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For other people named John Howard (disambiguation), see John Howard (disambiguation) (disambiguation).
See also: Howard Government
The Honourable
John Winston Howard
AC, SSI, LLB
25th Prime Minister of Australia
Elections: 1987, 1996—2007
In office
11 March 1996 – 3 December 2007
DeputyTim Fischer (1996-99)
John Anderson (1999-2005)
Mark Vaile (2005-07)
Preceded byPaul Keating
Succeeded byKevin Rudd
29th Treasurer of Australia
In office
19 November 1977 – 11 March 1983
Preceded byPhillip Lynch
Succeeded byPaul Keating
Member of the Australian Parliament
for Bennelong
In office
18 May 1974 – 24 November 2007
Preceded byJohn Cramer
Succeeded byMaxine McKew
Personal details
Born (1939-07-26) 26 July 1939 (age 85)
Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
Political partyLPA
SpouseJanette Howard
Alma materUniversity of Sydney
ProfessionSolicitor

John Winston Howard AC (born 26 July 1939) was the 25th Prime Minister of Australia from 11 March 1996 to 3 December 2007. He is the second-longest serving Australian Prime Minister after Sir Robert Menzies.

Howard was a member of the Australian House of Representatives from 1974 to 2007, representing the Division of Bennelong, New South Wales. He served as Treasurer in the government of Malcolm Fraser from 1977–1983. He was Leader of the Liberal Party and Coalition Opposition from 1985–1989, which included the 1987 federal election against Bob Hawke. He was re-elected as Leader of the Opposition in 1995.

Howard led the Liberal-National Coalition to victory at the 1996 federal election, defeating Paul Keating's Labor government and ending a record 13 years of Coalition opposition. Howard was sworn in as Prime Minister on 11 March 1996. Howard's government was re-elected at the 1998, 2001 and 2004 elections. Major issues for the Howard Government were taxation, industrial relations, immigration, the Iraq war, and aboriginal relations. Howard's coalition government was defeated at the 2007 election, by the Australian Labor Party led by Kevin Rudd. Howard also lost his electoral division of Bennelong to Labor's Maxine McKew, making him the second Australian Prime Minister, after Stanley Bruce in 1929, to lose his own seat.

Early life

John Howard as a boy

John Howard is the fourth son of Lyall Howard and Mona (née Kell). His parents were married in 1925. His eldest brother Stanley was born in 1926, followed by Walter in 1929, and Robert (Bob) in 1936. Lyall Howard was an admirer of Winston Churchill,[1] and a sympathiser with the New Guard.[2]

Howard grew up in the Sydney suburb of Earlwood. His mother had been an office worker until her marriage. His father and his paternal grandfather, Walter Howard, were both veterans of the First AIF in World War I. They also ran two Dulwich Hill petrol stations where John Howard worked as a boy.[3] Lyall Howard died in 1955 when John was sixteen, leaving his mother to take care of John[4] (or "Jack" as he was also known).[5]

Howard suffered a hearing impairment in his youth, leaving him with a slight speech impediment.[6] It also influenced him in subtle ways, limiting his early academic performance; encouraging a reliance on an excellent memory; and in his mind ruling out becoming a barrister as a likely career.[7]

File:CBHSCricket1950s.jpg
Canterbury Boys' High School Cricket Team. John Howard is in the front row, 2nd from right

Howard attended the publicly funded state schools Earlwood Primary School and Canterbury Boys' High School.[5] Howard won a citizenship prize in his final year at Earlwood (presented by local politician Eric Willis), and subsequently represented his secondary school at debating as well as cricket and rugby.[8] In his final year at school he took part in a radio show hosted by Jack Davey, Give It a Go broadcast on the commercial radio station, 2GB, and a recording of the show survives.[9] After gaining his Leaving Certificate, he studied law at the University of Sydney, graduating in 1961,[5] and subsequently practising as a solicitor for twelve years.[10]

Howard married fellow Liberal Party member Janette Parker in 1971, with whom he had three children: Melanie (1974), Tim (1977) and Richard (1980).[11]

Early political career

Howard joined the Liberal Party in 1957. He held office in the New South Wales Liberal Party on the State Executive and served as President of the Young Liberals (1962–64), the party youth organisation.[12] Howard supported Australia's involvement in the Vietnam War, although has since said there were "aspects of it that could have been handled and explained differently".[13]

At the 1963 federal election, Howard acted as campaign manager in his local seat of Parkes for the successful candidacy of Tom Hughes who defeated the 20 year Labor incumbent.

