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For other people named Jesse James, see Jesse James (disambiguation).
Jesse James
Born
Jesse Woodson James

(1847-09-05)September 5, 1847
Clay County, Missouri, USA
DiedApril 3, 1882(1882-04-03) (aged 34)
St. Joseph, Missouri, USA
NationalityAmerican
Known forBanditry
SpouseZerelda Mimms
ChildrenJesse E. James, Mary James Barr
Parent(s)Robert S. James, Zerelda Cole James

Jesse Woodson James (September 5, 1847 – April 3, 1882) was an American outlaw in the state of Missouri and the most famous member of the James-Younger Gang. Already a grand celebrity when he was alive, he became a legendary figure of the Wild West after his death. Recent scholars place him in the context of regional insurgencies of ex-Confederates following the American Civil War rather than a manifestation of frontier lawlessness or economic justice.[1]

The James brothers, Frank and Jesse, were Confederate guerrillas during the Civil War, during which they were accused of participating in atrocities committed against Union soldiers. After the war, as members of one gang or another, they perpetrated many bank robberies which often resulted in the murder of bank employees or bystanders. They also waylaid stagecoaches and trains.

Although James has often been mythically portrayed, even prior to his death, as a kind of Robin Hood, robbing from the rich and giving to the poor, this is incorrect. His robberies enriched only his gang and him.[2]

Early life

Jesse Woodson James was born in Clay County, Missouri, at the site of present day Kearney, on September 5, 1847. Jesse James had two full siblings: his older brother, Alexander Franklin "Frank" and a younger sister, Susan Lavenia James. His father, Robert S. James, was a commercial hemp farmer and Baptist minister in Kentucky who migrated to Missouri after marriage and helped found William Jewell College in Liberty, Missouri.[1] He was prosperous, acquiring six slaves and more than 100 acres (0.40 km2) of farmland. Robert James travelled to California during the Gold Rush to minister to those searching for gold[3] and died there when Jesse was three years old.[4] After the death of Robert James, his widow Zerelda remarried twice, first to Benjamin Simms and then in 1855 to Reuben Samuel, a doctor. Dr. Samuel moved into the James home.

Jesse's mother and Reuben Samuel had four children together: Sarah Louisa, John Thomas, Fannie Quantrell, and Archie Peyton Samuel.[3][5] Zerelda and Reuben Samuel acquired a total of seven slaves, who served mainly as farmhands in tobacco cultivation.[5][6]

The approach of the American Civil War overshadowed the James-Samuel household. Missouri was a border state, sharing characteristics of both North and South, but 75% of the population was from the South or other border states.[3] Clay County was in a region of Missouri later dubbed "Little Dixie," as it was a center of migration from the Upper South. Farmers raised the same crops and livestock as in the areas from which they had migrated. They brought slaves with them and purchased more according to need. The county had more slaveholders, who held more slaves, than in other regions. Aside from slavery, the culture of Little Dixie was southern in other ways as well. This influenced how the population acted during and after the American Civil War. In Missouri as a whole, slaves accounted for 10 percent of the population, but in Clay County they constituted 25 percent.[7]

After the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854, Clay County became the scene of great turmoil, as the question of whether slavery would be expanded into the neighboring Kansas Territory came to dominate public life. Numerous people from Missouri migrated to Kansas to try to influence its future. Much of the tension that led up to the American Civil War centered on the violence that erupted in Kansas between pro- and anti-slavery militias.[6][8]

Civil War

The Civil War ripped Missouri society apart and shaped the life of Jesse James. After a series of campaigns and battles between conventional armies in 1861, guerrilla warfare gripped the state, waged between secessionist "bushwhackers" and Union forces, which largely consisted of local militia organizations. A bitter conflict ensued, bringing an escalating cycle of atrocities by both sides. Guerrillas murdered civilian Unionists, executed prisoners and scalped the dead. Union forces enforced martial law with raids on homes, arrests of civilians, summary executions and banishment of Confederate sympathizers from the state.[9]

