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Broadway theatre

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This is an old revision of this page, as edited by 98.169.44.145 (talk) at 22:54, 22 February 2009 (→List of Broadway theatres: exit the king link with lower-case t). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

For other uses of "Broadway", see Broadway (disambiguation).
"Broadway Theater" redirects here. For the individual theatre of this name, see The Broadway Theatre.
The Lion King at the New Amsterdam Theatre, 2003

Broadway theatre, commonly called simply Broadway, refers to theatrical performances presented in one of the 39 large professional theaters with 500 seats or more located in the Theatre District, New York (plus one theatre in Lincoln Center) in Manhattan, New York City.[1][2] Along with London's West End theatre, Broadway theatre is usually considered to represent the highest level of commercial theatre in the English-speaking world.

The Broadway theatre district is a popular tourist attraction in New York City. According to The Broadway League, Broadway shows sold approximately $937 million worth of tickets in the 2007-08 season.[3]

History

18th and 19th centuries

Interior of the Park Theatre, built in 1798

Early theatre in New York

New York (and therefore, the United States of America) did not have a significant theatre presence until about 1750, when actor-managers Walter Murray and Thomas Kean established a resident theater company at the Theatre on Nassau Street, which held about 280 people. They presented Shakespeare plays and ballad operas such as The Beggar’s Opera.[4] In 1752, William Hallam sent a company of twelve actors from Britain to the colonies with his brother Lewis as their manager. They established a theater in Williamsburg, Virginia and opened with The Merchant of Venice and The Anatomist. The company moved to New York in the summer of 1753, performing ballad operas and ballad-farces like Damon and Phillida. The Revolutionary War suspended theatre in New York, but thereafter theatre resumed, and in 1798, the 2,000-seat Park Theatre was built on Chatham Street (now called Park Row).[4] The Bowery Theater opened in 1826, followed by others. Blackface minstrel shows, a distinctly American form of entertainment, became popular in the 1830s, and especially so with the arrival of the Virginia Minstrels in the 1840s.

By the 1840s, P.T. Barnum was operating an entertainment complex in lower Manhattan. In 1829, at Broadway and Prince Street, Niblo's Garden opened and soon became one of New York's premiere nightspots. The 3,000-seat theater presented all sorts of musical and non-musical entertainments. The Astor Place Theatre opened in 1847. A riot broke out in 1849 when the lower-class patrons of the Bowery objected to what they perceived as snobbery by the upper class audiences at Astor Place:

"After the Astor Place Riot of 1849 entertainment in New York City was divided along class lines: opera was chiefly for the upper middle and upper classes, minstrel shows and melodramas for the middle class, variety shows in concert saloons for men of the working class and the slumming middle class.[5]
1868 programme for Ixion

Lydia Thompson came to America in 1868 heading a small theatrical troupe, adapting popular English burlesques for middle-class New York audiences. Thompson's troupe, called the "British Blondes", was the most popular entertainment in New York during the 1868–1869 theatrical season. "The eccentricities of pantomime and burlesque – with their curious combination of comedy, parody, satire, improvisation, song and dance, variety acts, cross-dressing, extravagant stage effects, risqué jokes and saucy costumes – while familiar enough to British audiences, took New York by storm."[6] The six-month tour ran for almost six extremely profitable years.[7]

Birth of the musical and post-Civil War

Theater in New York moved from downtown gradually to midtown beginning around 1850, seeking less expensive real estate prices. In 1870, the heart of Broadway was in Union Square, and by the end of the century, many theaters were near Madison Square. Theaters did not arrive in the Times Square area until the early 1900s, and the Broadway theaters did not consolidate there until a large number of theaters were built around the square in the 1920s and 1930s. Broadway's first "long-run" musical was a 50-performance hit called The Elves in 1857. New York runs continued to lag far behind those in London,[8] but Laura Keene's "musical burletta" Seven Sisters (1860) shattered previous New York records with a run of 253 performances. It was at a performance by Keene's troupe of Our American Cousin in Washington, D.C. that Abraham Lincoln was shot.

