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Android
DeveloperOpen Handset Alliance
Working stateCurrent
Source modelFree and open source software
Initial release21 October 2008; 16 years ago (2008-10-21)
Latest release1.1 Release 1 / 9 February 2009; 15 years ago (2009-02-09)
Repository
Kernel typeMonolithic (Linux)
LicenseApache 2.0 and GPLv2 [1]
Official websiteandroid.com

Android is a software platform and operating system for mobile devices, based on the Linux kernel, developed by Google and later the Open Handset Alliance.[2] It allows developers to write managed code in the Java language, controlling the device via Google-developed Java libraries.[3] Applications written in C and other languages can be compiled to ARM native code and run, but this development path is not officially supported by Google.[4][5]

The unveiling of the Android platform on 5 November 2007 was announced with the founding of the Open Handset Alliance, a consortium of 48 hardware, software, and telecom companies devoted to advancing open standards for mobile devices.[6][7] Google released most of the Android code under the Apache license, a free-software and open source license.[8]

History

File:Android-logo.svg
Alternative logo.

In July 2005, Google acquired Android, Inc., a small startup company based in Palo Alto, CA.[9] Android's co-founders who went to work at Google included Andy Rubin (co-founder of Danger [10]), Rich Miner (co-founder of Wildfire Communications, Inc.[11]), Nick Sears (once VP at T-Mobile[citation needed]), and Chris White (one of the first engineers at WebTV[citation needed]). At the time, little was known about the functions of Android, Inc. other than they made software for mobile phones.[9] This began rumors that Google was planning to enter the mobile phone market, although it was unclear what function it might perform in that market.[citation needed]

At Google, the team, led by Rubin, developed a Linux-based mobile device OS which they marketed to handset makers and carriers on the premise of providing a flexible, upgradeable system.[citation needed] It was reported that Google had already lined up a series of hardware component and software partners and signaled to carriers that it was open to various degrees of cooperation on their part.[12][13][14]

File:Android at google.jpg
Android at Googleplex

More speculation that Google would be entering the mobile-phone market came in December 2006.[15] Reports from the BBC and The Wall Street Journal noted that Google wanted its search and applications on mobile phones and it was working hard to deliver that. Print and online media outlets soon reported rumors that Google was developing a Google-branded handset.[16] More speculation followed reporting that as Google was defining technical specifications, it was showing prototypes to cell phone manufacturers and network operators. As many as 30 prototype phones were reported to be operating "in the wild."[17]

In September 2007, InformationWeek covered an Evalueserve study reporting that Google had filed several patent applications in the area of mobile telephony. [18][19]

Open Handset Alliance founded

Main article: Open Handset Alliance

"Today's announcement is more ambitious than any single 'Google Phone' that the press has been speculating about over the past few weeks. Our vision is that the powerful platform we're unveiling will power thousands of different phone models."

-Eric Schmidt, Google Chairman/CEO[2]

On 5 November 2007, the Open Handset Alliance, a consortium of several companies which include Google, HTC, Intel, Motorola, Qualcomm, T-Mobile, Sprint Nextel and NVIDIA, was unveiled with the goal to develop open standards for mobile devices.[2] Along with the formation of the Open Handset Alliance, the OHA also unveiled their first product, Android, a mobile device platform built on the Linux kernel version 2.6.[2]

On 9 December 2008, it was announced that 14 new members would be joining the Android project including: Sony Ericsson, Vodafone Group Plc, ARM Holdings Plc, Asustek Computer Inc, Toshiba Corp and Garmin Ltd [20][21]

Google Chairman and CEO Eric Schmidt took a moment in the official press release to dispel all previous rumors and speculation about the existence of a stand-alone Google phone[2].

