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Siphon (mollusc)

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A specimen of a venerid bivalve. The adductor muscles have been cut, the valves are gaping. The internal anatomy is visible, including the paired siphons to the right

A siphon is an anatomical structure which is part of the soft parts of aquatic molluscs in three classes: Gastropoda, Bivalvia and Cephalopoda. In other words, a siphon is found in some saltwater and freshwater snails, in some clams, and in octopus, squid and relatives.

Siphons are tube-like structures in which water flows (or more rarely in which air flows). In molluscs, the water flow is used for one or more purposes such as locomotion, feeding, respiration, and reproduction. The siphon is part of the mantle of the mollusc, and the water flow is directed to (or from) the mantle cavity.

A single siphon occurs in some gastropods. In those bivalves which have siphons, they are paired. In cephalopods, there is a single siphon or funnel which is known as a hyponome.

In the gastropods

The siphon of a large carnivorous marine volute, Cymbiola magnifica
The sea snail Nassarius tiarula is a scavenger. Siphon on the left

In some (but not all) sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs, the animal has an anterior extension of the mantle called a siphon, or inhalant siphon, through which water is drawn into the mantle cavity and over the gill for respiration.[1]

This siphon is a soft fleshy tube-like structure equipped with chemoreceptors which "smell" or "taste" the water, in order to hunt for food.[2][3][4] Marine gastropods that have a siphon are either predators or scavengers.[5]

Although in gastropods the siphon functions perfectly well as a tube, it is not in fact a hollow organ, it is simply a flap of the mantle that is rolled into the shape of a tube.[1]

In many marine gastropods where the siphon is particularly long, the structure of the shell has been modified in order to house and protect the soft tissue of the siphon. This shell modification is known as the siphonal canal. For a gastropod whose shell has an exceptionally long siphonal canal, see Venus comb murex.

In the case of some other marine gastropod shells, such as the volute and the Nassarius pictured above, the shell has a simple "siphonal notch" at the anterior edge of the aperture instead of a long siphonal canal.

Siphon as a snorkel

Pomacea canaliculata, seen through glass, has reached its siphon up to the water surface to breathe air

Freshwater apple snails in the genera Pomacea and Pila have an extensible siphon made from a flap of the left mantle cavity. They use this siphon in order to breathe air while they are submerged in water which has a low oxygen content so they cannot effectively use their gill.[6]

Apple snails use the siphon in a way that is reminiscent of a swimmer using a snorkel, except that the apple snail's siphon can be retracted completely, or extended to various lengths as needed.[6]

Engraving of Florida freshwater applesnail Pomacea paludosa; siphon on lower right

For these freshwater snails, the siphon is an anti-predator adaptation. It reduces their vulnerability to being attacked and eaten by birds because it enables the apple snails to breathe without having to come all the way up to the surface, where they are easily visible to predators.[6]

The shells of these freshwater snails have simple round apertures; there is no special notch for the siphon.

The paired siphons of bivalves

Three specimens of Panopea abrupta in a seafood tank; the paired siphons (or "necks") of this species can be one meter long
Drawing of Venus verrucosa shows paired siphons (upper inhalant and lower exhalant siphon), shell and foot.

Those bivalves that have siphons, have two of them. Not all bivalves have siphons however: those that live on or above the substrate, as is the case in scallops, oysters, etc, do not need them. Only those bivalves that burrow in sediment, and live buried in the sediment, need to use these tube-like structures. The function of these siphons is to reach up to the surface of the sediment, so that the animal is able to respire, feed, and excrete, and also to reproduce.[7][8]

The deeper a bivalve species lives in the sediment, the longer its siphons are. Bivalves which have extremely long siphons, like the Geoducks pictured here, live very deeply buried, and are hard to dig up when clamming[9]. Many bivalves that have siphons can withdraw them completely into the shell when needed, but this is not true of all species.