The Black Crook (1866), considered by some historians to be the first musical[9]

The first theater piece that conforms to the modern conception of a musical, adding dance and original music that helped to tell the story, is considered to be The Black Crook, which premiered in New York on September 12, 1866. The production was a staggering five-and-a-half hours long, but despite its length, it ran for a record-breaking 474 performances. The same year, The Black Domino/Between You, Me and the Post was the first show to call itself a "musical comedy."[9]

Tony Pastor opened the first vaudeville theater one block east of Union Square in 1881, where Lillian Russell performed. Comedians Edward Harrigan and Tony Hart produced and starred in musicals on Broadway between 1878 (The Mulligan Guard Picnic) and 1885, with book and lyrics by Harrigan and music by his father-in-law David Braham. These musical comedies featured characters and situations taken from the everyday life of New York's lower classes and represented a significant step forward from vaudeville and burlesque, towards a more literate form. They starred high quality singers (Lillian Russell, Vivienne Segal, and Fay Templeton) instead of the women of questionable repute who had starred in earlier musical forms.

As transportation improved, poverty in New York diminished, and street lighting made for safer travel at night, the number of potential patrons for the growing number of theaters increased enormously. Plays could run longer and still draw in the audiences, leading to better profits and improved production values. As in England, during the latter half of the century the theater began to be cleaned up, with less prostitution hindering the attendance of the theater by women. Gilbert and Sullivan's family-friendly comic opera hits, beginning with H.M.S. Pinafore in 1878, were imported to New York (by the authors and also in numerous pirated productions). They were imitated in New York by American productions such as Reginald Dekoven's Robin Hood (1891) and John Philip Sousa's El Capitan (1896), along with operas, ballets and other British and European hits.

1890s and later

File:Givemy.jpg
Sheet music to "Give My Regards"

Charles Hoyt's A Trip to Chinatown (1891) became Broadway's long-run champion, holding the stage for 657 performances. This would not be surpassed until Irene in 1919. In 1896, theatre owners Marc Klaw and A. L. Erlanger formed the Theatrical Syndicate, which controlled almost every legitimate theatre in the U.S. for the next sixteen years.[10] However, smaller vaudeville and variety houses proliferated, and Off-Broadway was well established by the end of the 19th century.

A Trip to Coontown (1898) was the first musical comedy entirely produced and performed by African Americans in a Broadway theatre (largely inspired by the routines of the minstrel shows), followed by the ragtime-tinged Clorindy the Origin of the Cakewalk (1898), and the highly successful In Dahomey (1902). Hundreds of musical comedies were staged on Broadway in the 1890s and early 1900s made up of songs written in New York's Tin Pan Alley involving composers such as Gus Edwards, John Walter Bratton, and George M. Cohan (Little Johnny Jones (1904), 45 Minutes From Broadway (1906), and George Washington Jr. (1906)). Still, New York runs continued to be relatively short, with a few exceptions, compared with London runs, until World War I.[11] A few very successful British musicals continued to achieve great success in New York, including Florodora in 1900-01.

Victor Herbert

In the early years of the 20th century, translations of popular late-19th century continental operettas were joined by the "Princess Theatre" shows of the 1910s by writers such as P. G. Wodehouse, Guy Bolton and Harry B. Smith. Victor Herbert, whose work included some intimate musical plays with modern settings as well as his string of famous operettas (The Fortune Teller (1898), Babes in Toyland (1903), Mlle. Modiste (1905), The Red Mill (1906), and Naughty Marietta (1910)).[12] Beginning with The Red Mill, Broadway shows installed electric signs outside the theatres. Since colored bulbs burned out too quickly, white lights were used, and Broadway was nicknamed "The Great White Way." In August 1919, the Actors Equity Association demanded a standard contract for all professional productions. After a strike shut down all the theatres, the producers were forced to agree. By the 1920s, the Shubert Brothers had risen to take over the majority of the theatres from the Erlanger syndicate.[13]

