lois sortissent leurs effets (laws produce their effects); ce qui ressortit à... (what is under the jurisdiction of...). Partir serves as an example:

*Partir* "to leave"

	Indicative				Subjunctive		Conditional	Imperative
	Present	Simple Past	Imperfect	Simple Future	Present	Imperfect	Present	Present
je	pars /paʀ/	partis /paʀti/	partais /paʀtɛ/	partirai /paʀtiʀe/	parte /paʀt/	partisse /paʀtis/	partirais /paʀtiʀɛ/
tu	pars	partis	partais	partiras	partes	partisses	partirais	pars
il	part	partit	partait	partira	parte	partît	partirait
nous	partons	partîmes	partions	partirons	partions	partissions	partirions	partons
vous	partez	partîtes	partiez	partirez	partiez	partissiez	partiriez	partez
ils	partent	partirent	partaient	partiront	partent	partissent	partiraient

Non-finite forms:

Infinitive: partir
Present participle: partant
Gerundive: en partant
Verbal adjective: partant(e)(s)
Past participle: parti(e)(s)

Similarly, dormir, mentir, sortir, sentir, servir are je dors, mens, sors, sens, sers /ʒ^ə dɔʀ, mɑ̃, sɔʀ, sɑ̃, sɛʀ/ etc.

couvrir, offrir, ouvrir, souffrir

The -vrir and -ffrir verbs couvrir, offrir, ouvrir, souffrir and their derivatives are similar, but orthographically they differ slightly: they take the simple present endings of the -er verbs. This reflects the fact that the final -r- of the root is always pronounced. In addition, their past participles end in -vert and -ffert. Ouvrir will serve as an example:

*Ouvrir* "to open"

	Indicative				Subjunctive		Conditional	Imperative
	Present	Simple Past	Imperfect	Future	Present	Imperfect	Present	Present
je	ouvre /uvʀ/	ouvris	ouvrais	ouvrirai	ouvre	ouvrisse	ouvrirais
tu	ouvres	ouvris	ouvrais	ouvriras	ouvres	ouvrisses	ouvrirais	ouvre
il	ouvre	ouvrit	ouvrait	ouvrira	ouvre	ouvrît	ouvrirait
nous	ouvrons	ouvrîmes	ouvrions	ouvrirons	ouvrions	ouvrissions	ouvririons	ouvrons
vous	ouvrez	ouvrîtes	ouvriez	ouvrirez	ouvriez	ouvrissiez	ouvririez	ouvrez
ils	ouvrent	ouvrirent	ouvraient	ouvriront	ouvrent	ouvrissent	ouvriraient

Non-finite forms:

Infinitive: ouvrir
Present participle: ouvrant
Gerundive: en ouvrant
Verbal adjective: ouvrant(e)(s)
Past participle: ouvert(s) /uvɛʀ/, ouverte(s) /uvɛʀt/.

venir, tenir

The common verbs venir "to come" and tenir "to hold", as well as their derivatives,^[1] change their stem vowel to a diphthong or nasal in much of their conjugations. Venir will serve as an example; for tenir, simply change the v to a t.

*Venir* "to come"

	Indicative				Subjunctive		Conditional	Imperative
	Present	Simple Past	Imperfect	Future	Present	Imperfect	Present	Present
je	viens /vjɛ̃/	vins /vɛ̃/	venais /v^ənɛ/	viendrai /vjɛ̃dʀe/	vienne /vjɛn/	vinsse /vɛ̃s/	viendrais /vjɛ̃dʀɛ/
tu	viens /vjɛ̃/	vins /vɛ̃/	venais /v^ənɛ/	viendras /vjɛ̃dʀa/	viennes /vjɛn/	vinsses /vɛ̃s/	viendrais /vjɛ̃dʀɛ/	viens /vjɛ̃/
il	vient /vjɛ̃/	vint /vɛ̃/	venait /v^ənɛ/	viendra /vjɛ̃dʀa/	vienne /vjɛn/	vînt /vɛ̃/	viendrait /vjɛ̃dʀɛ/
nous	venons /v^ənɔ̃/	vînmes /vɛ̃m/	venions /v^ənjɔ̃/	viendrons /vjɛ̃dʀɔ̃/	venions /v^ənjɔ̃/	vinssions /vjɛ̃sjɔ̃/	viendrions /vjɛ̃dʀijɔ̃/	venons /v^ənɔ̃/
vous	venez /v^əne/	vîntes /vɛ̃t/	veniez /v^ənje/	viendrez /vjɛ̃dʀe/	veniez /v^ənje/	vinssiez /vjɛ̃sje/	viendriez /vjɛ̃dʀije/	venez /v^əne/
ils	viennent /vjɛn/	vinrent /vɛ̃ʀ/	venaient /v^ənɛ/	viendront /vjɛ̃dʀɔ̃/	viennent /vjɛn/	vinssent /vɛ̃s/	viendraient /vjɛ̃dʀɛ/