The inside of one valve of a bivalve such as a venerid: pallial sinus on the lower left, at the posterior end of the clam

Bivalves that can withdraw the siphons into the shell have a "pallial sinus", a sort of pocket, into which the siphons can fit when they are withdraw, so that the two shell valves can close properly. The existence of this pocket shows even in an empty shell, as a visible indentation in the pallial line, a line which runs along parallel to the ventral margin of the shell.[10]

The bivalve's two siphons are situated at the posterior edge of the mantle cavity.[11] There is an inhalant or incurrent siphon, and an exhalant or excurrent siphon.[12] The water is circulated by the action of the gills. Usually water enters the mantle cavity through the inhalant siphon, moves over the gills, and leaves through the exhalant siphon. The water current is utilized for respiration, but also for filter feeding, excretion, and reproduction.

Feeding

Depending on the species and family concerned, some bivalves utilize their inhalant siphon like the hose of a vacuum cleaner, and actively suck up food particles from the marine substrate. Most other bivalves ingest microscopic phytoplankton as food from the general water supply, which enters via the inhalant siphon and reaches the mouth after passing over the gill.[13]

Please also see pseudofeces.

The hyponome of cephalopods

Nautilus belauensis seen from the front, showing the opening of the hyponome.

The hyponome or siphon is the organ used by cephalopods for swimming locomotion. The hyponome developed from the foot of the molluscan ancestor.[14]

It is a muscular funnel or siphon into which water is drawn. The hyponome expands and then contracts, sending a jet of water rushing out.[14] This jet propels the cephalopod backwards, however the animal can control the angle of the movement by pointing the hyponome in different directions.[15][16]

In most cephalopods, such as octopus, squid, and cuttlefish, the hyponome is a muscular tube. The hyponome of the nautilus differs however, in that it is a one-piece flap that is folded over. It is not known to what degree ammonites had a hyponome, and what shape it was if they did have one.[17]

References

  1. ^ a b Örstan A. 13 April 2007. Melongena's siphon. Snail's Tales.
  2. ^ Abbott, RT and Sandstrom, GF (2001) Seashells of North America Macmillan. ISBN 9781582381251 Nassa mud snails, p. 142.
  3. ^ Cone snails. Hawaiian Marine Life. Accessed 18 November 2008.
  4. ^ Respiratory system. The apple snail website. Accessed 18 November 2008.
  5. ^ Los Marineros Marine Life. Caption Mollusca. Accessed 21 November 2008.
  6. ^ a b c Respiratory system. The apple snail website, http://www.applesnail.net, accessed 26 February 2009.
  7. ^ Bales, SL and Venable, S. 2007. Natural Histories: Stories from the Tennessee Valley. University of Tennessee Press. ISBN 9781572335615. p. 66.
  8. ^ Barnes, H. (Ed.) 2008. Oceanography and Marine Biology CRC Press. ISBN 9781420065749. p. 77.
  9. ^ Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. 2000. WDFW - Shellfish: Geoduck clam. accessed 26 February 2009.
  10. ^ M. Alan Kazlev. Palaeos Metazoa: Mollusca: Bivalvia: Bivalve Glossary. Page uploaded 11 January 2003, last change 7 July 2007, accessed 26 February 2009.
  11. ^ Anatomy of a Bivalve. accessed 26 February 2009.
  12. ^ Siphons. accessed 26 February 2009.
  13. ^ S. Peter Dance. 1977. The Encyclopedia of Shells. Blanford Press Limited, Poole, Dorset, ISBN 0-7137-0698-8, pp. 288, page 8.
  14. ^ a b Class Cephalopoda: the Head-Feet Accessed 21 November 2008.
  15. ^ Phylum Mollusca: Mollusks. Accessed 18 November 2008.
  16. ^ Sumich, JL and Morrissey, JF. 2004. Introduction to the Biology of Marine Life Jones & Bartlett Publishers. ISBN 9780763733131. p. 308.
  17. ^ Discussion. http://palaeo-electronica.org/ Accessed 21 November 2008.
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