Sheet music from Sally, 1920

The motion picture mounted a challenge to the stage. At first, films were silent and presented only limited competition. Nevertheless, by the end of the 1920s, films like The Jazz Singer could be presented with synchronized sound, and critics wondered if the cinema would replace live theatre altogether. The musicals of the Roaring Twenties, borrowing from vaudeville, music hall and other light entertainments, tended to ignore plot in favor of emphasizing star actors and actresses, big dance routines, and popular songs. Florenz Ziegfeld produced annual spectacular song-and-dance revues on Broadway featuring extravagant sets and elaborate costumes, but there was little to tie the various numbers together. Typical of the 1920s were lighthearted productions like Sally; Lady Be Good; Sunny; No, No, Nanette; Oh, Kay!; and Funny Face. Their books may have been forgettable, but they produced enduring standards from George Gershwin, Cole Porter, Jerome Kern, Vincent Youmans, and Rodgers and Hart, among others, and Noel Coward, Sigmund Romberg and Rudolf Friml continued in the vein of Victor Herbert. Clearly, the live theatre survived the invention of cinema.

Leaving these comparatively frivolous entertainments behind, and taking the drama a giant step forward, Show Boat, premiered on December 27, 1927 at the Ziegfeld Theatre, representing a complete integration of book and score, with dramatic themes, as told through the music, dialogue, setting and movement, woven together more seamlessly than in previous musicals. It ran for 572 performances. After the lean years of the Great Depression, Broadway theatre entered a golden age with the blockbuster hit Oklahoma!, in 1943, which ran for 2,212 performances. Hit after hit followed on Broadway, and the Broadway theatre attained the highest level of international prestige in theatre.

The Tony Awards were established in 1947 to recognize achievement in live American theatre, especially Broadway theatre.

Broadway today

Schedule

Although there are now more exceptions than there once were, generally shows with open-ended runs operate on the same schedule, with evening performances Tuesday through Saturday with an 8 p.m. "curtain" and afternoon "matinée" performances on Wednesday, Saturday and Sunday; typically at 2 p.m. on Wednesdays and Saturdays and 3 p.m. on Sundays, making a standard eight performance week. On this schedule, shows do not play on Monday, and the shows and theatres are said to be "dark" on that day. Actors and crew in these shows tend to regard Sunday evening through Tuesday evening as their "weekend". The Tony Award presentation ceremony is usually held on a Sunday evening in June to fit into this schedule.

In recent years, many shows have moved their Tuesday show time an hour earlier to 7 p.m. The rationale for the move was that fewer tourists took in shows midweek, so the Tuesday crowd in particular depends on local audience members. The earlier curtain therefore allows suburban patrons time after a show to get home by a reasonable hour. Some shows, especially those produced by Disney, change their performance schedules fairly frequently, depending on the season, in order to maximize access to their targeted audience.

Personnel

Both musicals and stage plays on Broadway often rely on casting well-known performers in leading roles to draw larger audiences or bring in new audience members to the theatre. Actors from movies and television are frequently cast for the revivals of Broadway shows or are used to replace actors leaving a cast. There are still, however, performers who are primarily stage actors, spending most of their time "on the boards", and appearing in television and in screen roles only secondarily.

In the past, stage actors had a somewhat superior attitude towards other kinds of live performances, such as vaudeville and burlesque, which were felt to be tawdry, commercial and lowbrow—they considered their own craft to be a higher and more artistic calling. This attitude is reflected in the term used to describe their form of stage performance: "legitimate theatre". (The abbreviated form "legit" is still used for live theatre by the entertainment industry newspaper Variety as part of its unique "slanguage.")[14] This rather condescending attitude also carried over to performers who worked in radio, film and television instead of in "the theatre", but this attitude is much less prevalent now, especially since film and television work pay so much better than almost all theatrical acting, even Broadway. The split between "legit" theatre and "variety" performances still exists, however, in the structure of the actors' unions: Actors' Equity represents actors in the legitimate theatre, and the American Guild of Variety Artists (AGVA) represents them in performances without a "book" or through-storyline—although it's very rare for Broadway actors not to work under an Equity contract, since most plays and musicals come under that union's jurisdiction.

