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Samuel de Champlain

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Samuel de Champlain
Statue symbolizing Samuel de Champlain in Ottawa, Canada
Bornbetween 1567 and 1580
in the Province of Saintonge, France
Died25 December 1635
in Quebec, Canada, New France
Occupation(s)Navigator, Cartographer, soldier, Explorer, Administrator and Chronicler of New France
Known forExploration of New France, foundation of Quebec City, Canada, being said "The Father of New France"

Samuel de Champlain, IPA: [samɥɛl də ʃɑ̃plɛ̃], (c. 1575[1] – 25 of December 1635), "The Father of New France", was a French navigator, geographer, cartographer, draughtsman, soldier, explorer, ethnologist, diplomat, chronicler, and the founder of Quebec City on July 3, 1608, of which he was the administrator for the rest of his life.

In every way but name, Samuel de Champlain was Quebec City's and New France's Governor. Given the fact that Champlain did not come from the class of nobility, he never would have been able to reach that title. Some say that the King Henry IV made him his "royal geographer", but it is unproven and may come from Marc Lescarbot books, Champlain never wrote that. From the death of Henry IV (in 1610), as Samuel Champlain was yet well-known and to keep him his necessary access to the Court of France, everybody, from the Notaries and the Printers-Librarians, accepted to add a "de" before his family name: a tolerated usage for such reasons. However, Champlain received the official title of "lieutenant" (adjunct representative) of the, one after the other, designated Viceroy of New France, the first being Pierre Du Gua De Mons. From 1629, Champlain was named "commandant" under the authority of the King Minister, Richelieu. Champlain's successor, Charles Jacques Huault de Montmagny, was the first to be named as Quebec City's and New France's Governor, being from 1636 the first noble to live there in that century.

It is Samuel de Champlain's determination to succeed in establishing a French colony in America that earned him, since the 19th century, to be named "The Father of New France". He was also integral in opening North America to French trade, especially the fur trade. French colonization on the shores of the Saint Lawrence River strongly began in 1634 and 1635, during the two last summers of his life, with the arrival of the many staying families recruited by Robert Giffard.

His Childhood

He lived in Brouage[2], near Rochefort, in the Province of Saintonge, France, as he reported into the title of his 1603 book. He belonged to either a Protestant family, or a tolerant one, in a Protestant region, as his Old Testament first name (Samuel) was not usually given to Catholic children.[3]

Becoming a Mariner, then a Soldier

Son and nephew of mariners, Samuel Champlain did not study Ancient Greek or Latin, neither did he read ancient literature. He instead learned to navigate, draw, and make marine maps. From 1595 to 1598, he served into the royal army in Bretagne, first as a fourrier (feeding and cleaning horses).

Early Travels

After 1598, thanks to his uncle-in-law, a navigator who often served into the Spanish fleet, he visited as an observer some spanish colonies into the Gulf of Mexico, for two years, and wrote an illustrated report on what he learnt during this long journey, and gave this secret report to his King, Henry IV. Three different handwritten copies of this report still exist.

On his first trip to North America, Champlain arrived on board the Bonne-Renommée (the Good Fame) on 15 March 1603, as an observer, with members of a fur-trading expedition. Although he had no official assignment on the voyage commanded by François Gravé Du Pont, a navigator and merchant, Champlain was anxious to see by himself all the way and the places that Jacques Cartier followed or saw, and described about sixty years before, and wanted to even go further. Champlain created a map of the St. Lawrence River and after his return to France on September 20, published an account as Des Sauvages: ou voyage de Samuel Champlain, de Brouages, faite en la France nouvelle l'an 1603 ("Concerning the Savages: or travels of Samuel Champlain, of Brouages, made in New France the year 1603").[4]

Promising again to Henry IV to make a report on his further discoveries, Champlain joined, in the spring of 1604, a second expedition to New France, but of long duration, south of the St. Lawrence River, in Acadia, and still without women neither children. It was led by Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Monts, a Protestant merchant to whom was given fur trade monopoly in new France by Henry IV. Champlain agreed in choosing the location of the Saint Croix Island settlement in the Bay of Fundy. However, after enduring a harsh winter on the island, the settlement was abandoned the following spring when Champlain, Gravé, and others, relocated the settlers to the Fundy coast of Nova Scotia at Port Royal. Champlain remained on the site until 1607, while he explored the Atlantic coast.

