Howard Gardner

Howard Gardner
Born	(1943-07-11) July 11, 1943 Scranton, Pennsylvania
Nationality	American
Alma mater	Harvard College
Known for	theory of multiple intelligences
Scientific career
Fields	Psychology
Institutions	Harvard University

Howard Gardner (born July 11, 1943 in Scranton, Pennsylvania) is an American psychologist who is based at Harvard University. He is best known for his theory of multiple intelligences.

Life

Growing up Howard was a generally curious student. Because of a tragic accident that resulted in the death of his brother before Howard’s birth, his parents never allowed him to play sports during school. By 13 he had become an outstanding pianist and had considered a career in music, and achieved the rank of Eagle Scout.

Howard entered Harvard in September of 1961 as a history major. With the influence of Erik Erikson he changed his major to social relations (a combination of psychology, sociology, and anthropology) with a particular interest in clinical psychology. He again changed his field of interest after meeting Jerome Bruner who was the cognitive psychologist at the time and the writing of Jean Piaget I.

After finishing his graduate work at Harvard Howard met Nelson Goodman. Together they established Project Zero in 1967. Project Zero was a program devoted to the systematic study of artistic thought and creativity with a mission to understand and enhance learning, thinking, and creativity in the arts, as well as humanistic and scientific disciplines, at the individual and institutional levels. Howard worked with a man named David Perkins from 1972 through July 1, 2001 when Dr. Steve Seidel took over as director of the project. In 1981, he was awarded a MacArthur Prize Fellowship.

Multiple intelligences

Multiple intelligences is an idea that maintains there exist many different types of "intelligences" ascribed to human beings. In response to the question of whether or not measures of intelligence are scientific, Gardner suggests that each individual manifests varying levels of different intelligences, and thus each person has a unique "cognitive profile." The theory was first laid out in Gardner's 1983 book, Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences, and has been further refined in subsequent years.

Primary Works

Gardner is the author of many books, notably:

• The Quest for Mind: Jean Piaget, Claude Levi-Strauss and the Structuralist Movement - New York: Knopf, 1973
• The Shattered Mind - New York: Knopf, 1975
• Artful Scribbles: The Significance of Children's Drawings - New York: Basic Books, 1980
• Art, Mind and of Multiple Intelligence (1983) ISBN 0-465-02510-2 (1993 ed.)
• The Mind's New Science: A History of the Cognitive Revolution - New York: Basic Books, 1985
• To Open Minds: Chinese Clues to the Dilemma of Contemporary Education - New York: Basic Books, 1989
• The Unschooled Mind: How Children Think and How Schools Should Teach (1991) ISBN 0-465-08896-1 (1993 ed.)
• Creating Minds: An Anatomy of Creativity Seen Through the Lives of Freud, Einstein, Picasso, Stravinsky, Eliot, Graham, and Gandhi (1994) ISBN 0-465-01454-2
• Multiple Intelligences: The Theory in Practice (1993) ISBN 0-465-01822-X (1993 ed.)
• Leading Minds: An Anatomy of Leadership - New York: Basic Books, 1995.
• Intelligence: Multiple Perspectives - Orlando: Harcourt, 1996.
• Extraordinary Minds: Portraits of Exceptional Individuals and an Examination of our Extraordinariness - New York: Basic Books, 1997
• Intelligence Reframed: Multiple Intelligences for the 21st Century - New York: Basic Books, 1999
• The Disciplined Mind: What All Students Should Understand - New York: Simon and Schuster, 1999
• Multiple Intelligences After Twenty Years, 2003. Paper presented at the American Educational Research Association, Chicago, Illinois, April 21, 2003. [1]
• Five Minds for the Future - Harvard Business School Press, 2007, ISBN 978-1591399124
• Responsibility at Work - Jossey-Bass, 2007.

As well as an audio dialogue with Daniel Goleman as part of the "Wired to Connect: Dialogues on Social Intelligence" series:

• "Good Work: Aligning Skills and Values" - More Than Sound Productions[2] 2008

See below for research into validity of Gardner's theory:

• Bennett, M. (2000). Self-estimates and population estimates of ability in men and women. Australian Journal of Psychology, 52, 23–28.

References

http://www.howardgardner.com/docs/One%20Way%20of%20Making%20a%20Social%20Scientist.pdf

External links

• Howard Gardner's Project Zero home page at Harvard University
• Howard Gardner's personal home page
• Howard Gardner School for Discovery in Scranton, PA; another photograph of Howard Gardner's can be seen here, at the link about "History"
• The Howard Gardner School in Alexandria, VA
• Gardner's work in social psychology, Greater Good magazine
• http://www.thomasarmstrong.com/multiple_intelligences.htm