Almost all of the people involved with a Broadway show at every level are represented by unions or other protective, professional or trade organization. The actors, dancers, singers, chorus members and stage managers are members of Actors' Equity Association (AEA), musicians are represented by the American Federation of Musicians (AFM), and stagehands, dressers, hairdressers, designers, box office personnel and ushers all belong to various locals of the International Alliance of Theatrical Stage Employees, also known as "the IA" or "IATSE" (pronounced "eye-ot-zee"). Directors and choreographers belong to the Society of Stage Directors and Choreographers (SSD&C), playwrights to the Dramatists Guild, and house managers, company managers and press agents belong to the Association of Theatrical Press Agents and Managers (ATPAM). Casting directors (who tried in 2002-2004 to become part of ATPAM) is the last major components of Broadway's human infrastructure who are not unionized. (General managers, who run the business affairs of a show, and are frequently producers as well, are management and not labor.)

Producers and theatre owners

Most Broadway producers and theatre owners are members of the The Broadway League (formerly "The League of American Theatres and Producers"), a trade organization that promotes Broadway theatre as a whole, negotiates contracts with the various theatrical unions and agreements with the guilds, and co-administers the Tony Awards with the American Theatre Wing, a service organization. While the League and the theatrical unions are sometimes at loggerheads during those periods when new contracts are being negotiated, they also cooperate on many projects and events designed to promote professional theatre in New York.

The three non-profit theatre companies with Broadway theatres ("houses") belong to the League of Resident Theatres and have contracts with the theatrical unions which are negotiated separately from the other Broadway theatre and producers. (Disney also negotiates apart from the League, as did Livent before it closed down its operations.) However, generally, shows that play in any of the Broadway houses are eligible for Tony Awards (see below).

The majority of Broadway theatres are owned or managed by three organizations: the Shubert Organization, a for-profit arm of the non-profit Shubert Foundation, which owns seventeen theatres (it recently retained full ownership of the Music Box from the Irving Berlin Estate); The Nederlander Organization, which controls nine theatres; and Jujamcyn, which owns five Broadway houses.

Runs

See also: List of the 100 Longest-Running Broadway shows

Most Broadway shows are commercial productions intended to make a profit for the producers and investors ("backers" or "angels"), and therefore have open-ended runs, meaning that the length of their presentation is not set beforehand, but depends on critical response, word of mouth, and the effectiveness of the show's advertising, all of which determine ticket sales. Shows do not necessarily have to make a profit immediately. If they are making their "nut" (weekly operating expenses), or are losing money at a rate which the producers consider acceptable, they may continue to run in the expectation that, eventually, they will pay back their initial costs and become profitable. In some borderline situations, producers may ask that royalties be temporarily reduced or waived, or even that performers — with the permission of their unions — take reduced salaries, in order to prevent a show from closing. Theatre owners, who are not generally profit participants in most productions, may waive or reduce rents, or even lend a show money in order to keep it running. (In one case, a theatre owner lent a floundering show money to stay open, even though the production had to move to another owner's theatre because of a previous booking at the original house.)

Some Broadway shows are produced by non-commercial organizations as part of a regular subscription season—Lincoln Center Theatre, Roundabout Theatre Company, and Manhattan Theatre Club are the three non-profit theatre companies that currently have permanent Broadway venues. Some other productions are produced on Broadway with "limited engagement runs" for a number of reasons, including financial issues, prior engagements of the performers or temporary availability of a theatre between the end of one production and the beginning of another. However, some shows with planned limited engagement runs may, after critical acclaim or box office success, extend their engagements or convert to open-ended runs. This was the case with 2007's August: Osage County.