Non-finite forms:

Infinitive: venir /v^əniʀ/
Present participle: venant /v^ənɑ̃/
Gerundive: en venant
Verbal adjective: venant(e)(s)
Past participle: venu(e)(s) /v^əny/

Auxiliary verb: être

acquérir, cueillir, saillir

-re verbs

Orthographically, the -re verbs have the inflectional endings of the -ir verbs (singular -s, -s, -t in the simple present and past). However, unlike the -ir verbs, there is no suffix -iss- between the root and the inflection, except in the past subjunctive, which is identical to the -ir verbs. In addition, the vowel of the past participle is -u /y/ rather than -i.


	Indicative				Subjunctive		Conditional	Imperative
	Present	Simple Past	Imperfect	Future	Present	Imperfect	Present	Present
j’	attends /atɑ̃/	attendis /atɑ̃di/	attendais /atɑ̃dɛ/	attendrai /atɑ̃dʀe/	attende /atɑ̃d/	attendisse /atɑ̃dis/	attendrais /atɑ̃dʀɛ/
tu	attends /atɑ̃/	attendis /atɑ̃di/	attendais /atɑ̃dɛ/	attendras /atɑ̃dʀa/	attendes /atɑ̃d/	attendisses /atɑ̃dis/	attendrais /atɑ̃dʀɛ/	attends /atɑ̃/
il	attend /atɑ̃/	attendit /atɑ̃di/	attendait /atɑ̃dɛ/	attendra /atɑ̃dʀa/	attende /atɑ̃d/	attendît /atɑ̃di/	attendrait /atɑ̃dʀɛ/
nous	attendons /atɑ̃dɔ̃/	attendîmes /atɑ̃dim/	attendions /atɑ̃djɔ̃/	attendrons /atɑ̃dʀɔ̃/	attendions /atɑ̃djɔ̃/	attendissions /atɑ̃disjɔ̃/	attendrions /atɑ̃dʀijɔ̃/	attendons /atɑ̃dɔ̃/
vous	attendez /atɑ̃de/	attendîtes /atɑ̃dit/	attendiez /atɑ̃dje/	attendrez /atɑ̃dʀe/	attendiez /atɑ̃dje/	attendissiez /atɑ̃disje/	attendriez /atɑ̃dʀije/	attendez /atɑ̃de/
ils	attendent /atɑ̃d/	attendirent /atɑ̃diʀ/	attendaient /atɑ̃dɛ/	attendront /atɑ̃dʀɔ̃/	attendent /atɑ̃d/	attendissent /atɑ̃dis/	attendraient /atɑ̃dʀɛ/

Non-finite forms:

Infinitive: attendre /atɑ̃dʀ/
Present participle: attendant /atɑ̃dɑ̃/
Gerundive: en attendant /an atɑ̃dɑ̃/
Verbal adjective: attendant(s) /atɑ̃dɑ̃/, attendante(s) /atɑ̃dɑ̃t/
Past participle: attendu(e)(s) /atɑ̃dy/

Auxiliary verb: avoir (descendre uses être)

If the verb stem ends with a t or d (as in attend or bat), the -t inflection of the third person simple present drops, as here. However, elsewhere it is retained: rompre → il rompt.
Battre, mettre and all verbs on -aindre or -eindre are irregular^{[clarification needed]}

-oir verbs

Verbs ending in -oir tend to have stem changes, which makes them more irregular than the other conjugations. Many have stems ending in -v, which drops before a consonant or the vowel u. Others have stems ending in -l, which undergoes changes similar to the plural of French nouns ending in -l. In addition, the vowel of the stem tends to become oi /wa/ or eu /ø, œ/ when there is no vowel in the inflectional ending (much of the simple present and present subjunctive). They also differ from other verbs in that the vowel of both the simple past and the past participle is -u /y/.

