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Tiger II

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For the aircraft also known as the Tiger II, see Northrop F-5.
Panzer VI Ausf. B Tiger II
Tiger II preserved at La Gleize, Belgium
TypeHeavy tank
Place of origin Nazi Germany
Service history
In service1944–1945
WarsWorld War II
Production history
DesignerHenschel & Son / Krupp (turret)
Designed1943
ManufacturerHenschel & Son
Produced1943–1945
No. built487
Specifications
Mass68.5 metric tons (initial turret)
69.8 metric tons (production turret)
Length7.61 m
10.286 m with gun forward
Width3.755 m
Height3.09 m
Crew5 (commander, gunner, loader, radio operator, driver)
Armor25–180 mm
Main
armament
1× 8.8 cm KwK 43 L/71
84 rounds
Secondary
armament
2× 7.92 mm Maschinengewehr 34
4,800 rounds
EngineV-12 Maybach HL 230 P30
700 PS (690 hp, 515 kW)
Power/weight10 PS/tonne (8.97 hp/ton)
TransmissionMaybach OLVAR EG 40 12 16 B (8 forward and 4 reverse)
Suspensiontorsion-bar
Operational
range
170 km (110 miles)
Maximum speed 41.5 km/h (25.8 mph)

Tiger II is the common name of a German heavy tank of the Second World War. The official German designation was Panzerkampfwagen VI Ausf. B and the tank also had the ordnance inventory designation SdKfz 182. It is also known under the informal name Königstiger (German for the Bengal Tiger), often literally translated by the Americans as King Tiger, and by the British as Royal Tiger.

The design followed the same concept as the Tiger I, but was intended to be even more formidable. The Tiger II combined the thick armor of the Tiger I with the sloped armor of the Panther. The tank weighed 68.5 (early turret) to 69.8 (production turret) metric tons, was protected by 150 to 180 mm of frontal armor, and was armed with the 88 mm KwK 43 L/71 gun. The very heavy armor and powerful long-range gun gave the Tiger II the advantage against virtually all opposing Allied and Soviet tanks. This was especially true on the Western Front, where the British and U.S. forces had almost no heavy tanks to oppose it. The M4 Sherman was unable to penetrate the front even at point blank range and the M26 Pershing (using tungsten HVAP ammunition) and IS-2 (using steel shot) had to come within 1300 m and 200 m respectively.[1] The chassis was also the basis for the Jagdtiger turretless tank destroyer.

Due to its sheer size and power, the King Tiger was photographed extensively, mostly for propaganda use.[citation needed]

Development

Initially two designs were provided, one by Henschel and one by Porsche. Both used a turret design from Krupp; the main differences were in the hull design, transmission and suspension.

The Henschel version used a conventional hull design with sloped armor resembling the layout of the Panther tank. It had a rear mounted engine and used nine overlapping road wheels per side, mounted on transverse torsion bars, in a similar manner to the original Tiger. To simplify maintenance, however, the wheels were overlapping rather than interleaved as in the Tiger I.

The Porsche hull design had a rear-mounted turret and a mid mounted engine. The suspension was the same as on the Jagdpanzer Elefant. This suspension had six road wheels per side mounted in paired bogies sprung with short longitudinal torsion bars that were integral to the wheel pair; this saved internal space and facilitated repairs. The Porsche version had a series-hybrid power system where the gasoline engines powered electrical generators which in turn powered electric motors which turned the sprockets. This method of propulsion had been attempted before on the Tiger (P) (later Elefant prototypes) and in some U.S. designs, but had never been put into production. The Porsche suspension would later be used on a few of the later Jagdtiger tank hunters.