Historically, musicals on Broadway tend to have longer runs than do "straight" (i.e. non-musical) plays. On January 9, 2006, The Phantom of the Opera at the Majestic Theatre became the longest running Broadway musical, with 7,486 performances, overtaking Cats.[15]

Audience

Seeing a Broadway show is a common tourist activity in New York, and Broadway shows sell about a billion dollars worth of tickets annually,[3] helping the tourist industry to generate billions more in restaurant and hotel revenues. The TKTS booths sell same-day tickets (and in certain cases next-day matinee tickets) for many Broadway and Off-Broadway shows at a discount of 25%, 35%, or 50%. (The TKTS booths are located in Duffy Square, which is in Times Square, in Lower Manhattan (199 Water Street—Corner of Front & John Streets), and in Brooklyn.) This service helps sell seats that would otherwise go empty and makes seeing a show in New York more affordable. Many Broadway theatres also offer special student rates, same-day "rush" or "lottery" tickets, or standing-room tickets to help ensure that their theatres are as full, and their "grosses" as high as possible.[16]

Total Broadway attendance in the 2007-2008 season was 12.27 million, which was approximately the same as the previous season (2006-2007).[17] By way of comparison, London's West End theatre reported total attendance of 13.6 million for major commercial and grant-aided theatres in Central London for 2007. [18]

Off-Broadway and Tours

The classification of theatres is governed by language in Actors' Equity Association contracts. To be eligible for a Tony, a production must be in a house with 500 seats or more and in the Theatre District, which criteria define Broadway theatre. Off-Broadway and Off-Off-Broadway shows often provide a more experimental, challenging and intimate performance than is possible in the larger Broadway theatres. Some Broadway shows, however, such as the musicals Hair, Little Shop of Horrors, Spring Awakening, title of show, Rent, Avenue Q, and In the Heights, began their runs Off-Broadway and later transferred onto Broadway, seeking to replicate their intimate experience in a larger theatre.

After (or even during) successful runs in Broadway theatres, producers often remount their productions with a new cast and crew for the Broadway national tour, which travels to theaters in major cities across the country—the bigger and more successful shows may have several of these touring companies out at a time, some of them "sitting down" in other cities for their own long runs. Smaller cities are eventually serviced by "bus and truck" tours, so-called because the cast generally travels by bus (instead of by air) and the sets and equipment by truck. Tours of this type, which frequently feature a reduced physical production to accommodate smaller venues and tighter schedules, often play "split weeks" (half a week in one town and the second half in another) or "one-nighters", whereas the larger tours will generally play for one or two weeks per city at a minimum. The Touring Broadway Awards, presented by The Broadway League, honor excellence in touring Broadway.

Tony Awards

Broadway shows and artists are honored every June when the Antoinette Perry Awards (Tony Awards) are given by the American Theatre Wing and The Broadway League. The "Tony" is Broadway's most prestigious award, the importance of which has increased since the annual broadcast on television began. In a strategy to improve the television ratings, celebrities are often chosen to host the show, like Hugh Jackman and Rosie O'Donnell, in addition to celebrity presenters, many with little or no connection to the theatre. [19]

While some critics have felt that the show should focus on celebrating the stage, others recognize the positive impact that famous faces lend to selling more tickets and bringing more people to the theatre. The performances from Broadway musicals on the telecast have also been cited as vital to the survival of many Broadway shows. Many theatre people, notably critic Frank Rich, dismiss the Tony awards as little more than a commercial for the limited world of Broadway, which after all can only support a maximum of two dozen shows a season, and constantly call for the awards to embrace off-Broadway theatre as well. (Other awards given to New York theatrical productions, such as the Drama Desk Award and the Outer Circle Critics Award, are not limited to Broadway productions, and honor shows that are presented throughout the city.)