The verbs voir "to see" and seoir "to suit" and their derivatives (prévoir, asseoir) inflect as -ir verbs, not as -oir verbs, as they have the vowel -i- in the past simple and subjunctive: je vis, j'assis, etc.


	Indicative				Subjunctive		Conditional	Imperative
	Present	Simple Past	Imperfect	Future	Present	Imperfect	Present	Present
je	peux, puis^*	pus	pouvais	pourrai	puisse	pusse	pourrais
tu	peux	pus	pouvais	pourras	puisses	pusses	pourrais	peux
il	peut	put	pouvait	pourra	puisse	pût	pourrait
nous	pouvons	pûmes	pouvions	pourrons	puissions	pussions	pourrions	pouvons
vous	pouvez	pûtes	pouviez	pourrez	puissiez	pussiez	pourriez	pouvez
ils	peuvent	purent	pouvaient	pourront	puissent	pussent	pourraient

^*In case of questions puis is used exclusively: puis-je venir? Can I come? The usage of puis in other cases is mannered.

Non-finite forms:

Infinitive: pouvoir
Present participle: pouvant
Gerundive: en pouvant
Verbal adjective: pouvant(e)(s)
Past participle: pu(e)(s)

Auxiliary verb: avoir


	Indicative				Subjunctive		Conditional	Imperative
	Present	Simple Past	Imperfect	Future	Present	Imperfect	Present	Present
je	reçois	reçus	recevais	recevrai	reçoive	reçusse	recevrais
tu	reçois	reçus	recevais	recevras	reçoives	reçusses	recevrais	reçois
il	reçoit	reçut	recevait	recevra	reçoive	reçût	recevrait
nous	recevons	reçûmes	recevions	recevrons	recevions	reçussions	recevrions	recevons
vous	recevez	reçûtes	receviez	recevrez	receviez	reçussiez	recevriez	recevez
ils	reçoivent	reçurent	recevaient	recevront	reçoivent	reçussent	recevraient

Non-finite forms:

Infinitive: recevoir
Present participle: recevant
Gerundive: en recevant
Verbal adjective: recevant(e)(s)
Past participle: reçu(e)(s)

Auxiliary verb: avoir

Other verbs conjugated along the same model: concevoir, décevoir, percevoir, apercevoir.


	Indicative				Subjunctive		Conditional	Imperative
	Present	Simple Past	Imperfect	Future	Present	Imperfect	Present	Present
je	sais	sus	savais	saurai	sache	susse	saurais
tu	sais	sus	savais	sauras	saches	susses	saurais	sache*
il	sait	sut	savait	saura	sache	sût	saurait
nous	savons	sûmes	savions	saurons	sachions	sussions	saurions	sachons*
vous	savez	sûtes	saviez	saurez	sachiez	sussiez	sauriez	sachez*
ils	savent	surent	savaient	sauront	sachent	sussent	sauraient

* Notice that the imperative form uses the present subjunctive stem.

Non-finite forms:

Infinitive: savoir
Present participle: sachant
Gerundive: en sachant
Verbal adjective: sachant(e)(s)
Past participle: su(e)(s)

Auxiliary verb: avoir


	Indicative				Subjunctive		Conditional	Imperative
	Present	Simple Past	Imperfect	Future	Present	Imperfect	Present	Present
je	veux	voulus	voulais	voudrai	veuille	voulusse	voudrais
tu	veux	voulus	voulais	voudras	veuilles	voulusses	voudrais	veuille
il	veut	voulut	voulait	voudra	veuille	voulût	voudrait
nous	voulons	voulûmes	voulions	voudrons	voulions	voulussions	voudrions	veuillons
vous	voulez	voulûtes	vouliez	voudrez	vouliez	voulussiez	voudriez	veuillez
ils	veulent	voulurent	voulaient	voudront	veuillent	voulussent	voudraient

Non-finite forms:

Infinitive: vouloir
Present participle: voulant
Gerundive: en voulant
Verbal adjective: voulant(e)(s)
Past participle: voulu(e)(s)

Auxiliary verb: avoir

avoir

The auxiliary verb avoir "to have" has different stems for different tenses. These are imperfect av- /av/; present subjunctive ai- /ɛ/; future and conditional aur- /ɔʀ/; simple past and past subjunctive e- (not pronounced: eus, eusse are pronounced as bare inflections /y, ys/). Although the stem changes, the inflections of these tenses are as a regular -oir verb (that is, as an -re verb but with the vowel u /y/ in the e- forms). There is one slight irregularity: in subjunctive ayons, ayez, the /ɛ/ is raised to /e/ due to assimilation with the following y sound (/ejɔ̃, eje/; the same occurs with the gerund ayant).