In 1967 with the support of party power brokers, John Carrick and Eric Willis, he was endorsed as candidate for the marginal suburban state seat of Drummoyne, held by the ALP. Howard's mother sold the family home in Earlwood and rented a house with him at Five Dock, a suburb within the electorate. At the election in February 1968, in which the incumbent state Liberal government was returned to office, Howard failed to defeat the sitting member, despite campaigning vigorously.[14] Howard and his mother subsequently returned to Earlwood, moving to a house on the same street where he grew up.

At the 1974 federal election, Howard successfully contested the Sydney suburban seat of Bennelong and became a Member of Parliament in the House of Representatives. When Malcolm Fraser's government came to power in December 1975, Howard was appointed Minister for Business and Consumer Affairs, a position in which he served until 1977.[10]

Federal Treasurer (1977–1983)

In December 1977, at the age of 38, Howard was appointed Treasurer, for which he became known as "the boy Treasurer".[10] In this role, he was a strong adherent of monetarism, and he favoured cuts to personal income tax and business tax, lower government spending, the dismantling of the centralised wage-fixing system, the abolition of compulsory trade unionism, and the privatisation of government-owned enterprises.

In 1979, Treasurer Howard established a committee of inquiry, the Campbell Committee, to investigate financial system reforms. The process of reform began before the Committee reported 2 1/2 years later, with the introduction of the tender system for the sale of Treasury notes in 1979, and Treasury bonds in 1982. Ian Macfarlane (Governor of the Reserve Bank of Australia 1996-2006) described these reforms as "second only in importance to the float of the Australian dollar in 1983."[15]

In April 1982, Howard was elected Deputy Leader of the Liberal Party.

During Howard's tenure as Treasurer, the 90-day cash rate peaked at 21% on 8 April 1982 at a time when loan mortgage rates were capped by legislation at 13.5%, and inflation peaked at 12.5% in September 1982.[16] Peter Costello commented, in 2007, that "The Howard treasurership was not a success in terms of interest rates and inflation... he had not been a great reformer."[17]

Opposition years (1983-1996)

Following the 1983 defeat of the Fraser government and Fraser's subsequent resignation from parliament, Howard contested the Liberal leadership but was defeated by Andrew Peacock. Remaining Deputy Leader of the parliamentary party, Howard became Deputy Leader of the Opposition. After electoral defeat by Hawke and Labor at the 1984 election, Peacock sought, in September 1985, to replace Howard with John Moore as Deputy Leader. The party room re-elected Howard to the position. Peacock resigned and Howard became Opposition Leader unopposed on 3 September.[18]

Howard came to be known as an economic liberal– in his own words, an "economic radical"– yet an avowed social conservative.[19] He opposed "political correctness" and the promotion of multiculturalism at the expense of a shared national identity. In July 1986, Howard famously said that "The times will suit me".[20] However, his chances of unseating Hawke at the 1987 election were ruined when the arch-conservative Premier of Queensland Sir Joh Bjelke-Petersen launched a populist "Joh for Canberra" campaign that divided the federal conservative political movement and saw Hawke comfortably re-elected.

On 22 August 1988, from Opposition, Howard named and launched a new immigration and ethnic affairs policy, titled One Australia. The policy detailed a vision of "one nation and one future", including opposition to multiculturalism and rejection of Aboriginal land rights.[21] Howard's comments that same month about Asian immigration led to controversy and divisions within the Liberal Party: "I do believe that if it is– in the eyes of some in the community– that it's too great, it would be in our immediate-term interest and supporting of social cohesion if it were slowed down a little, so the capacity of the community to absorb it was greater".[22] Other members of Howard's coalition, including Shadow Finance Minister John Stone and Deputy Opposition Leader Ian Sinclair also spoke out about Asian immigration, suggesting it must be reduced.[19][23] On 25 August 1988, Prime Minister Bob Hawke responded by introducing a parliamentary motion stating that no Australian government would use race or ethnic origin as a criterion for immigration. Four members of the Liberal Party crossed the floor of parliament to vote with Labor: Steele Hall, Ian Macphee and Philip Ruddock. Two others, Ian Wilson and Michael MacKellar abstained from the vote. In the Senate, Peter Baume also crossed the floor.[24] In September 1988, Howard elaborated his opposition to multiculturalism by saying "To me, multiculturalism suggests that we can't make up our minds who we are or what we believe in."[21] He rejected the idea of an Aboriginal treaty as "repugnant to the ideals of One Australia"[21] and commented "I don't think it is wrong, racist, immoral or anything, for a country to say 'we will decide what the cultural identity and the cultural destiny of this country will be and nobody else."[25] Dissent within the Liberal Party over Asian immigration was believed by some political commentators to have weakened Howard's leadership.[24] In February 1989, John Elliott approached Andrew Peacock and encouraged Peacock to launch a leadership challenge against Howard.[24]