List of Broadway theatres

  • If no show is currently running, the play listed is the next show planned (dates marked with an *).
  • If the next show planned is not announced, the applicable columns are left blank.
Theatre Current show Address Capacity Opening
date		 Closing
date
Ambassador Theatre Chicago 219 West 49th Street 1125 1996-11-14November 14, 1996 Open-ended
American Airlines Theatre Hedda Gabler 229 West 42nd Street 740 2009-01-25January 25, 2009 2009-03-28March 28, 2009
Brooks Atkinson Theatre Rock of Ages [20] 256 West 47th Street 1044 2009-04-07April 7, 2009 * Open-ended
Ethel Barrymore Theatre Exit the King[21] 243 West 47th Street 1096 2009-03-26March 26, 2009 * 2009-06-14June 14, 2009
Vivian Beaumont Theatre (at Lincoln Center) South Pacific 150 West 65th Street 1080 2008-04-03April 3, 2008 Open-ended
Belasco Theatre Joe Turner's Come and Gone 111 West 44th Street 1018 2009-04-16April 16, 2009 * Open-ended
Booth Theatre 222 West 45th Street 785
Broadhurst Theatre Mary Stuart[22] 235 West 44th Street 1186 2009-04-19April 19, 2009 * 2009-08-16August 16, 2009
The Broadway Theatre Shrek 1681 Broadway 1752 2008-12-14December 14, 2008 Open-ended
Circle in the Square Theatre The Norman Conquests 235 West 50th Street 623 2009-04-23April 23, 2009 * 2009-07-25 July 25, 2009
Cort Theatre You're Welcome America. A Final Night With George W. Bush 138 West 48th Street 1084 2009-02-05February 5, 2009 2009-03-15 March 15, 2009
Samuel J. Friedman Theatre The American Plan 261 West 47th Street 650 2009-01-22January 22, 2009 2009-03-15 March 22, 2009
George Gershwin Theatre Wicked 222 West 51st Street 1933 2003-10-30October 30, 2003 Open-ended
John Golden Theatre Avenue Q 252 West 45th Street 805 2003-07-31July 31, 2003 Open-ended
Helen Hayes Theatre The 39 Steps 240 West 44th Street 597 2008-01-15 January 15, 2008 Open-ended
Hilton Theatre 213 West 42nd Street 1813
Al Hirschfeld Theatre Hair 302 West 45th Street 1437 2009-03-31 March 31, 2009* Open-ended[23]
Imperial Theatre Billy Elliot the Musical 249 West 45th Street 1421 2008-11-13November 13, 2008 Open-ended
Bernard B. Jacobs Theatre God of Carnage [24] 242 West 45th Street 1078 2009-03-22March 22, 2009 * Open-ended
Walter Kerr Theatre Irena's Vow [25] 219 West 48th Street 947 2009-03-29March 29, 2009 * Open-ended
Longacre Theatre Next to Normal 220 West 48th Street 1096 2009-04-15April 15, 2009 * Open-ended
Lunt-Fontanne Theatre The Little Mermaid 205 West 46th Street 1475 2008-01-10January 10, 2008 Open-ended
Lyceum Theatre reasons to be pretty 149 West 45th Street 924 2009-04-02April 2, 2009 * Open-ended
Majestic Theatre The Phantom of the Opera 247 West 44th Street 1655 1988-01-26January 26, 1988 Open-ended
Marquis Theatre 9 to 5 1535 Broadway 1604 2009-04-30April 30, 2009 * Open-ended
Minskoff Theatre The Lion King 200 West 45th Street 1710 1997-11-13November 13, 1997 Open-ended
Music Box Theatre August: Osage County 239 West 45th Street 1010 2007-12-04December 4, 2007 Open-ended
Nederlander Theatre Guys and Dolls 208 West 41st Street 1203 2009-03-01March 1, 2009 * Open-ended
New Amsterdam Theatre Mary Poppins 214 West 42nd Street 1747 2006-11-16November 16, 2006 Open-ended
Eugene O'Neill Theatre 33 Variations 230 West 49th Street 1108 2009-03-09March 9, 2009 * 2009-05-24 May 24, 2009
Palace Theatre West Side Story 1564 Broadway 1784 2009-03-19March 19, 2009 * Open-ended
Richard Rodgers Theatre In the Heights 226 West 46th Street 1368 2008-03-09March 9, 2008 Open-ended
Gerald Schoenfeld Theatre Impressionism 236 West 45th Street 1079 2009-03-12March 12, 2009 * 2009-07-05 July 5, 2009
Shubert Theatre Blithe Spirit 225 West 44th Street 1521 2009-03-15March 15, 2009 * Open-ended
Neil Simon Theatre 250 West 52nd Street 1297
St. James Theatre Desire Under the Elms[26] 246 West 44th Street 1623 2009-04-27April 27, 2009 * 2009-07-00July 2009
Studio 54 Pal Joey 254 West 54th Street 920 2008-12-18December 18, 2008 2009-03-01 March 1, 2009
August Wilson Theatre Jersey Boys 245 West 52nd Street 1275 2005-11-06November 6, 2005 Open-ended
Winter Garden Theatre Mamma Mia! 1634 Broadway 1513 2001-10-18October 18, 2001 Open-ended