Open source

Since 21 Oct 2008, Android is available as open source. Google threw open the entire source code (including network and telephony stacks [22]) that were not available previously, under an Apache license.[23] Certain parts that relate to a specific hardware can't be made open and are not considered part of the Android platform. [citation needed] With Apache License, vendors are free to add proprietary extensions without submitting those back to the open source community. While Google's contributions to this platform are expected to remain open-sourced, the branches could explode using varieties of licenses.

Android had been criticized for not being all open-source software despite what was announced by Google. Parts of the SDK are proprietary and closed source and some believe this is so that Google can control the platform.[24][25][26][27] The Android Software Development Kit License Agreement[28] states that:

3.2 You agree that Google (or Google's licensors) own all legal right, title and interest in and to the SDK, including any intellectual property rights which subsist in the SDK. Use, reproduction and distribution of components of the SDK licensed under an open source software license are governed solely by the terms of that open source software license and not by this License Agreement. Until the SDK is released under an open source license, you may not extract the source code or create a derivative work of the SDK.

However, Google has since announced that all parts of the OS will be released under the Apache License where applicable and under the GPL elsewhere.[citation needed]

Features

A possible home screen of Android.

Current features and specifications:[29][30]

Handset layouts
The platform is adaptable to larger, VGA, 2D graphics library, 3D graphics library based on OpenGL ES 1.0 specifications, and traditional smartphone layouts.
Storage
The Database Software SQLite is used for data storage purposes
Connectivity
Android supports connectivity technologies including GSM/EDGE, CDMA, EV-DO, UMTS, Bluetooth, and Wi-Fi.
Messaging
SMS and MMS are available forms of messaging including threaded text messaging.
Web browser
Main article: WebKit
The web browser available in Android is based on the open-source WebKit application framework.
Dalvik virtual machine
Software written in Java can be compiled into Dalvik bytecodes and executed in the Dalvik virtual machine, which is a specialized VM implementation designed for mobile device use, although not technically a standard Java Virtual Machine.
Media support
Android will support audio/video/still media formats such as MPEG-4, H.264, MP3, AAC, OGG, AMR, JPEG, PNG, GIF.
Additional hardware support
Android can utilize video/still cameras, touchscreens, GPS, accelerometers, and accelerated 3D graphics.
Development environment
Includes a device emulator, tools for debugging, memory and performance profiling, a plugin for the Eclipse IDE.
Market
Main article: Android Market
Similar to the App Store on the iPhone, The Android Market is a catalog of applications that can be downloaded and installed to target hardware over-the-air, without the use of a PC. Originally only freeware applications were supported. Paid-for apps have been available on Android Market since 19 February 2009.[citation needed]
Multi-touch
Android has native support for multi-touch but disable this feature as a result of Apple's request.[citation needed] An unofficial mod has been developed that enables multi-touch.[31]

Hardware products running Android

Several manufacturers have expressed interest in implementing the Android platform.

Early prototypes

At least three prototypes were unveiled for Android at the Mobile World Congress on 12 February 2008. One prototype at the ARM booth displayed several basic Google applications. A 'd-pad' controls zooming of items in the dock with a relatively quick response.[citation needed]

A prototype at the Google IO conference on May 28, 2008 had a 528 MHz Qualcomm processor and a Synaptics capacitive touchscreen and used the UMTS cellular standard. It had a 128 MB of RAM and 256 MB of flash. [citation needed]

Released

HTC Dream

Main article: HTC Dream
HTC Dream (T-Mobile G1)

The HTC Dream (also marketed as T-Mobile G1, Era G1 in Poland) is the first phone to the market that uses the Android platform.[32][33] The phone is part of an open standards effort of the Open Handset Alliance.[34] It was released in the US on October 22, 2008, in the UK on October 30, 2008,[35] in the Netherlands on January 31, 2009,[36], Poland on February 23, 2009 and will be available in other countries including Singapore, Australia, Germany and the Czech Republic in early 2009.[37][38][39][40]