In May 1989, Peacock launched a surprise leadership coup, ousting Howard as Liberal leader. When asked that day whether he could become Liberal leader again, Howard famously likened it to "Lazarus with a triple bypass".[26] The loss of the Liberal Party leadership to Peacock deeply affected Howard, who admitted he would occasionally drink too much.[27] After time on the backbench, Howard returned to the Coalition front bench. Following the Coalition's 1990 election loss, Peacock was replaced with former Howard staffer Dr. John Hewson.

Howard was a supporter of Hewson's economic program, with a Goods and Services Tax (GST) as its centrepiece. After Hewson lost the "unloseable" 1993 election to Paul Keating, Howard unsuccessfully challenged Hewson for the leadership. In 1994, he was again passed over for the leadership, which went to Alexander Downer. Downer failed to dent Keating's dominance and, in January 1995, he resigned as leader. Peter Costello, deputy party leader, did not challenge for the leadership, over a decade later citing an agreement between the pair that allowed Howard to become leader for a second time unopposed. Howard said no deal had ever been made.[28]

As Opposition Leader for the second time, Howard revised his earlier statements against Medicare and Asian immigration.[22] During the campaign Howard outlined his vision of Australia in 2000 to the ABC:

I want to see an Australian society that sees this country as a unique intersection of Europe, North America and Asia. Australia is incredibly lucky to have a European heritage, deep connections with North America, but to be geographically cast in the Asian/Pacific region and if we think of ourselves as that strategic intersection, then I think we have a remarkable opportunity to carve a special niche for ourselves in ... in the history of the next century.[13]

Following Howard's election to Opposition Leader, the Coalition opened a large lead over Labor in most opinion polls, and Howard overtook Keating as preferred Prime Minister.

Prime Minister

John Howard in the United States in 1997
Main article: Howard Government

Winning over many traditional Labor voters, a group termed the "Howard battlers", Howard led the Liberal-National party Coalition to win the 1996 elections, with a 26-seat swing—the second-largest defeat of an incumbent government since Federation. With a 45 seat majority, the size of the Coalition victory gave John Howard great power within the Liberal party and he said he came to the office "with very clear views on where I wanted to take the country".[29] At the age of 56, he was sworn in as Prime Minister on 11 March 1996, ending a record 13 years of Coalition opposition.[10]

In the run-up to the election, Pauline Hanson, the Liberal candidate for Oxley in Queensland was disendorsed because of comments she made to The Queensland Times. On election to Parliament as an independent, Hanson continued to speak on issues of race gaining the support of many, and offending others. Howard did not denounce the views of Hanson which to many reaffirmed his own late-80's comments on Asian immigration and meant that he was endorsing Hanson's views. Howard's position was that she was entitled to express her opinion and that others would share it,[30] but that to denounce her would "elevate it". Cabinet members, including Foreign Minister Downer denounced her views, as did Howard seven months after Hanson's controversial maiden parliamentary speech.[31]

Before winning office in 1996, John Howard said that a Goods and Services Tax (GST) would "never ever" be part of Coalition policy.[32] During his first term, Howard spear-headed the Coalition policy to introduce of a GST at the 1998 election, which the Coalition subsequently won with a reduced majority. The GST was introduced in 2000 with exemptions negotiated with the Democrats to ensure its passage through the Senate.