In 1605 and 1606, Champlain explored the land that is now Chatham, Cape Cod, as a prospective settlement, but small skirmishes with the resident Monomoyick Indians dissuaded him from the idea. He named the area Port Fortune.[5], [6]

Founding of Quebec City

In the spring of 1608, three ships left the French port of Honfleur, one of them, the Don-de-Dieu (the Gift of God), commanded by Champlain. In June, the small group of men-only settlers arrived at Tadoussac. There, they left the ships and continued to Quebec in small boats. On July 3, 1608, Champlain landed at the "point of Quebec" and set about fortifying the area by building three main buildings (each two stories tall), to which he referred collectively as "l'Habitation", and also a moat 12 feet (4 m) wide. The area was to become the city of Quebec. Fortifying Quebec City became one of his passions, which he embarked on periodically for the rest of his life.

Relations and war with natives

During the summer of 1609, Champlain attempted to form better relations with the local First Nations. He made alliances with the Wendat that the French called Huron and with the Algonquin, the Montagnais and the Etchemin, who lived in the area of the St. Lawrence River and who demanded that Champlain help them in their war against the Iroquois, who were much more to the south. Champlain set off with 9 French soldiers and 300 natives in order to explore the Rivière des Iroquois (now Richelieu River) when he subsequently mapped Lake Champlain. Having had no encounters with the Iroquois at this point many of the men headed back, leaving Champlain with only 2 Frenchmen and 60 natives.

On July 29 at Ticonderoga or Crown Point, New York (historians are not sure which of these two places), Champlain and his party encountered a group of Iroquois. A battle began the next day. 200 Iroquois advanced on Champlain's position as a native guide pointed out the 3 Iroquois chiefs. Champlain fired his arquebus and killed 2 of them with one shot. One of his men killed the third. The Iroquois turned and fled. This was to set the tone for French-Iroquois relations for the next one hundred years.

After this expedition, he returned to France in an unsuccessful attempt, with the Sieur de Mons, to renew their fur trade monopoly. They did, however, form a society with some Rouen merchants, in which Quebec would become an exclusive warehouse for their fur trade and, in return, the Rouen merchants would support the settlement.

Exploration of New France

On March 29, 1613, arrived back in New France, he first ensured that his new royal commission be proclaimed. Champlain set out on May 27 to continue his exploration of the Huron country and in hopes of finding the "northern sea" he had heard about (probably Hudson Bay). He traveled the Ottawa River, later giving the first description of this area.[7] It was in June that he met with Tessouat, the Algonquin chief of Allumettes Island, and offered to build the tribe a fort if they were to move from the area they occupied, with its poor soil, to the locality of the Lachine Rapids.[6]

By August 26 Champlain was back in Saint-Malo. There he wrote an account of his life from 1604 to 1612 and his journey up the Ottawa river, his Voyages[8] and published another map of New France. In 1614 he formed the "Compagnie des Marchands de Rouen et de Saint-Malo" and "Compagnie de Champlain", which bound the Rouen and Saint-Malo merchants for eleven years. He returned to New France in the spring of 1615 with four Recollects in order to further religious life in the new colony. The Roman Catholic Church would be given en seigneurie large and valuable tracts of land estimated at nearly 30% of all the lands granted by the French Crown in New France. [9]

Champlain continued to work to improve relations with the natives promising to help them in their struggles against the Iroquois. With his native guides he explored further up the Ottawa River and reached Lake Nipissing. He then followed the French River until he reached the fresh-water sea he called Lac Attigouautau (now Lake Huron).

In 1615, Champlain was escorted through the Peterborough area by a group of Hurons. He used the ancient portage between Chemong Lake and Little Lake (now Chemong Road); stayed for a short period of time in Bridgenorth area.