File:PanzerVI TigerII Porsche1.jpg
A Tiger II of the 503rd Heavy Tank Battalion in Normandy, 1944, carrying the early (so-called "Porsche") turret

Henschel won the contract, and all Tiger IIs were produced by the firm. Two turret designs were used in production vehicles. The initial design is sometimes misleadingly called the "Porsche turret" due to the belief that it was designed by Porsche for their prototype. In fact this turret was simply the initial Krupp design for both prototypes. This turret had a rounded front and steeply sloped sides, with a difficult-to-manufacture curved bulge on the turret's left side, to accommodate the commander's cupola. Fifty early turrets were mounted to Henschel's hull and used in action. The more common "production" turret, sometimes called the "Henschel" turret, was simplified with a flat face, no shot trap (created by the curved face of the initial-type turret), less-steeply sloped sides, and no bulge for the commander's cupola.

The track system used on the Tiger II chassis was a unique one, which used alternating "contact shoe" and "connector" links—the contact shoe link had a pair of transverse metal bars that contacted the ground, while the connector links had no contact with the ground.

The Tiger II was developed late in the war and made in relatively small numbers. Like all German tanks, it had a gasoline engine. However, this same engine powered the much lighter Panther and Tiger I tanks. The Tiger II was under-powered, like many other heavy tanks of World War II, and consumed a lot of fuel, which was in short supply.

The Tiger II would serve as a basis for one production variant, the Jagdtiger, and a proposed Grille 17/21/30/42 self-propelled mount for heavy guns that never reached production.

Mechanical problems

Tiger II with the production turret, at the Deutsches Panzermuseum, Munster, Germany

As a result of the abandonment of post-production testing and preliminary trials, the tanks had numerous technical issues. Notably, the steering control would often break down under the stress of the vehicle's weight. In addition, not only were the engines prone to overheating and failure, but they also consumed large amounts of fuel, attributed to the use of the 690 hp Maybach engine from the far smaller Panther tank. The engine had to constantly run at full power just to get the tank moving. Henschel & Son's chief designer, Erwin Aders, explained that "The breakdowns can be attributed to the fact that the Tiger II had to go straight into series production without the benefit of test results." The engine and drivetrain was overburdened by the weight and would have required more testing to work out problems, a common dilemma among heavy tanks that pushed the limits of powerplants and transmissions.

A version of the Maybach HL230 engine with fuel injection was designed that would have increased the power to about 1,000 PS (986 hp, 736 kW). Henschel proposed using it for future production and retrofitting existing Tiger IIs, but the deteriorating situation meant the upgrade never left the drawing board. Other suggested improvements included a new main weapon, possibly of 105 mm calibre, but again this never got beyond the proposal stage.

Overall, the Tiger II was a formidable tank in spite of its problems. Its 88 mm armament could destroy all Allied armour at a range far outside the effective range of its enemy's armament. Also, notwithstanding its reliability problems, the Tiger II was remarkably agile for such a heavy vehicle. Contemporary German records indicate that it had a lower ground pressure and was as maneuverable as the much lighter Panzer IV. Also, like the Tiger I, its sophisticated suspension design provided excellent flotation, giving the tank a very smooth ride and making it an excellent gun platform.

Statistics from March 1945 compare the availability of Tigers with respect to other tanks: 62% of the Panzer IVs, 59% of the Tigers and 48% of the Panthers were available by this period of the war.[2]

Production

1,500 Tiger II were ordered, but the production was more than halved by Allied bombing [citation needed] and only 487 units were produced: 3 in 1943, 377 in 1944, and 107 in 1945. Full production ran from early-1944 to the end of the war.