John Howard and US Secretary of Defense William Cohen in 1997

The seat of Bennelong became home to many Asian immigrants; in 1995 he apologised for his 1988 remarks about Asian immigration, and in May 2002, Howard retracted the remarks:

My instinct is that Asian-Australians are very much part of the community now. I think it (their integration) has been quicker. I just don't hear people talking about it now, even as much as they did five years ago, and I have an electorate which is very Asian.[22]

Throughout 2002 and 2003 he kept his lead in the opinion polls over Labor leader, Simon Crean. On 29 August 2004, Howard called an election for 9 October. The Labor opposition, after the resignation of Simon Crean and the election of Mark Latham as leader in December 2003, had established a large lead in some opinion polls by March 2004, and the government entered the election campaign behind Labor in all published national opinion polls. Howard himself still had a large lead over Latham as preferred Prime Minister in those same polls and most commentators regarded the result as being too close to call. During the campaign, Howard attacked Latham's economic record as Mayor of Liverpool City Council. Howard also attacked Labor's economic history.

It is an historic fact that interest rates have always gone up under Labor governments over the last 30 years, because Labor governments spend more than they collect and drive budgets into deficit ... So it will be with a Latham Labor government... I will guarantee that interest rates are always going to be lower under a Coalition government.[33]

The election result was an increased Coalition majority in the House of Representatives and the first, albeit slim, government majority in the Senate since 1981. On a two party preferred basis, the Coalition achieved 52.74% of the vote to Labor's 47.26%. However, for the second time since becoming Prime Minister, Howard himself had to go to preferences in order to win another term in his own seat. He took 49.9 percent of the first count and was only assured of reelection on the third count. Ultimately, Howard won 53.3 percent of the two-party preferred vote.[34] On 21 December 2004, Howard became the second-longest serving Australian Prime Minister after Sir Robert Menzies.[35] The new Senate came into effect on 1 July 2005, giving a government control of both houses for the first time since the Fraser government.

John Howard, Janette Howard, and U.S. President George W. Bush at the Sydney Opera House during APEC Australia 2007

Howard chaired APEC Australia 2007, culminating in the APEC Economic Leaders Meeting in Sydney during September.[36] The meeting was at times overshadowed by leadership speculation following further poor poll results[37] and public criticism of security arrangements.[38] The Coalition trailed Labor in opinion polls from mid-2006 onward, but Howard still consistently led Labor leader Kim Beazley on the question of preferred Prime Minister. In December 2006, after Kevin Rudd became Labor leader, the two-party preferred deficit widened even further and Rudd swiftly overtook Howard as preferred Prime Minister.

Economic management

See also: Economy of Australia

Howard often cited the economic management record of his government as a strong point in its favour. In the 2004 election campaign, Howard campaigned on the theme of trust, saying:

Who do you trust to keep the economy strong, and protect family living standards? Who do you trust to keep interest rates low?[39]

In April 2006, the government announced it had completely paid off the last of $96 billion of Commonwealth net debt inherited when it came to power in 1996.[40] Economists generally welcomed the news, while cautioning that some level of debt was not necessarily bad, and that some of the debt had been transferred to the private sector.[41][verification needed].

In the lead up to the Federal election, Howard came under increasing criticism over growing inflationary, skills and productivity pressures in the national economy[citation needed]. His opponent Kevin Rudd contended during their leadership debate that Howard had no plan to deal with these pressures and would not be able to handle future interest rate rises[citation needed].

John Howard and U.S. President George W. Bush in Sydney at the APEC Economic Leaders Meeting in September 2007.

United States relations

As Prime Minister, John Howard closely aligned himself with United States president George W. Bush[42] and criticised the Labor opposition for "deep tensions within [...] regarding the American alliance".[43] Howard and Bush shared a common ideology on many issues, most visibly in their approach to the "War on Terror". In May, 2003, Howard made an overnight stay at Bush's Prairie Chapel Ranch in Texas, after which Bush said that Howard "...is not only a man of steel, he's showed the world he's a man of heart."[44] In February 2007, referring to the US presidential contest, Howard claimed that Democratic nomination candidate Barack Obama's stance on the war would encourage terrorism in Iraq. Howard said, "If I were running al Qaeda in Iraq, I would put a circle around March 2008, and pray, as many times as possible, for a victory not only for Obama, but also for the Democrats."[45]