Forthcoming

  • In September 2008, Motorola confirmed that it was working on hardware products that would run Android. [41]
  • Haier Mobile announced an Android smartphone at GSMA Barcelona in Feb. 2009.
  • Archos is planning to launch a new device, which would combine significant media capabilities with an Android operating system.[43]
  • Lenovo is working on an Android-based mobile phone that supports the Chinese 3G TD-SCDMA standard.[44]
  • HTC is planning a "portfolio" of Android based phones to be released summer of 2009,[45] including the HTC Magic, unveiled on 17 February 2009 at the 2009 Mobile World Congress in Barcelona, Spain. The HTC Magic will be released with the "Cupcake" build.[46]
  • Sony Ericsson is planning to release an Android based handset in the summer of 2009.[47]
  • Samsung plans to offer a phone based on Google's Android operating system in the second quarter of 2009.[48]
  • GiiNii Movit Mini is a Internet device based on Google's Android operating system.[49]

Postponed

  • Kogan Technologies, an Australian technology manufacturer, has announced Android-compatible handsets: the Kogan Agora and Kogan Agora Pro. These handsets were scheduled to be released on 29 January 2009. In mid-January 2009, Kogan announced that the release of the Agora handsets has been delayed indefinitely.[50]

Aftermarket installations

Some users have been able (with some amount of hacking, and with limited functionality) to install Android on mobile devices shipped with other OSes:

  • The Openmoko phones (Neo FreeRunner and Neo 1973) have limited support since Google's release of the Android source code on 21 October 2008.[51] As of 4 November 2008, the whole source stack compiles, with the kernel, user interface and most applications working, but telephony, SMS, suspend/resume and wifi, which rely on lower level hardware features, are not fully working.[52][53] , On Early 2009 Cupcake images where demoed and ready to be flashed [54].

Software development

Early Android device.

The early feedback on developing applications for the Android platform was mixed.[65] Issues cited include bugs, lack of documentation, inadequate QA infrastructure, and no public issue-tracking system. (Google announced an issue tracker on 18 January 2008.)[66] In December 2007, MergeLab mobile startup founder Adam MacBeth stated, "Functionality is not there, is poorly documented or just doesn't work... It's clearly not ready for prime time."[67] Despite this, Android-targeted applications began to appear already the week after the platform was announced. The first publicly available application was the Snake game.[68][69] The Android Dev Phone is a SIM-unlocked and hardware-unlocked device that is designed for advanced developers. While developers can use regular consumer devices purchased at retail to test and use their apps, some developers may choose not to use a retail device, preferring an unlocked or no-contract device.

Software development kit

The Android SDK includes a comprehensive set of development tools.[70] These include a debugger, libraries, a handset emulator (based on QEMU), documentation, sample code, and tutorials. Currently supported development platforms include x86-based computers running Linux (any modern desktop Linux Distribution), Mac OS X 10.4.8 or later, Windows XP or Vista. Requirements also include Java Development Kit, Apache Ant, and Python 2.2 or later. The officially supported integrated development environment (IDE) is Eclipse (3.2 or later) using the Android Development Tools (ADT) Plugin, though developers may use any text editor to edit Java and XML files then use command line tools to create, build and debug Android applications.

A preview release of the Android software development kit (SDK) was released on 12 November 2007. On 15 July 2008, the Android Developer Challenge Team accidentally sent an email to all entrants in the Android Developer Challenge announcing that a new release of the SDK was available in a "private" download area. The email was intended for winners of the first round of the Android Developer Challenge. The revelation that Google was supplying new SDK releases to some developers and not others (and keeping this arrangement private) has led to widely reported frustration within the Android developer community.[71]

On 18 August 2008 the Android 0.9 SDK beta was released. This release provides an updated and extended API, improved development tools and an updated design for the home screen. Detailed instructions[72] for upgrading are available to those already working with an earlier release. On 23 September 2008 the Android 1.0 SDK (Release 1) was released.[73] According to the release notes, it included "mainly bug fixes, although some smaller features were added". It also included several API changes from the 0.9 version.