However, in the simple present, not only are there stem changes, but the inflections are irregular as well:

*Avoir* "to have"

	Indicative				Subjunctive		Conditional	Imperative
	Present	Simple Past	Imperfect	Future	Present	Imperfect	Present	Present
j'	ai /ɛ/	eus /y/	avais /avɛ/	aurai /ɔʀe/	aie /ɛ/	eusse /ys/	aurais /ɔʀɛ/
tu	as /a/	eus	avais	auras	aies	eusses	aurais	aie*
il	a /a/	eut	avait	aura	ait	eût	aurait
nous	avons /avɔ̃/	eûmes	avions	aurons	ayons	eussions	aurions	ayons*
vous	avez /ave/	eûtes	aviez	aurez	ayez	eussiez	auriez	ayez*
ils	ont /ɔ̃/	eurent	avaient	auront	aient	eussent	auraient

* Notice that the imperative form uses the subjunctive conjugation.

Non-finite forms:

Infinitive: avoir /avwaʀ/
Present participle: ayant /ejɑ̃/
Gerundive: en ayant /an ejɑ̃/
Verbal adjective: ayant(s) /ejɑ̃/, ayante(s) /ejɑ̃t/
Past participle: eu(e)(s) /y/

Auxiliary verb: avoir

dire

to say, talk


	Indicative				Subjunctive		Conditional	Imperative
	Present	Simple Past	Imperfect	Future	Present	Imperfect	Present	Present
je	dis	dis	disais	dirai	dise	disse	dirais
tu	dis	dis	disais	diras	dises	disses	dirais	dis
il	dit	dit	disait	dira	dise	dît	dirait
nous	disons	dîmes	disions	dirons	disions	dissions	dirions	disons
vous	dites	dîtes	disiez	direz	disiez	dissiez	diriez	dites
ils	disent	dirent	disaient	diront	disent	dissent	diraient

Non-finite forms:

Infinitive: dire
Present participle: disant
Gerundive: en disant
Verbal adjective: disant(e)(s)
Past participle: dit(e)(s)

Auxiliary verb: avoir

être

The verb être "to be" has different stems for different tenses. These are all pronounced differently: imperfect ét- /ɛt/; present subjunctive soi- /swa/; future and conditional ser- /s(ə)ʀ/; simple past and past subjunctive in f- /f/. The inflections of these tenses are as a regular -oir verb (that is, as an -re verb but with the vowel u /y/ in the f- forms). For example, subjunctive soyons, soyez is pronounced with the y sound (/swajɔ̃, swaje/) of other -re and -oir verbs.

However, in the simple present, not only are there stem changes, but the inflections are irregular as well:

*Être* "to be"

	Indicative				Subjunctive		Conditional	Imperative
	Present	Simple Past	Imperfect	Future	Present	Imperfect	Present	Present
je	suis /sɥi/	fus /fy/	étais /etɛ/	serai /s(ə)ʀe/	sois /swa/	fusse /fys/	serais /s(ə)ʀɛ/
tu	es /ɛ/	fus	étais	seras	sois	fusses	serais	sois*
il	est /ɛ/	fut	était	sera	soit	fût	serait
nous	sommes /sɔm/	fûmes	étions	serons	soyons	fussions	serions	soyons*
vous	êtes /ɛt/	fûtes	étiez	serez	soyez	fussiez	seriez	soyez*
ils	sont /sɔ̃/	furent	étaient	seront	soient	fussent	seraient

* Notice that the imperative form uses the subjunctive conjugation.

(The extra i sound in the conditional nous and vous forms of many -re and -oir verbs (such as devrions /dəʀijɔ̃/) is due to a consonant cluster; in être, like other -re and -oir verbs with stems that end in a vowel in the conditional, such as boire "to drink", this does not occur (serions /səʀjɔ̃/, boirions /bwaʀjɔ̃/.)