National Security and Terrorism

In March 2003, Australia joined 40 countries including the United Kingdom and the United States, in what US President George Bush referred to as the Coalition of the Willing in sending troops and naval units to support in the invasion of Iraq and the removal of Saddam Hussein from power. Howard told parliament:

Full disclosure by Iraq of its chemical, biological and nuclear weapons programs and immediate and total cooperation by Iraq with the provisions of resolution 1441 of the Security Council will remove the need for military action.[46]

In response to the Australian participation in the invasion, there were large-scale protests in Australian cities during March 2003, and Prime Minister Howard was repeatedly heckled from the public gallery of Parliament House.[47] Opinion polls showed that opposition to the war without UN backing was as high as 92 per cent in January 2003 (before the invasion) but this opposition dropped to 48 per cent in the week following the invasion.[48] In September 2003, after it was discovered that the Iraqi government did not own weapons of mass destruction, 70% of Australians believed John Howard misled them on his case for war in Iraq, although two thirds of that 70% believed he did so unintentionally. Howard remained preferred prime-minister compared with the then leader of the opposition, Simon Crean, and Howard's approval rating had dropped only slightly since January and was at 59%.[49]

Relationship with indigenous Australians

Following the Wik Decision of the High Court in 1996, John Howard's government moved swiftly to legislate limitations on its possible implications through the so-called Ten-Point Plan.

Throughout his prime-ministership, Howard was resolute in his refusal to provide the apology to Indigenous Australians recommended in the 1997 “Bringing Them Home” report. However, on 26 August 1999 John Howard personally expressed "deep sorrow" while maintaining that "Australians of this generation should not be required to accept guilt and blame for past actions and policies."[50] In February 2008, after Howard failed to win a fifth term, incoming Prime Minister Kevin Rudd made an apology on behalf of the federal parliament, which received bipartisan support. Howard was the only living former Prime Minister who declined to attend.[51]

In 2005, the Howard Government abolished the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission, the only federal body charged with formally representing indigenous Australians. This was done in response to concerns that its organisational structure was conducive to corrupt behaviour by its officers[52].

In August 2007, the Howard government announced the Northern Territory National Emergency Response. This package of revisions to welfare provisions, law enforcement and other measures was advanced as a plan for addressing child abuse in Aboriginal Northern Territory communities that had been highlighted in the June 2007 "Little Children are Sacred" report. The plan was criticized by the report's authors for not incorporating any of the report's numerous recommendations.[53] Some aboriginal activists such as Noel Pearson provided qualified support for the intervention. Commentators[who?] noted the approaching November federal election, suggesting that the intervention was an attempt at "wedge politics" and an appeal to middle class non-Aboriginal voters concerned with child abuse and racial issues.[citation needed]

Leadership and retirement doubts

Despite being the second-longest serving Prime Minister in Australian history, John Howard's time in office was marked by speculation about when he would be succeeded as Prime Minister by Peter Costello.[54] In July 2006, it was alleged that a deal had been struck with Peter Costello in 1994 with Ian McLachlan present, that if the Liberal party were to win the next election, Howard would serve one and a half terms of office and then allow Costello to take over. Howard denied that this constituted a deal, yet Costello and McLachlan insisted it did;[55] and there were calls for Costello to either challenge or quit.[56] After losing government and his seat, John Howard anointed Costello as his successor. Costello however refused to accept the role of leader of the opposition[57], and Brendan Nelson was elected as leader of the parliamentary Liberal Party.

The 2007 election

Main article: Australian federal election, 2007
John Howard meeting Maroondah residents, 31 August 2007

On 14 October, Howard announced a 24 November election.[58] The Coalition had been trailing Labor in the polls since 2006. ABC election analyst Antony Green noted the Coalition's numbers were similar to what Labor had polled before losing power in 1996. Opposition leader Kevin Rudd called for a minimum of three debates between himself and Howard, while Howard, who had been rated poorly by studio audiences at past leadership debates, pressed for a single debate. On 21 October, Howard and Rudd took part in a live nationally televised leaders' debate. Commentators widely reported Rudd as the victor in the debate.[59]

Electioneering balloons from the Liberal and Labor parties in Bennelong during the 2007 federal election.

