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Marcus Junius Brutus

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Ancient marble bust of Marcus Brutus

Marcus Junius Brutus (85–42 BC) or Quintus Servilius Caepio Brutus, often referred to simply as Brutus, was a Roman senator of the late Roman Republic. He is best known in modern times for taking a leading role in the assassination conspiracy against Julius Caesar.[1]

Early life

Brutus was the son of Marcus Junius Brutus the Elder and Servilia Caepionis. His father was a legatus to Pompey the Great; his mother was the half-sister of Cato the Younger, and later became Julius Caesar's mistress. Some sources refer to the possibility of Caesar being his real father,[2] but this is unlikely since Caesar was 15 at the time of Brutus' birth. Brutus' uncle, Quintus Servilius Caepio, adopted him when he was a young man and Brutus was known as Quintus Servilius Caepio Brutus for an unknown period of time.

Brutus held his uncle in high regard[3] and his political career started when he became an assistant to Cato, during his governorship of Cyprus.[4] During this time, he enriched himself by lending money at high rates of interest. He returned to Rome a rich man, where he married Claudia Pulchra.[5] From his first appearance in the Senate, Brutus aligned with the Optimates (the conservative faction) against the First Triumvirate of Marcus Licinius Crassus, Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus and Gaius Julius Caesar.hi

Senate career

When the Caesar's civil war broke out in 49 BC between Pompey and Caesar, Brutus followed his old enemy and present leader of the Optimates, Pompey. When the Battle of Pharsalus began, Caesar ordered his officers to take him prisoner if he gave himself up voluntarily, and if he persisted in fighting against capture, to let him alone and do him no violence.[6] After the disaster of the battle of Pharsalus, Brutus wrote to Caesar with apologies and Caesar immediately forgave him. In his letter Brutus declared he was a strong supporter of democracy and continually pushed it throughout the letter.[citation needed] Caesar accepted him into his inner circle and made him governor of Gaul when he left for Africa in pursuit of Cato and Metellus Scipio. In 45 BC, Caesar nominated Brutus to serve as urban praetor for the following year.

Also, in June 45 BC, Brutus divorced his wife and married his first cousin, Porcia Catonis, Cato's daughter.[7][8] According to Cicero the marriage caused a semi-scandal as Brutus failed to state a valid reason for his divorce from Claudia other than he wished to marry Portia.[9] The marriage also caused a rift between Brutus and his mother, who resented the affection Brutus had for Portia.[10]

Conspiracy to kill Caesar

Main article: Assassination of Julius Caesar
Death of Caesar by Vincenzo Camuccini

Around this time, many senators began to fear Caesar's growing power following his appointment as dictator for life, as the dictator Sulla was before him.[11] Brutus was pressured into joining the conspiracy against Caesar by the other senators[12] and he also discovered messages written on the busts of his ancestors.[13] Brutus, influenced by his loyalty to Cato and Porcia, finally decided to move against Caesar in 44 BC.[14] His wife was the only woman privy to the plot.[15][16]

HI my name is tedo. i love to fish and hunt. rayven is my biggest fan. i love u gurl. byee hi shawn i love josh

After Caesar's assassination

Marcus Junius Brutus

After the assassination, Brutus was approached with a compromise: if Caesar was declared a tyrant, then all of Caesar's acts and senatorial appointments - Brutus' urban praetorship among other offices given to some of the assassins before they killed Caesar - would be declared null and void. This would have meant that Brutus' urban praetorship was illegal and elections would have had to be held. Conversely, if he agreed to recognize Caesar's appointments, he and the other assassins would be granted amnesty and retain their positions. Brutus accepted the offer, and Caesar was not declared a tyrant. Part of the offer was that Brutus had to leave Rome, which he did. After leaving Rome, Brutus lived in Crete from 44 to 42 BC.

In 43 BC, after Octavian received his consulship from the Roman Senate, one of his first actions was to have the people that had assassinated Julius Caesar declared murderers and enemies of the state.[17] Marcus Tullius Cicero, angry at Octavian, wrote a letter to Brutus explaining that the forces of Octavian and Mark Antony were divided. Antony had laid siege to the province of Gaul, where he wanted a governorship. In response to this siege, Octavian rallied his troops and fought a series of battles in which Antony was defeated.[18] Upon hearing that neither Antony nor Octavian had an army big enough to defend Rome, Brutus rallied his troops, which totaled about 17 legions. When Octavian heard that Brutus was on his way to Rome, he made peace with Antony.[19] Their armies, which together totaled about 19 legions, marched to meet Brutus and Gaius Cassius Longinus. The following battles are known as the Battle of Philippi. The First Battle of Philippi was fought on October 3, 42 BC, in which Brutus defeated Octavian's forces, although Cassius was defeated by Antony's forces. The Second Battle of Philippi was fought on October 23, 42 BC and ended in Brutus' defeat.