The James-Samuel family took the Confederate side at the outset of the war. Frank James joined a local company recruited for the secessionist Missouri State Guard, and fought at the battle of Wilson's Creek, though he fell ill and returned home soon afterward. In 1863, he was identified as a member of a guerrilla squad that operated in Clay County. In May of that year, a Union militia company raided the James-Samuel farm, looking for Frank's group. They tortured Reuben Samuel by briefly hanging him from a tree. According to legend, they lashed young Jesse.[3] Frank eluded capture and is believed to have joined the guerrilla organization led by William C. Quantrill. It is thought that he took part in the notorious massacre of some 200 men and boys in Lawrence, Kansas. [10][11]

Frank James followed Quantrill to Texas over the winter of 1863–4, and returned in the spring in a squad commanded by Fletch Taylor. When they returned to Clay County, 16-year-old Jesse James joined his brother in Taylor's group.[3] In the summer of 1864, Taylor was severely wounded, losing his right arm to a shotgun blast. The James brothers joined the bushwhacker group led by Bloody Bill Anderson. Jesse suffered a serious wound to the chest that summer. The Clay County provost marshal reported that both Frank and Jesse James took part in the Centralia Massacre in September, in which guerrillas killed or wounded some 22 unarmed Union troops; the guerrillas scalped and dismembered some of the dead. The guerrillas ambushed and defeated a pursuing regiment of Major A.V.E. Johnson's Union troops, killing all who tried to surrender (more than 100). Frank later identified Jesse as a member of the band who had fatally shot Major Johnson.[12] As a result of the James brothers' activities, the Union military authorities made their family leave Clay County. Though ordered to move South beyond Union lines, they moved across the nearby state border into Nebraska.[13]

Anderson was killed in an ambush in October, and the James brothers went in different directions. Frank followed Quantrill into Kentucky; Jesse went to Texas under the command of Archie Clement, one of Anderson's lieutenants, and is known to have returned to Missouri in the spring.[12] Contrary to legend, Jesse was not shot while trying to surrender, rather, he and Clement were still trying to decide on what course to follow after the Confederate surrender when they ran into a Union cavalry patrol near Lexington, Missouri, and Jesse James suffered two life-threatening chest wounds.[14][15]

After the Civil War

Frank and Jesse James, 1872
Clay County Savings in Liberty

At the end of the Civil War, Missouri was in shambles. The conflict split the population into three bitterly opposed factions: anti-slavery Unionists, identified with the Republican Party; the segregationist conservative Unionists, identified with the Democratic Party; and pro-slavery, ex-Confederate secessionists, many of whom were also allied with the Democrats, especially the southern part of the party. The Republican Reconstruction administration passed a new state constitution that freed Missouri's slaves. It temporarily excluded former Confederates from voting, serving on juries, becoming corporate officers, or preaching from church pulpits. The atmosphere was volatile, with widespread clashes between individuals, and between armed gangs of veterans from both sides of the war.[16][17]

Jesse recovered from his chest wound at his uncle's Missouri boardinghouse, where he was tended to by his first cousin, Zerelda "Zee" Mimms, named after Jesse's mother.[12] Jesse and his cousin began a nine-year courtship, culminating in marriage. Meanwhile, His old commander Archie Clement kept his bushwhacker gang together and began to harass Republican authorities.

These men were the likely culprits in the first daylight armed bank robbery in the United States in peacetime,[18] the robbery of the Clay County Savings Association in the town of Liberty, Missouri, on February 13, 1866. This bank was owned by Republican former militia officers who had recently conducted the first Republican Party rally in Clay County's history. One innocent bystander, a student of William Jewell College (which James's father had helped to found), was shot dead on the street during the gang's escape.[19] It remains unclear whether Jesse and Frank took part. After their later robberies took place and they became legends, there were those who credited them with being the leaders of the Clay County robbery.[12] It has been argued in rebuttal that James was at the time still bedridden with his wound. No concrete evidence has surfaced to connect either brother to the crime, or to rule them out.[20]