See also

Notes and references

  1. ^ Although theater is the preferred spelling in the U.S.A. (see further at American and British English Spelling Differences), the majority of venues, performers, and trade groups for live dramatic presentations use the spelling theatre.
  2. ^ playbill.com article, Feb. 7, 2008, "ASK PLAYBILL.COM: Broadway or Off-Broadway—Part I", retrieved Feb. 8, 2008
  3. ^ a b "The Broadway League Announces 2007-2008 Broadway Theatre Season Results", livebroadway.com Press Release, May 28, 2008
  4. ^ a b John Kenrick article on the history of NY theatre
  5. ^ Snyder, Robert W. in The Encyclopedia of New York City (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995), Kenneth T. Jackson, editor, p. 1226.
  6. ^ Hoffos, Signe and Moulder, Bob. "Desperately Seeking Lydia" and "Appreciating Lydia", The Friends of Kensal Green Cemetery Magazine, Vol. 43, Autumn 2006, pp. 1–7
  7. ^ Gänzl, Kurt. "Lydia Thompson", Encyclopaedia of the Musical Theatre, Blackwell/Schirmer (1994)
  8. ^ Article on long runs in New York and London prior to 1920
  9. ^ a b Sheridan, Morley. Spread A Little Happiness, New York: Thames and Hudson, 1987, p.15
  10. ^ Kenrick's summary of New York theater from 1865-1900
  11. ^ Article on long-running musicals before 1920
  12. ^ Midkoff, Neil article
  13. ^ Kenrick's summary of the 20th century history of theatre in New York
  14. ^ Variety Magazine. "Variety slanguage Dictionary". Retrieved 2008-11-28.
  15. ^ List of longest runs on Broadway
  16. ^ Blank, Matthew. "Broadway Rush and Standing Room Only Policies", playbill.com, October 29, 2008
  17. ^ The Broadway League. ""Broadway Season Statistics"". {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |access date= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  18. ^ Society of London Theatre Annual Report, 2007
  19. ^ New York Times article, June 7, 2004, Tony Awards Finish Up With a Fuzzy Surprise; Puppet Musical Wins Big, as Does 'My Own Wife
  20. ^ Gans, Andrew. "Rock of Ages Ends Off-Broadway Run Jan. 4 Prior to Broadway Transfer",playbill.com, January 4, 2009
  21. ^ Gans, Andrew."Hutchison Completes Cast of Broadway's Exit the King",playbill.com, February 12, 2009
  22. ^ http://www.playbill.com/events/event_detail/16156.html Listing/Tickets for Mary Stuart]www.playbill.com
  23. ^ Gans, Andrew."Wicked's Espinosa to Be Part of Hair Cast; Broadway Perfs. Begin March 6",playbill.com, January 1, 2009
  24. ^ Gans, Andrew."God of Carnage to Play the Jacobs Theatre; Casting Announced",playbill.com, January 12, 2009
  25. ^ Gans, Andrew."Feldshuh to Return to Broadway in March in Irena's Vow",playbill.com, December 22, 2008
  26. ^ Bacalzo, Dan.Desire Under the Elms, With Brian Dennehy and Carla Gugino, to Play Broadway's St. James",theatermania.com, February 19, 2009

Further Reading

  • Green, Stanley. (Fifth Edition, 1996) Broadway Musicals: Show by Show. Hal Leonard Corp., Milwaukee
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