Howard and his Coalition government were defeated in the election, suffering a 23-seat swing to Labor. That evening, Howard conceded that Labor had won government and the likelihood that he had lost Bennelong to former journalist Maxine McKew.[60][61] The final tally showed McKew won 44,685 votes (51.4 percent) to Howard's 42,251 (48.6 percent), and that Howard lost on the 14th count due to a large flow of Green preferences to McKew. Four other members of Howard's Cabinet lost their seats. Howard told a former colleague that losing Bennelong was a "silver lining in the thunder cloud of defeat" as it spared him the ignominy of opposition.[62] He remained in office as caretaker Prime Minister until the formal swearing in of Rudd's government on 3 December.[63] Howard is the second Australian Prime Minister, after Stanley Bruce, to lose his seat in an election.[64]

Federal Liberal Party director Brian Loughnane said "it was the failure of Kim Beazley's leadership that had masked voter concerns about Howard".[65] Media analysis of The Australian Election Study, a postal survey of 1873 voters during the 2007 poll, found that although respondents respected Howard and thought he had won the 6-week election campaign, Howard was considered "at odds with public opinion on cut-through issues", his opponent had achieved the highest "likeability" rating in the survey's 20-year history, and a majority had decided their voting intention prior to the election campaign.[66]

After politics

In January 2008, John Howard signed with a prominent speaking agency called the Washington Speakers Bureau, joining Tony Blair, Colin Powell, Madeleine Albright, and others. He will be available for two speeches, Leadership in the New Century and The Global Economic Future.[67] In February 2008, John Howard gave a speech to the Nigerian parliament on how to achieve economic prosperity.[68] In December 2008 Howard commented on Mumbai attacks by saying "I have no doubt the terrorists planned it to say to president-elect Obama: 'Don't you imagine because you're replacing President Bush who we despise that we're going to like you … we're not.'" and predicted that the fight against terrorism is going to be with us for a very long time into the future.[69]

Honours

Bust of John Howard by political cartoonist, caricaturist and sculptor Peter Nicholson located in the Prime Minister's Avenue in the Ballarat Botanical Gardens