This was a time of increasing local violence; Governor Fletcher had recently ordered a company of militia into Johnson County to suppress guerrilla activity.[21] Archie Clement continued his career of crime and harassment of the Republican government, to the extent of occupying the town of Lexington, Missouri, on election day in 1866. Shortly afterward, the state militia shot Clement dead, an event which James wrote about with bitterness a decade later.[19][20]

The survivors of Clement's gang continued to conduct bank robberies over the next two years, though their numbers dwindled through arrests, gunfights, and lynchings. While they later tried justify robbing the banks, these were small, local banks with local capital, not part of the national system which was a target of popular discontent in the 1860s and 1870s.[22] On May 23, 1867, for example, they robbed a bank in Richmond, Missouri, in which they killed the mayor and two others.[12][23] It remains uncertain whether either of the James brothers took part, although an eyewitness who knew the brothers told a newspaper seven years later "positively and emphatically that he recognized Jesse and Frank James ... among the robbers."[24] In 1868, Frank and Jesse James allegedly joined Cole Younger in robbing a bank at Russellville, Kentucky. Jesse James did not become famous, however, until December 1869, when he and (most likely) Frank robbed the Daviess County Savings Association in Gallatin, Missouri.

The robbery netted little, but Jesse (it appears) shot and killed the cashier, Captain John Sheets, mistakenly believing the man to be Samuel P. Cox, the militia officer who had killed "Bloody Bill" Anderson during the Civil War. James's self-proclaimed attempt at revenge, and the daring escape he and Frank made through the middle of a posse shortly afterward, put his name in the newspapers for the first time.[25][26][27] An 1882 history of Daviess County said, "The history of Daviess County has no blacker crime in its pages than the murder of John W. Sheets."[28]

The 1869 robbery marked James's emergence as the most famous of the former guerrillas turned outlaw. It marked the first time he was publicly branded an "outlaw", as Missouri Governor Thomas T. Crittenden set a reward for his capture.[28] This was the beginning of an alliance between James and John Newman Edwards, editor and founder of the Kansas City Times. Edwards, a former Confederate cavalryman, was campaigning to return former secessionists to power in Missouri. Six months after the Gallatin robbery, Edwards published the first of many letters from Jesse James to the public, asserting his innocence. Over time, the letters gradually became more political in tone, denouncing the Republicans, and voicing his pride in his Confederate loyalties. Together with Edwards's admiring editorials, the letters turned James into a symbol for some of Confederate defiance of Reconstruction. Jesse James's personal initiative in creating his rising public profile is debated by historians and biographers, though the tense politics certainly surrounded his outlaw career and enhanced his notoriety.[27][29]

Meanwhile, the James brothers joined with Cole Younger and his brothers John, Jim, and Bob; as well as Clell Miller and other former Confederates, to form what came to be known as the James-Younger Gang. With Jesse James as the public face of the gang (though with operational leadership likely shared among the group), the gang carried out a string of robberies from Iowa to Texas, and from Kansas to West Virginia. They robbed banks, stagecoaches, and a fair in Kansas City, often in front of large crowds, even hamming it up for the bystanders.

On July 21, 1873, they turned to train robbery, derailing the Rock Island train in Adair, Iowa and stealing approximately $3,000 ($51,000 in 2007). For this, they wore Ku Klux Klan masks, deliberately taking on a potent symbol years after the Klan had been suppressed in the South by President Grant's use of the Force Acts. The railroads were becoming an axis of political protest by former rebels, who feared the trend toward centralization.[30] The James' gang's later train robberies had a lighter touch—in fact only twice in all of Jesse James's train hold-ups did he rob passengers, because he typically limited himself to the express safe in the baggage car. Such techniques fostered the Robin Hood image which Edwards was creating in his newspapers, but the James gang never shared any of the money outside of their circle.[29]