The non-finite forms use the stem êt- /ɛt/ (before a consonant)/ét- /ɛt/ (before a vowel):

Infinitive: être
Present participle: étant
Gerundive: en étant
Verbal adjective: étant(e)(s)
Past participle: été(e)(s)

Auxiliary verb: avoir

faire

to do, make


	Indicative				Subjunctive		Conditional	Imperative
	Present	Simple Past	Imperfect	Future	Present	Imperfect	Present	Present
je	fais	fis	faisais	ferai	fasse	fisse	ferais
tu	fais	fis	faisais	feras	fasses	fisses	ferais	fais
il	fait	fit	faisait	fera	fasse	fît	ferait
nous	faisons	fîmes	faisions	ferons	fassions	fissions	ferions	faisons
vous	faites	fîtes	faisiez	ferez	fassiez	fissiez	feriez	faites
ils	font	firent	faisaient	feront	fassent	fissent	feraient

Non-finite forms:

Infinitive: faire
Present participle: faisant
Gerundive: en faisant
Verbal adjective: faisant(e)(s)
Past participle: fait(e)(s)

Auxiliary verb: avoir

défaire, refaire, and satisfaire follow the same pattern.

lire

to read


	Indicative				Subjunctive		Conditional	Imperative
	Present	Simple Past	Imperfect	Future	Present	Imperfect	Present	Present
je	lis	lus	lisais	lirai	lise	lusse	lirais
tu	lis	lus	lisais	liras	lises	lusses	lirais	lis
il	lit	lut	lisait	lira	lise	lût	lirait
nous	lisons	lûmes	lisions	lirons	lisions	lussions	lirions	lisons
vous	lisez	lûtes	lisiez	lirez	lisiez	lussiez	liriez	lisez
ils	lisent	lurent	lisaient	liront	lisent	lussent	liraient

Non-finite forms:

Infinitive: lire
Present participle: lisant
Gerundive: en lisant
Verbal adjective: lisant(e)(s)
Past participle: lu(e)(s)

Auxiliary verb: avoir

élire, réélire, and relire follow the same pattern.

naître

to be born


	Indicative				Subjunctive		Conditional	Imperative
	Present	Simple Past	Imperfect	Future	Present	Imperfect	Present	Present
je	nais	naquis	naissais	naîtrai	naisse	naquisse	naîtrais
tu	nais	naquis	naissais	naîtras	naisses	naquisses	naîtrais	nais
il	naît	naquit	naissait	naîtra	naisse	naquît	naîtrait
nous	naissons	naquîmes	naissions	naîtrons	naissions	naquissions	naîtrions	naissons
vous	naissez	naquîtes	naissiez	naîtrez	naissiez	naquissiez	naîtriez	naissez
ils	naissent	naquirent	naissaient	naîtront	naissent	naquissent	naîtraient

Non-finite forms:

Infinitive: naître
Present participle: naissant
Gerundive: en naissant
Verbal adjective: naisant(e)(s)
Past participle: né(e)(s)

Auxiliary verb: être

prendre

to take


	Indicative				Subjunctive		Conditional	Imperative
	Present	Simple Past	Imperfect	Future	Present	Imperfect	Present	Present
je	prends	pris	prenais	prendrai	prenne	prisse	prendrais
tu	prends	pris	prenais	prendras	prennes	prisses	prendrais	prends
il	prend	prit	prenait	prendra	prenne	prît	prendrait
nous	prenons	prîmes	prenions	prendrons	prenions	prissions	prendrions	prenons
vous	prenez	prîtes	preniez	prendrez	preniez	prissiez	prendriez	prenez
ils	prennent	prirent	prenaient	prendront	prennent	prissent	prendraient

Non-finite forms:

Infinitive: prendre
Present participle: prenant
Gerundive: en prenant
Verbal adjective: prenant(e)(s)
Past participle: pris(e)(s)

Auxiliary verb: avoir

apprendre, comprendre, entreprendre, reprendre, and surprendre follow the same pattern

References

Larousse de la conjugaison, 1980.

External links

^ Maintenir, advenir, contrevenir, convenir, devenir, intervenir, parvenir, provenir, revenir, se souvenir, survenir

[1] Maintenir, advenir, contrevenir, convenir, devenir, intervenir, parvenir, provenir, revenir, se souvenir, survenir

[1]

-er verbs

aller

-ir verbs

Exceptional -ir verbs

-re verbs

-oir verbs

avoir

dire

être

faire

lire

naître

prendre

See also

References

External links