Military expedition

On September 1, at Cahiagué (on Lake Simcoe), he started a military expedition. The party passed Lake Ontario at its eastern tip where they hid their canoes and continued their journey by land. They followed the Oneida River until they found themselves at an Onondaga fort. Pressured by the Hurons to attack prematurely, the assault failed. Champlain was wounded twice in the leg by arrows, one in his knee. The attack lasted three hours until they were forced to flee.

Although he did not want to, the Hurons insisted that Champlain spend the winter with them. During his stay he set off with them in their great deer hunt, during which he became lost and was forced to wander for three days living off game and sleeping under trees until he met up with a band of aboriginals by chance. He spent the rest of the winter learning "their country, their manners, customs, modes of life". On May 22, 1616, he left the Huron country and was back in Quebec on July 11 before heading back to France on July 2.

Improving administration in New France

Map of New France (Champlain, 1612). A more precise map was drawn by Champlain in 1632.

Champlain returned to New France in 1620 and was to spend the rest of his life focusing on administration of the country rather than exploration.

Champlain spent the winter building Fort Saint-Louis on top of Cap Diamant. By mid-May he learned that the fur trade had been handed over to another company led by the Caen brothers. After some tense negotiations, it was decided to merge the two companies under the direction of the Caens. Champlain continued to work on relations with the natives and managed to impose on them a chief of his choice. He also managed to create a peace treaty with the Iroquois tribes.

Champlain continued to work on improving his fortification around what became Quebec City, laying the first stone on May 6, 1624. On August 15 he once again returned to France where he was encouraged to continue his work as well as to continue to look for a passage to China. At the time, most of the European powers believed that North America included a passage on land to China. By July 5 he was back at Quebec and continued expanding the city.

Things were not to continue well for Champlain and his small village. Supplies were low during the summer of 1628 and English merchants had pillaged Cap Tourmente in early July. On July 10, Champlain received a summons from the Kirke brothers, English merchants. Champlain refused to deal with them and, in response, the English cut off supplies from going to the city. By the spring of 1629 supplies were dangerously low and Champlain was forced to send people to Gaspé to conserve rations. On July 19, the Kirke brothers arrived and Champlain was forced to negotiate the terms of the cities' capitulation. By October 29, Champlain found himself in London.

A member of the Compagnie des Cent-Associés, from 1629 to 1635 Champlain was commander in New France "in the absence of my Lord the Cardinal de Richelieu". [5] During the next several years Champlain wrote Voyages de la Nouvelle France dedicated to Cardinal Richelieu as well as Traitté de la marine et du devoir d’un bon marinier. It wasn't until the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye in 1632 that Quebec was given back to France and on March 1, 1633, Champlain reclaimed his role as commander of New France on behalf of Richelieu.

Champlain returned to Quebec on May 22, 1633, after an absence of four years. On August 18, 1634, he sent a report to Richelieu stating that he had rebuilt on the ruins of Quebec, enlarged its fortifications, constructed another habitation 15 leagues upstream, as well as another one at Trois-Rivières. He had also begun an offensive against the Iroquois natives stating he wanted them wiped out or "brought to reason".

Illness and death

Posthumous portrait of Champlain by E. Ronjat (19th C). No period portrait of Champlain exists.[10]

By October 1635, Champlain was stricken with a stroke. He died on 25 December 1635 leaving no immediate heirs.

However, Jesuit records tell us he died in the hands of his friend Charles Lallemant who also heard his last confession, a reassuring point for a Catholic.

He was buried temporarily in the church while construction was finished on the chapel of Monsieur le Gouverneur. Unfortunately, this small building as many others was destroyed by a large fire in 1640. Though immediately rebuilt, nothing is known of it after. The exact burial site of Champlain is thus unknown.[11]

Memorials

Many sites and landmarks were named to honour Champlain, who remains, to this day, a prominent historical figure in many parts of Acadia, Ontario, Quebec, New York, and Vermont. They include:

Example of a fictional "portrait of Champlain", by Théophile Hamel (1870), after a portrait of Particelli d'Émery by Moncornet. No authentic portrait of Champlain exists.[15]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Samuel de Champlain.