Pinkertons

The Adams Express Company turned to the Pinkerton National Detective Agency in 1874 to stop the James-Younger Gang. The Chicago-based agency worked primarily against urban professional criminals, as well as providing industrial security, such as strike breaking. Because of support by many former Confederates in Missouri, the former guerrillas eluded them. Joseph Whicher, an agent dispatched to infiltrate Zerelda Samuel's farm, turned up dead shortly afterwards. Two others, Louis J. Lull and John Boyle, were sent after the Youngers; Lull was killed by two of the Youngers in a roadside gunfight on March 17, 1874, fatally shooting John Younger before he died. A deputy sheriff named Edwin Daniels was also killed in the skirmish.[31][32]

Allan Pinkerton, the agency's founder and leader, took on the case as a personal vendetta, and began to work with former Unionists who lived near the James family farm. He staged a raid on the homestead on the night of January 25, 1875. Detectives threw in an incendiary device; it exploded, killing James's young half-brother Archie (named for Archie Clement) and blowing off one of the arms of mother Zerelda Samuel. Afterward, Pinkerton denied that the raid's intent was arson, though biographer Ted Yeatman located a letter by Pinkerton in the Library of Congress, in which Pinkerton declared his intention to "burn the house down."[33][34]

For much of the public, the raid on the family home did more than all of Edwards's columns to turn Jesse James into a sympathetic figure. A bill that praised the James and Younger brothers and offered them amnesty was only narrowly defeated in the Missouri state legislature. Former Confederates, allowed to vote and hold office again, voted a limit on reward offers which the governor could make for fugitives. This extended a measure of protection over the James-Younger gang. (Only Frank and Jesse James previously had been singled out for rewards larger than the new limit.)[35][36]

Downfall of the gang

Jesse and his cousin Zee married on April 24, 1874, and had two children who survived to adulthood: Jesse James, Jr. (b. 1875) and Mary Susan James (b. 1879). Twins, Gould and Montgomery James (b. 1878) died in infancy. His surviving son, Jesse, Jr., became a lawyer and spent his career as a respected member of the bar in Kansas City, Missouri.[citation needed]

On September 7, 1876, the James-Younger gang attempted their most daring raid to date, on the First National Bank of Northfield, Minnesota. After this robbery, of the gang, only Frank and Jesse James were left alive and uncaptured.[37] Cole and Bob Younger later stated that they selected the bank because they believed it was associated with the Republican politician, Adelbert Ames, the governor of Mississippi during Reconstruction, and Union general, Benjamin Butler, Ames's father-in-law and the Union commander of occupied New Orleans. Ames was a stockholder in the bank, but Butler had no direct connection to it.[38]

To carry out the robbery, the gang divided into two groups. Three men entered the bank, two guarded the door outside, and three remained near a bridge across an adjacent square. The robbers inside the bank were thwarted when acting cashier Joseph Lee Heywood refused to open the safe, falsely claiming that it was secured by a time lock even as they held a bowie knife to his throat and cracked his skull with a pistol butt. Assistant cashier Alonzo Enos Bunker was wounded in the shoulder as he fled out the back door of the bank. Meanwhile, the citizens of Northfield grew suspicious of the men guarding the door and raised the alarm. The five bandits outside fired in the air to clear the streets, which drove the townspeople to take cover and fire back from protected positions. Two bandits were shot dead and the rest were wounded in the barrage. Inside, the outlaws turned to flee. As they left, one shot the unarmed Heywood in the head. The identity of the shooter has been the subject of extensive speculation and debate, but remains uncertain.

The gang barely escaped Northfield, leaving their two dead companions behind, along with two innocent victims (Heywood and Nicholas Gustafson, a Swedish immigrant from the Millersburg community west of Northfield.) A massive manhunt ensued. The James brothers eventually split from the others and escaped to Missouri. The Youngers and one other bandit, Charlie Pitts, were soon discovered. A brisk gunfight left Pitts dead and the Youngers all prisoners. The James-Younger Gang was destroyed except for Frank and Jesse James.[39][40]