After the defeat, he fled into the nearby hills with only about four legions. Knowing his army had been defeated and that he would be captured, Brutus committed suicide. Among his last words were, according to Plutarch, "By all means must we fly; not with our feet, however, but with our hands." Antony, as a show of great respect, ordered Brutus' body to be wrapped in Anthony's own most expensive cloak. Brutus was cremated, and his ashes were sent to his mother, Servilia Caepionis.[20] His wife Portia was reported to have committed suicide upon hearing of her husband's death. Although according to Plutarch (Brutus 53 para 2), there is some dispute as to whether Portia committed suicide before Brutus' death because he states that there is a letter in existence that was allegedly written by Brutus mourning the manner of her death.[21][22][23][24]

Chronology

  • 85 BC: Brutus was born in Rome.
  • 58 BC: He was made assistant to Cato, governor of Cyprus.
  • 53 BC: He was given the quaestorship in Cilicia.
  • 49 BC: Brutus followed Pompey to Greece during the civil war against Caesar.
  • 48 BC: Brutus was pardoned by Caesar.
  • 46 BC: He was made governor of Gaul.
  • 45 BC: He was made Praetor.
  • 44 BC: Murdered Caesar with other liberatores; went to Athens and then to Crete.
  • 42 BC: Brutus tried for Rome.

Legacy

Influence

  • The phrase Sic semper tyrannis! ["thus, ever (or always), to tyrants!"] is attributed to Brutus at Caesar's assassination. The phrase is also the official motto of the Commonwealth of Virginia.
  • John Wilkes Booth, the assassin of Abraham Lincoln, claimed to be inspired by Brutus. Booth's father, Junius Brutus Booth, was named for Brutus, and Booth (as Mark Antony) and his brother (as Brutus) had performed in a production of Julius Caesar in New York just six months before the assassination. On the night of the assassination, Booth is alleged to have shouted "Sic semper tyrannis" while leaping to the stage of Ford's Theater. Lamenting the negative reaction to his deed, Booth wrote in his journal on April 21, 1865, while on the run, "[W]ith every man's hand against me, I am here in despair. And why; For doing what Brutus was honored for ... And yet I for striking down a greater tyrant than they ever knew am looked upon as a common cutthroat."
  • The well-known phrase "Et tu, Brute?" ("and you, Brutus?") was said to be Caesar's last utterance, although the sources describing Caesar's death disagree about what his last words were (if he said any at all).

Fiction

References

  1. ^ Europius, Abridgement of Roman History [1]
  2. ^ Plutarch, Life of Brutus, 5.2.
  3. ^ Plutarch, Life of Brutus, 2.1.
  4. ^ Plutarch, Life of Brutus, 3.1.
  5. ^ Cicero. ad Fam. iii. 4.
  6. ^ Plutarch, Life of Brutus, 5.1.
  7. ^ Plutarch, Marcus Brutus, 13.3.
  8. ^ Cicero. Brutus. 77, 94
  9. ^ Cic. Att. 13. 16
  10. ^ Cic. Att. 13. 22
  11. ^ Cassius Dio, Roman History, 44.8.4.
  12. ^ Cassius Dio, Roman History, 44.12.2.
  13. ^ Cassius Dio, Roman History, 44.12.3.
  14. ^ Cassius Dio, 44.13.1.
  15. ^ Cassius Dio, 44.13.
  16. ^ Plutarch, Marcus Brutus, 14.4
  17. ^ Greek Texts
  18. ^ Background on Philippi
  19. ^ Ancient Greek Online library | Marcus Brutus by Plutarch | page 13
  20. ^ Plutarch, Marcus Brutus, 52.1-53.4.
  21. ^ Valerius Maximus, De factis mem. iv.6.5.
  22. ^ Cassius Dio, Roman History. 47.49.3.
  23. ^ Appian, The Civil Wars, Book 5.136.
  24. ^ Valerius Maximus, De factis mem. iv.6.5.
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