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Garran, Robert (2004). True Believer: John Howard, George Bush and the American Alliance. Allen & Unwin. p. 10. ISBN 1741144183. {{cite book}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  2. ^ Peter, Peter. "1". John Winston Howard The Definitive Biography. Melbourne University Press. pp. 7–9. ISBN 9780522853346. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); |format= requires |url= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |origdate= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |origmonth= ignored (help)
  3. ^ "Tin soldered for the King in Howard's home". The Sydney Morning Herald. 2006-06-19. Retrieved 2007-08-29. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  4. ^ Birnbauer, Bill, "Rise Of A Common Man", The Age, 4 March 1996
  5. ^ a b c "Canterbury tales". The Sydney Morning Herald. 18 September 2004. Retrieved 2007-09-05. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  6. ^ "Transcript of the Prime Minister the Hon. John Howard MP, opening of the child deafness research laboratories at The Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne". PM News Room. 2000-02-16. Retrieved 2006-07-08.
  7. ^ Errington, Wayne; Van Onselen, Peter (2007). John Winston Howard: The Biography. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, pp 21, 35
  8. ^ "Beazley and Howard- Politics and Sport". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 26 October 2001. Retrieved 2007-03-13.
  9. ^ "Sixteen-year-old John Howard on a popular radio quiz show compered by Jack Davey [[:Template:RAMlink]]". australianpolitics.com. 9 June 2002. Retrieved 2006-07-08. {{cite web}}: URL–wikilink conflict (help)
  10. ^ a b c d "Education: John Howard". National Museum of Australia. 1 August 2007. Retrieved 2007-08-14.
  11. ^ "Australia's Prime Ministers : John Howard". National Archives of Australia. Retrieved 2007-11-27.
  12. ^ "Young Liberals Life Members & Past Presidents". Young Liberals. 2006. Retrieved 2006-07-08.
  13. ^ a b "John Howard Interview– 1996". Four Corners. 19 February 1996. Retrieved 2006-12-26. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  14. ^ "Drummoyne– 1968". Parliament of NSW. 25 July 2007. Retrieved 2007-07-25.
  15. ^ Boyer Lectures - 26November2006 - Lecture 3: Reform and Deregulation
  16. ^ "F01 Interest rates and yields – money market" (Excel file). Reserve Bank of Australia. Retrieved 2007-08-29.
  17. ^ "Howard failed as treasurer, says Costello". The Sydney Morning Herald. 19 July 2007. Retrieved 2007-07-25. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  18. ^ Howard's labours are slipping away, Alan Ramsay, Sydney Morning Herald, 6 March 2004
  19. ^ a b Markus, Andrew (2001). Race: John Howard and the Remaking of Australia. Allen & Unwin. pp. 85–89. ISBN 1864488662.
  20. ^ Summers, Anne (18 August 2003). "The sad times do suit him; he made them". Sydney Morning Herald. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  21. ^ a b c Markus, Andrew (2001). Race: John Howard and the Remaking of Australia. Allen & Unwin. pp. 85–89. ISBN 1864488662.
  22. ^ a b c "Asian influence spices up contest". The Australian. 27 February 2007. Retrieved 2007-07-27. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  23. ^ Peter, Mares (2002). Borderline: Australia's Response to Refugees and Asylum Seekers in the Wake of the Tampa. UNSW Press. p. 113. ISBN 0868407895.
  24. ^ a b c Kelly, Paul. The End of Certainty: Power, Politics, and Business in Australia (HTML). Allen & Unwin. pp. 427, 457, 467. ISBN 186373757X. Retrieved 2007-10-05.
  25. ^ "When talk of racism is just not cricket". The Sydney Morning Herald. 2005-12-16. Retrieved 2007-08-19. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  26. ^ Thoughts of a bypassed Lazarus, The Age, 29 February 2004
  27. ^ "Howard: 'I was drunk at work'". The Courier Mail. 2007-07-25. Retrieved 2007-07-25.
  28. ^ "Power marriage on the rocks". Sydney Morning Herald. 11 July 2006. Retrieved 2007-09-03. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  29. ^ The Howard Years (episode 1) (TV Series). Australia: Australian Broadcasting Corporation. {{cite AV media}}: Unknown parameter |year2= ignored (help)
  30. ^ "Pauline Hanson pulls the plug as One Nation president". ABC. 14 January 2002. Retrieved 2007-08-29.
  31. ^ The Howard Years (episode 1) (TV Series). Australia: Australian Broadcasting Corporation. {{cite AV media}}: Unknown parameter |year2= ignored (help)
  32. ^ A look back at Howard's ten years
  33. ^ Wade, Matt (30 August 2004). "Labor means rate rises, PM claims". The Age. Retrieved 2007-08-29. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  34. ^ http://psephos.adam-carr.net/countries/a/australia/2004/2004repsnsw.txt
  35. ^ "PM still favourite as he celebrates milestone". ABC News. 21 December 2004. Retrieved 2007-08-14.
  36. ^ "APEC 2007 Taskforce". Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet. 30 June 2006. Retrieved 2007-09-13.
  37. ^ "Leadership talk dogs PM". ABC. 7 September 2007. Retrieved 2007-09-11.
  38. ^ "APEC security 'has harmed Sydney image'". The Age. 7 September 2007. Retrieved 2007-09-13.
  39. ^ "Howard: election to be about trust". Sydney Morning Herald. 29 August 2004. Retrieved 2008-10-04.