Later in 1876, Jesse and Frank James surfaced in the Nashville, Tennessee area, where they went by the names of Thomas Howard and B. J. Woodson, respectively. Frank seemed to settle down, but Jesse remained restless. He recruited a new gang in 1879 and returned to crime, holding up a train at Glendale, Missouri (now part of Independence, Missouri[41]), on October 8, 1879. The robbery began a spree of crimes, including the holdup of the federal paymaster of a canal project in Killen, Alabama, and two more train robberies. But the new gang did not consist of old, battle-hardened guerrillas; they soon turned against each other or were captured, while James grew paranoid, killing one gang member and frightening away another. The authorities grew suspicious, and by 1881 the brothers were forced to return to Missouri. In December, Jesse rented a house in Saint Joseph, Missouri, not far from where he had been born and raised. Frank, however, decided to move to safer territory, heading east to Virginia.[42][43]

Assassination

Site at 1318 Lafayette which was where Jesse was shot. The top of the Patee House is to the right at the bottom of the hill. Zerelda stayed at the Patee House after he was shot. His house was ultimately moved to the Patee House grounds.
Jesse James's home in St. Joseph, where he was shot

With his gang decimated by arrests, deaths, and defections, James thought that he had only two men left whom he could trust: brothers Robert and Charley Ford.[44] Charley had been out on raids with James before, but Bob was an eager new recruit. To better protect himself, James asked the Ford brothers to move in with him and his family. James often stayed with the Fords' sister Martha Bolton, and according to rumor he was "smitten" with her.[2] He did not know that Bob Ford had been conducting secret negotiations with Thomas T. Crittenden, the Missouri governor, to bring in the famous outlaw.[44] Crittenden had made capture of the James brothers his top priority; in his inaugural address he declared that no political motives could be allowed to keep them from justice. Barred by law from offering a sufficiently large reward, he had turned to the railroad and express corporations to put up a $5,000 bounty for each of them. President Ulysses S. Grant had also wanted James to be captured, but by this time was out of office.[2]

On April 3, 1882, after eating breakfast, the Fords and James prepared for departure for another robbery, going in and out of the house to ready the horses. It was an unusually hot day. James removed his coat, then declared that he should remove his firearms as well, lest he look suspicious. James noticed a dusty picture on the wall and stood on a chair to clean it. Robert Ford took advantage of the opportunity and shot James in the back of the head.[45][46][47] James' two previous bullet wounds and partially missing middle finger served to positively identify the body.[12]

The murder of Jesse James was a national sensation. The Fords made no attempt to hide their role. Indeed, Robert Ford wired the governor to claim his reward. Crowds pressed into the little house in St. Joseph to see the dead bandit, even while the Ford brothers surrendered to the authorities—but they were dismayed to find that they were charged with first degree murder. In the course of a single day, the Ford brothers were indicted, pled guilty, were sentenced to death by hanging, and two hours later granted a full pardon by Governor Crittenden.[48]

The governor's quick pardon suggested that he may have been aware that the brothers intended to kill, rather than capture, James.[citation needed] The Ford brothers, like many who knew James, never believed it was practical to try to capture such a dangerous man.[citation needed] The implication that the chief executive of Missouri conspired to kill a private citizen startled the public and helped to create a new legend around James.[49][50][51]

The Fords received a small portion of the reward and fled Missouri. Some of the bounty went to law enforcement officials who were active in the plan. The Ford brothers starred in a touring stage show in which they reenacted the shooting.[52][53]

Charley Ford committed suicide on May 6, 1884 in Richmond, Missouri after suffering from tuberculosis and a morphine addiction. Bob Ford was killed by a shotgun blast to the throat in his tent saloon in Creede, Colorado, on June 8, 1892. His killer, Edward Capehart O'Kelley, was sentenced to life in prison. O'Kelley's sentence was commuted because of a medical condition, and he was released on October 3, 1902.[54]

Zerelda Samuel selected an epitaph for Jesse James that stated: In Loving Memory of my Beloved Son, Murdered by a Traitor and Coward Whose Name is not Worthy to Appear Here.[44]

James's widow Zee died alone and in poverty.