Notes

  1. ^ Almost everywhere, a proofless and absurd "1567" year of birth, coming from Pierre-Damien Rainguet's 1851 Biographie Saintongeaise (ou Dictionnaire historique de tous les personnages qui se sont illustrés […]: see pages 140-141 of the book, or 148-149 of this image set), was engraved or carved on monuments dedicated to Champlain, and written in books containing the word Champlain. There is now strong evidence that Champlain might have been born as late as about 1580. This is first mainly based on the now known year of birth (1560) of François Gravé, and on what Champlain wrote about Gravé, when reporting the 1619 events: (translation) "His age would make me respect him like my father." (In: Champlain, "Les Voyages [...] depuis l'an 1603 jusques en l'an 1629", published in 1632).
    More over, Champlain was just a fourrier (giving food and basic cares to the horses) into the army in 1595 at Blavet (Bretagne), being there, for such a low level job, rather 15 years old than 28 (majority age being 25 at that time)... And, did Champlain wait to be 43 years old, instead of 30, before getting married (at the end of 1610) and thus receiving a substantial dowry, so lately ? ... In 1978, Jean Liebel wrote On a vieilli Champlain (They made Champlain older), in the Revue d'histoire de l'Amérique française (RHAF, number XXXII, pages 229 to 237), comparing all the old and new sources, and concluding that "1580" is a much better approximated year than the proven proofless and absurd "1567" year of birth. Nowadays, most of the historians agree on the near "1580" as being the birth year of Champlain, as written in recent works, like Champlain: the birth of French America / edited by Raymonde LItalien and Denis Vaugeois. (McGill-Queen's University Press, 2004).
  2. ^ Champlain did not indicate where he was born, only where he lived when young: in Brouage (Province of Saintonge). He wrote that in the title of his published works.
  3. ^ According to Alain Laberge, Chair of the History Department at Quebec City's Laval University, also a specialist in the history of New France, Champlain could have been born a Protestant. A guest on the February 6, 2008 CBC radio program, Sounds Like Canada, Professor Laberge said that the fact of Champlain's Protestantism would have been downplayed and omitted from education material by the Roman Catholic Church, who controlled the Province of Quebec's education system until 1962. Then was abducted by aliens in 1963.
  4. ^ Since his marriage contract, at the end of 1610 in Paris, his King being murdered that year, and by 1612, when this first official book he wrote was reprinted, he was credited as "sieur de Champlain [1].
  5. ^ USA National Park Service Archeology Program: Visit Archeology
  6. ^ a b See map of the explorations: Map of Samuel de Champlain voyages
  7. ^ In 1953, a rock was found at a location now known as the Champlain lookout, which bore the inscription "Champlain juin 2, 1613". What about this finding?
  8. ^ Les voyages du Sieur de Champlain, Saintangeois, capitaine ordinaire pour le Roy en la Marine.
  9. ^ Dalton, Roy. The Jesuit Estates Question 1760-88, p. 60. University of Toronto Press, 1968.
  10. ^ François Pierre Guillaume Guizot, A Popular History of France from the Earliest Times Vol. 6, Chapter 53, (Boston: Dana Estes & Charles E. Lauriat (Imp.), 19th C.), 190.
  11. ^ [2]
  12. ^ ed. William J. Gicker (2006). "Samuel de Champlain 39¢ (USA); Samuel de Champlain 51¢ (Canada)". USA Philatelic. 11 (3): 7. This souvenir sheet celebrates the 400th anniversary of the explorations of Samuel de Champlain in 1606. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); |author= has generic name (help); |format= requires |url= (help)
  13. ^ [3]
  14. ^ [4]
  15. ^ Morris Bishop, Samuel de Champlain: The Life of Fortitude (New York: Knopf, 1948), 6-7.

References

Preceded by Lieutenant General of New France
1613 - 1627 		Succeeded by
Champlain, as Governor
Preceded by
Champlain, as Lieutenant General
 Governor of New France
1627 - 1635 		Succeeded by
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