  40. ^ Costello, Peter (2006-04-20). "Speech to the Committee for Economic Development of Australia : "DEBT-FREE DAY"".
  41. ^ ABC PM (2006-04-20). "Costello announces 'debt free day'".
  42. ^ Jonston, Tim (2007-11-25). "Ally of Bush Is Defeated in Australia". New York Times. Retrieved 2008-05-06. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  43. ^ Michelle Grattan (2007-09-03). "PM puts spotlight on Labor over US alliance". The Age. Fairfax. Retrieved 2008-10-04.
  44. ^ "Bush lauds Howard as 'man of steel'". Sydney Morning Herald. 2003-05-04. Retrieved 2008-05-06. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  45. ^ "Obama hits back after Australian PM slams his Iraq stance". CNN. 2007-02-12. Retrieved 2008-05-07.; "Australian Premier Defends Remark On Obama, Terror". Washington Post. 2007-02-13. Retrieved 2008-05-24.; "Lib defends Howard's Obama claim". The Australian. 2008-11-20. Retrieved 2008-11-20.
  46. ^ Howard (2003-02-04). "Ministerial statements: Iraq". Hansard of the Parliament of Australia. Retrieved 2007-08-29. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |First= ignored (|first= suggested) (help)
  47. ^ "Malaysian PM condemns Iraq war". BBC News. 2003-03-24. Retrieved 2008-08-19.
  48. ^ Riley, Mark (2003-04-01). "Support for the fight growing". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 2008-08-22.
  49. ^ Riley, Mark (2003-09-24). "Poll: majority of Australians 'feel misled' by Howard". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 2008-08-22.
  50. ^ "Opening Speech of Australian Reconciliation Convention". Australasian Legal Information Institute. 26 May 2000. Retrieved 2006-08-23.
  51. ^ "Kevin Rudd says sorry" Sydney Morning Herald
  52. ^ ATSIC Review: Complex Challenges, No Simple Solutions
  53. ^ Johnston, Tim (2007-08-24). "Far-Reaching Policy for Aborigines Draws Their Fury". New York Times. Retrieved 2007-08-28. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  54. ^ "When I'm 64: Howard". The 7:30 Report. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 5 October 2001. Retrieved 2007-08-29.
  55. ^ Steve Lewis (2006-07-10). "Costello backers savage Howard". News Limited. Retrieved 2006-07-10.; Glenn Milne (2006-07-10). "No, Prime Minister, you cannot deny it". News Limited. Retrieved 2006-07-10.; "Howard promised me a handover: Costello / Howard rejects Costello's deal claim". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 2006-07-10. Retrieved 2006-07-10.
  56. ^ "Labor sees end to Howard-Costello duet". ABC. 2006-07-10. Retrieved 2006-07-10.; "Call for Costello to quit or challenge". ABC. 2006-07-11. Retrieved 2006-07-11.
  57. ^ Costello won't stand, The Sydney Morning Herald, 25 November 2007.
  58. ^ "PM announces November 24 poll]". ABC News Online. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 2007-10-14.
  59. ^ AAP (21 October 2007). "Experts say Rudd won debate". News Ltd. Retrieved 2007-10-21.
  60. ^ "Bennelong (Key Seat)". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 25 November 2007. Retrieved 2007-11-25.
  61. ^ "Bennelong too close to call, says McKew". news.com.au. 25 November 2007. Retrieved 2007-11-25.
  62. ^ Kate Legge (2008-04-05). "Dark tea-time of the soul". The Australian. News Ltd.
  63. ^ "Rudd feeling 'chipper' about swearing in". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 2007-12-03.
  64. ^ Paul Bibby (2007-12-12). "Finally, Howard admits McKew has it". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 2007-12-12.
  65. ^ Glenn Milne (2007-12-24). "Roadrunner Rudd on track". The Australian. News Ltd.
  66. ^ Mark Davis (2008-05-24). "What made battlers turn the tide". The Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax.
  67. ^ Howard signs up to talk the talk | The Australian
  68. ^ Howard switches off to tell Nigerians how to switch on– National
  69. ^ a b Howard: Mumbai attacks a message to Obama
  70. ^ It's an Honour: AC
  71. ^ Howard to receive US presidential award
  72. ^ "PM awarded the Star of the Solomon Islands". Beehive. 2005-06-20. Retrieved 2006-07-08.
  73. ^ Medals of the World - Solomon Islands: Star of the Solomon Islands. Retrieved on 2006-09-24
  74. ^ Australia's John Howard Receives 2008 Irving Kristol Award AEI press release 3 January 2008
  75. ^ Howard wins $54,000 for good PM-ing | The Australian

Further reading

Publications
See also: List of books about John Howard
  • Errington, Wayne; Van Onselen, Peter (2007). John Winston Howard: The Biography. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press. ISBN 9780522853346
Websites
Political offices
Preceded by
Ivor Greenwood (customs)
 Minister for Business and Consumer Affairs
1975 – 1977 		Succeeded by
New title Minister for Special Trade Negotiations
1977 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Treasurer of Australia
1977– 1983 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Prime Minister of Australia
1996– 2007 		Succeeded by
Parliament of Australia
Preceded by Member for Bennelong
1974 – 2007 		Succeeded by
Party political offices
Preceded by Leader of the Liberal Party
1985– 1989 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Leader of the Liberal Party
1995 – 2007 		Succeeded by

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