Rumors of survival

Rumors of Jesse James's survival proliferated almost as soon as the newspapers announced his death. Some said that Robert Ford killed someone other than James, in an elaborate plot to allow him to escape justice. These tales received little credence, then or now. None of James's biographers has accepted them as plausible. The body buried in Kearney, Missouri as Jesse James was exhumed in 1995 and tested for DNA. The report, prepared by Anne C. Stone, Ph.D., James E. Starrs, L.L.M., and Mark Stoneking, Ph.D., stated the remains were consistent with the DNA of Jesse James's relatives.[55]

Legacy

James's turn to crime after the end of Reconstruction helped cement his place in American life and memory as a simple but remarkably effective bandit. After 1873 he was covered by the national media as part of social banditry.[56] During his lifetime, James was celebrated chiefly by former Confederates, to whom he appealed directly in his letters to the press. Displaced by Reconstruction, the antebellum political leadership mythologized the James Gang exploits. Frank Triplett wrote about James as a "progressive neo-aristocrat" with purity of race.[57] Indeed, some historians credit James' myth as contributing to the rise of former Confederates to dominance in Missouri politics[citation needed] (in the 1880s, for example, both U.S. Senators from the state were identified with the Confederate cause).[citation needed]

In the 1880s, after James' death, the James Gang became the subject of dime novels which set the bandits up as preindustrial models of resistance.[58] During the Populist and Progressive eras, James became a symbol as America's Robin Hood, standing up against corporations in defense of the small farmer. This was despite the fact that his robberies benefited only him and his band, and they attacked small banks that benefited local farmers. This "heroic outlaw" image is still commonly portrayed in films, as well as songs and folklore.

In portrayals of the 1950s, James was pictured as a psychologically troubled individual rather than a social rebel. Some filmmakers portrayed the former outlaw as a revenger, replacing "social with exclusively personal motives."[59]

Jesse James remains a controversial symbol, one who can always be interpreted in various ways, according to cultural tensions and needs. Renewed cultural battles over the place of the Civil War in American history have replaced the longstanding interpretation of James as a Western frontier hero. Some of the neo-Confederate movement regard him as a hero.[49][60][61] Recent historians place him as a self-aware vigilante and terrorist who used local tensions to create his own myth among the widespread insurgent guerrillas and vigilantes following the Civil War.[1]

Cultural depictions

A dime novel featuring Jesse James.

Festivals

The Defeat of Jesse James Days in Northfield, Minnesota is among the largest outdoor celebrations in the state. Thousands of visitors can watch reenactments of the robbery, championship rodeo, a carnival, and parade.[62]

During the Jersey County, Illinois Victorian Festival[63] at the 1866 Col. William H. Fulkerson estate Hazel Dell, Jesse James' history is told in stories and by reenactments of stagecoach holdups. Over the three-day event, thousands of spectators learn of the documented James Gang's stopping point at Hazel Dell, and of the connection between ex-Confederates Fulkerson and Jesse James. Historical Civil War reenactments, arts and crafts, and music all compose this family-oriented event, one of the largest historical festivals in the Midwest, held every Labor Day Weekend in Jerseyville, Illinois.

Jesse James's boyhood home in Kearney, Missouri is a museum to the town's most famous resident. Each year during the third weekend in September, the Jesse James Festival, a recreational fair, is held.[64]

Russellville, Kentucky, the site of the robbery of the Southern Bank in 1868, holds the Jesse James International Arts and Film Festival. The JJIAFF completed its second annual event in April 2008 and the third annual is planned for April 25, 2009. The festival has featured a bluegrass band from San Francisco, experimental bands from southern Kentucky, as well as painters, sculptors, photographers and comic artists. Children's activities are a mainstay of the festival. A highlight for adults is the film festival held at the Logan County Public Library in Russellville. Past entrants have included films from Norway and northwestern Kentucky, modern silent film projects, nature studies and fan films.

The annual Tobacco and Heritage Festival in Russellville features a reenactment of the James-Younger Gang's robbery of the Southern Bank. Today used as a residence, the historic structure on South Main Street has been preserved by the town and county.