Other specifications

  • Gearbox: Maybach OLVAR EG 40 12 16 B (8 forward and 4 reverse)
  • Radio: FuG 5, Befehlswagen (command tank) version: FuG 8 (Sd. Kfz. 267), FuG 7 (Sd. Kfz. 268)
  • Ammunition: 88 mm — 80 rounds (Porsche turret), 86 rounds (Henschel turret), 7.92mm — up to 5,850 rounds
  • Gun Sight: Turmzielfernrohr 9d (TZF 9d), early on the TZF 9b
  • Armor layout: (all angles from horizontal)
    • Hull front, lower: 100 mm @ 40°; upper: 150 mm @ 40°
    • Hull side, lower: 80 mm @ 90°; upper: 80 mm @ 65°
    • Hull rear: 80 mm @ 60°
    • Hull top: 40 mm @ 90°
    • Hull bottom: 40 mm @ 90° (front), 25 mm @ 90° (rear)
    • Turret front: 180 mm @ 80° (Porsche turret: 60–110 mm, rounded)
    • Turret side: 80 mm @ 69° (Porsche turret: 80 mm @ 60°)
    • Turret rear: 80 mm @ 70° (Porsche turret: 80 mm @ 60°)
    • Turret top: 44 mm @ 0–10° (Porsche turret: 40 mm @ 0–12°)

Combat history

Tiger II in Bovington tank museum, Dorset.

The first use of the Tiger II in combat was in Normandy on 18 July 1944 with the 503rd Heavy Panzer Battalion (schwere Panzerabteilung 503). It was first used on the Eastern Front on 12 August 1944 with schwere PzAbt 501 in the fighting at the Soviet Baranov bridgehead over the Vistula River. Eleven Tiger IIs were lost between 11 and 13 August when confronted by the Soviet T-34/85, IS-2 and inconvenient sandy terrain.

Later, the Tiger II was present at, among others, the Ardennes Offensive, the Soviet offensive into Poland and East Prussia in January 1945, the German offensives in Hungary in 1945, fighting to the east of Berlin at the Seelow Heights in April 1945 and finally within the city of Berlin itself at the very end of the war.

Soviet wartime testing

During August 1944, a number of Tiger II tanks were captured by the Soviets near Sandomierz and were soon tested at their testing grounds at Kubinka.[1] The tests revealed the tanks to be severely defective: the transmission and suspension broke down very frequently and the engine was prone to overheating and consequential failure. Additionally, the Soviets discovered surprising deficiencies in its armour. Not only was the metal of shoddy quality (a problem not particular to the Tiger II—as the war progressed, the Germans found it harder and harder to obtain the alloys needed for high quality steel), but the welding was also, despite "careful workmanship", extremely poor. As a result, even when shells did not penetrate the armour, there was a large amount of spalling, and the armour plating unfailingly cracked at the welds when struck by heavier shells, rendering the tank inoperable. The testers concluded that the Tiger II posed a lesser challenge than the much lighter and cheaper Tiger I, and were puzzled at the German decision to produce it.

However, there has been a lot of debate about the validity of these tests.[citation needed] They were carried out by firing a large number of shots at very close range (each penetration weakens the armor so further penetrations become more likely) on only one tank. Additionally, the Soviets had no means of correctly maintaining the tank's transmission. The 503rd SS Heavy Panzer Battalion (sSSPzAbt 503) scored approximately 500 kills in the period from January to April 1945 on the Eastern Front for the loss of 45 King Tigers (most of which were abandoned and destroyed by their own crews after mechanical breakdown or for lack of fuel).[3]

Surviving vehicles

As it was produced late in the war, far more Tiger II examples survived than did the Tiger I, though the latter was produced in four times the number of the former. The only operable example is displayed in the Musée des Blindés, Saumur, France. It has the production turret and is accessible to public on payment of entrance fee to museum. Other survivors include:

King Tiger located at Patton Museum of Cavalry and Armor.
King Tiger at La Gleize (from the rear).
  • Bovington Tank Museum, Dorset, England. Tiger II (early production turret) displayed in interior location accessible to public on payment of entrance fee. This vehicle was the second soft, commercial steel prototype Tiger II made and as such it did not see active service.
  • Bovington Tank Museum. Tiger II (production turret) - on loan from the Defence Academy, Shrivenham. See below.
  • Kubinka Tank Museum, Russia. Tiger II (production turret), possibly a command version with turret number 002 (502) captured at Ogledow by the Soviet Army. The museum is open to the public with restrictions. Foreign visitors must request permission to visit three weeks in advance.
  • December 44 Museum, La Gleize, Belgium. A cosmetically restored Tiger II (production turret) in open air location accessible to public. Hull number 280273, built in October 1944. Turret number 213 from SS s.PzAbt. 501. This tank was abandoned in La Gleize on 24 December 1944. The front part, about 1/3, of the gun tube is restored with a Panther gun tube and muzzle brake. It also has replica mudguards. It is stripped of exterior and internal fittings and most of the torsion bars are broken, but it still has its gearbox and engine in place.
  • Defence Academy of the United Kingdom, Shrivenham, England. Tiger II (production turret) in military collection not normally accessible to the public. This vehicle was from SS s.PzAbt. 501, with hull number 280093, turret number 104, and has a comprehensive coating of zimmerit. It was claimed by Sergeant Roberts of A Squadron, 23rd Hussars, 11th Armoured Division in a Sherman tank near Beauvais, although it had already been disabled and abandoned by its crew following damage to its tracks and final drive: it was Allied policy to fire upon any German tank in case it was merely 'playing dead'. There is a well-known photograph showing this vehicle after its final action in a beet field with its turret turned 90°. This vehicle is currently on display at Bovington Tank Museum. It is missing its engine.
  • Deutsches Panzermuseum, Munster, Germany. Tiger II (production turret) displayed in interior location accessible to public on payment of entrance fee. Hull number 280101. Turret number 121 from SS s.PzAbt. 101.
  • Patton Museum of Cavalry and Armor, Fort Knox, United States. Tiger II (production turret). Hull number 280243, built in September 1944. Turret number 332 from SS s.PzAbt. 501. Abandoned near Trois Ponts, it was captured by the US Army on 24 December 1944. Later moved to Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland. Eventually transferred to the Patton Museum. The left side is cut open for educational purposes. This was done at Aberdeen Proving Ground in the late 1940s. Due to the cost of repairing the armor, proposals to restore the tank to operating condition have been dismissed.
  • Schweizerisches Militärmuseum Full, Switzerland. This Tiger II (production turret) was previously displayed in the Thun Tank Museum, and is now on loan to the Schweizerisches Militärmuseum Full (September 2006). It will be completely restored to running condition in a long-term project. This tank was given to Switzerland by France after the war. Hull number 280215 from s.PzAbt. 506.
  • Musée des Blindés, Saumur, France. A Tiger II (production turret) is presented alongside a Tiger I.
  • Kevin Wheatcroft Collection, Leicestershire, England. Wheatcroft is a private collector. He is about to start a restoration/rebuild of a complete Tiger II. The project will include parts from many individual Tiger IIs, but many parts will be of new manufacture. Wheatcroft has stated that he has 70-80% of the original parts needed for a reconstruction and more parts are sourced continuously. Known and shown parts are a complete front glacis plate, 8.8 cm KwK 43 main armament, engine deck plates, approx. 1/3 hull (rear) in one part, a set of tracks, and approx. 2/3 of the left-side hull plate in two parts.[2] The aim of the project is a complete Tiger II in running order.
  • Mantes-la-Jolie, France. A more or less complete, but wrecked, Tiger II (production turret) is buried under regional road 913. Parts of the turret were recovered in a limited exploratory excavation in 2001. Further excavation is currently halted for financial reasons. There are plans to fully excavate and restore this Tiger II for a Vexin battle memorial.[3]

References

  1. ^ United States Medium tanks (scroll down to Main Gun Performance Comparison table)
  2. ^ Jentz, Thomas L. (1993). King Tiger Heavy Tank 1942-1945
  3. ^ Wilbeck, C. Sledgehammers: Strengths and Flaws of Tiger Tank Battalions in World War II
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