Android Developer Challenge

The Android Developer Challenge was a competition for the most innovative application for Android. Google offered prizes totaling 10 million US dollars, distributed between two phases of the competition.[74][75] The first phase accepted submissions from 2 January to 14 April 2008. The 50 most promising entries, announced on 12 May 2008, each received a $25,000 award to fund further development.[76][77] The second phase ended in early September with the announcement of ten teams that received $275,000 each, and ten teams that received $100,000 each.[78]

The top ten winners of the Android Developer Challenge were:

  • TuneWiki Social Media Player
  • Wertago, the mobile app for nightlife.
  • Locale
  • cab4me
  • EcoRio
  • CompareEverywhere
  • GoCart
  • Life360
  • PicSay
  • Softrace

Native code

The ADB debugger gives a root shell under the Android Emulator which allows native ARM code to be uploaded and executed. ARM code can be compiled using GCC on a standard PC.[5] Running native code is complicated by the fact that Android uses a non-standard C library (known as Bionic). The underlying graphics device is available as a framebuffer at /dev/graphics/fb0.[79] The graphics library that Android uses to arbitrate and control access to this device is called the Skia Graphics Library (SGL), and it has been released under an open source license.[80] Skia has backends for both win32 and Cairo, allowing the development of cross-platform applications, and it is the graphics engine underlying the Google Chrome web browser.[81]

Native classes can be called from Java code running under the Dalvik VM using the System.loadLibrary call, which is part of the standard Android Java classes.[82][83]

Elements Interactive B.V. have ported their Edgelib C++ library to Android, and native code executables of their S-Tris2 game (a Tetris clone) and Animate3D technology demo are available for download.[84]

Native code on the T-Mobile G1

Native code can be executed using the ADB debugger, which is run as a background daemon on the T-Mobile G1.[85] The shell will run with the user ID of the "shell" user rather than root. When the G1 was first released, it was quickly discovered that the telnet daemon on the phone is given a uid of 0 (root) when it runs, giving the end user complete access to the device. This security hole has since been fixed in build RC30 of Android and was pushed to all devices via an OTA update[86] However, it is still possible to downgrade to the old firmware in order to exploit the bug and gain root access to the G1.[87]

The G1 firmware can be updated by flashing from an image stored on the microSD card.[88] These images are cryptographically signed by either the phone manufacturer or network carrier.[89]

The G1 Developer Edition allows native code and custom kernels to be run without any special hacks.

Following the disclosure of a root exploit, Jay Freeman released details of how to run Android and ARM Debian Linux together on the G1.[90]

Codenames

Cupcake is the code name for Google's latest Android update. It is thought the name comes from Marissa Mayer, who has an obsession with cupcakes[91]. Notable changes to the Android software that will be introduced by Cupcake include changes to the download manager, the framework, Bluetooth, the system software, radio and telephony, developer tools, the build system and several applications, as well as several bug fixes[92]. The exact update time frame remains unclear[93].

Future Android releases will supposedly use alphabetically-increasing codenames named after desserts: Cupcake, Donut, and Eclair.

Criticism

  • Software installed by users must be written in Java utilizing Android's specific API.
  • Compared with Openmoko Linux, which runs the common and standard X11/Qt/GTK/Glib/Linux, Android runs a customized Linux stack with no support for GUI libraries other than Skia. Non-GUI libraries are available pre-compiled as part of the ARM Debian Linux distribution, which can be run without modification on the G1. This includes the possibility of linking to the GNU C library rather than the default Bionic C library.
  • Another issue is related to Android's disregard of established Java standards, i.e. Java SE and ME. This prevents compatibility among Java applications written for those platforms and those for the Android platform. Android only reuses the Java language syntax, but does not provide the full-class libraries and APIs bundled with Java SE or ME, instead using the Apache Harmony Java implementation.[94]

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See also

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Android_(operating_system)&oldid=275596204"