The small town of Oak Grove, Louisiana, also hosts a town wide Jesse James Trade Days every year, usually in the early to mid fall. This is supposedly a reference to a short time James spent near this area.

Comics

In 1969, artist Morris and writer René Goscinny (co-creator of Asterix) had Lucky Luke confronting Jesse James, his brother Frank and Cole Younger. The adventure poked fun at the image of Jesse as a new Robin Hood. Although he passes himself off as such and does indeed steal from the rich (who are, logically, the only ones worth stealing from), he and his gang take turns being "poor", thus keeping the loot for themselves. Frank quotes from Shakespeare, and Younger is portrayed as a fun-loving joker, full of good humor. One critic has likened this version of the James brothers as "intellectuals bandits, who won't stop theorising their outlaw activities and hear themselves talk".[65] In the end, the at-first-cowed people of a town fight back against the James gang and send them packing in tar and feathers.

Another Belgian comic series, Les Tuniques Bleues ("The Blue Coats"), is set during the American Civil War. Again the emphasis is on humour, though there is also a good deal of drama. An adventure published in 1994 had the main protagonists, Sergeant Cornelius Chesterfield and Corporal Blutch of the Union Army, confronting the infamous William Quantrill and his henchmen Jesse and Frank James.

Music and literature

Main article: Jesse James in music

James has been the subject of many songs, books, articles and movies throughout the years. Jesse James is often used as a fictional character in many Western novels, including some that were published while he was alive. For instance, in Willa Cather's My Antonia, the narrator reads a book entitled 'Life of Jesse James' - probably a dime novel.

In Charles Portis's 1968 novel, True Grit, the U.S. Marshal, Rooster Cogburn, describes fighting with Cole Younger and Frank James for the Confederacy during the Civil War. Long after his adventure with Mattie Ross, Rooster Cogburn ends his days in a traveling road show with the aged Cole Younger and Frank James.

In his worshipful adaptation of the traditional song "Jesse James", Woody Guthrie magnified James's hero status. Guthrie borrowed the tune for his outlaw hero ballad "Jesus Christ". "Jesse James" was later covered by the Irish band The Pogues on their 1985 album Rum, Sodomy, and the Lash, and by Bruce Springsteen on his 2006 tribute to Pete Seeger, We Shall Overcome: The Seeger Sessions.

A somewhat different song titled "Jesse James," referring to Jesse's "wife to mourn for his life; three children, they were brave," and calling Robert Ford "the dirty little coward who shot Mr. Howard," was also the first track recorded by the "Stewart Years" version of the Kingston Trio at their initial recording session in 1961 (and included on that year's release "Close-Up").

Echoing the Confederate hero aspect, Hank Williams, Jr.'s 1983 Southern anthem "Whole Lot Of Hank" has the lyrics "Frank and Jesse James knowed how to rob them trains, they always took it from the rich and gave it to the poor, they might have had a bad name but they sure had a heart of gold."

Warren Zevon's 1976 self-titled album Warren Zevon includes the song "Frank and Jesse James", a romantic tribute to the James Gang's exploits, expressing much sympathy with their "cause". Its lyrics encapsulate the many legends that grew up around the life and death of Jesse James. The album contains a second reference to Jesse James in the song "Poor Poor Pitiful Me" with the lyric "Well, I met a girl in West Hollywood, I ain't naming names. She really worked me over good, she was just like Jesse James." Linda Ronstadt covered the song a year later with slightly altered lyrics, but still containing the Jesse James reference, and it became a minor hit for her.

In her album Heart of Stone (1989), Cher included a song titled "Just Like Jesse James", written by Diane Warren. This single, which was released in 1990, achieved high positions in the charts and sold 1,500,000 copies worldwide.

The Nitty Gritty Dirt Band's album Uncle Charlie and His Dog Teddy features the song "Jesse James," ostensibly recorded on a wire recorder.

Jon Chandler has also written a song about Jesse and Frank James entitled "He Was No Hero," written from the perspective of Joe Hayward's widow cursing Bob Ford for cheating her out of killing Jesse James.

Around 1980 a concept album titled The Legend of Jesse James was released. It was written by Paul Kennerley and starred Levon Helm (The Band) as Jesse James, Johnny Cash as Frank James, Emmylou Harris as Zee James, Charlie Daniels as Cole Younger and Albert Lee as Jim Younger. There are also appearances by Rodney Crowell, Jody Payne, and Roseanne Cash. The album highlights Jesse's life from 1863 to his death in 1882. In 1999 a double CD was released containing The Legend Of Jesse James and White Mansions, another concept album by Kennerley about life in the Confederate States of America between 1861-1865. Interestingly, Kennerley was an Englishman.

Films

There have been numerous portrayals of Jesse James in film and television,[66] including two wherein Jesse James, Jr. depicts his father. In many of the films, James is portrayed as a Robin Hood-like character.[67]

Television

Museums

Some museums and sites devoted to Jesse James:

  • James Farm in Kearney, Missouri: In 1974 Clay County, Missouri bought it. The county operates the site as a house museum and historic site.[68]
  • Jesse James Home Museum: the house where Jesse James was killed in south St. Joseph was moved in 1939 to the Belt Highway on St. Joseph's east side to attract tourists. In 1977 it was moved to its current location, near Patee House, which was the headquarters of the Pony Express. The house is now owned and operated by the Pony Express Historical Association.[69]
  • First National Bank of Northfield: The Northfield Historical Society in Northfield, Minnesota, has restored the building that housed the First National Bank, the scene of the 1876 raid.[70]
  • Heaton Bowman Funeral Home, 36th and Frederick Avenue, St. Joseph, Missouri. The funeral home's predecessor conducted the original autopsy and funeral for Jesse James. A room in the back holds the log book and other documentation.
  • The Jesse James Tavern is in his father's birthplace in Asdee, County Kerry, Ireland, from where his father immigrated to the US in the 1840s as a young man.[71] The parish priest, Canon William Ferris, says a solemn requiem mass for Jesse James every year on April 3.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Stiles, T.J. (2002). Jesse James: Last Rebel of the Civil War. Knopf Publishing. {{cite book}}: Text "ISBN 0375405836" ignored (help)
  2. ^ a b c "A story of myth, fame, Jesse James". Seattle Times. 2007-09-17. Retrieved 2008-12-07.
  3. ^ a b c d e Settle, William A. (1977). Jesse James Was His Name, or, Fact and Fiction Concerning the Careers of the Notorious James Brothers of Missouri. University of Nebraska Press. pp. 7, 12, 16, 26. ISBN 0803258607. Retrieved 2008-12-07. Cite error: The named reference "name" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  4. ^ Stiles, T.J. (2002). Jesse James: Last Rebel of the Civil War. Knopf Publishing. pp. 23–6. ISBN 0375405836.
  5. ^ a b Yeatman, Ted P. (2000). Frank and Jesse James: The Story Behind the Legend. Cumberland House Publishing. pp. 26–8. ISBN 1581823258.
  6. ^ a b Stiles, T.J. (2002). Jesse James: Last Rebel of the Civil War. Knopf Publishing. pp. 26–55. {{cite book}}: Text "ISBN 0375405836" ignored (help)
  7. ^ Stiles, T.J. (2002). Jesse James: Last Rebel of the Civil War. Knopf Publishing. pp. 37–46. {{cite book}}: Text "ISBN 0375405836" ignored (help)
  8. ^ Hurt, R. Douglas (1992). Agriculture and Slavery in Missouri's Little Dixie. University of Missouri Press. ISBN 0826208541.
  9. ^ Fellman, Michael (1990). Inside War: The Guerrilla Conflict in Missouri onto the American Civil War. Oxford University Press. pp. 61–143. ISBN 0195064712.
  10. ^ Yeatman, Ted P. (2000). Frank and Jesse James: The Story Behind the Legend. Cumberland House Publishing. pp. 30–45. ISBN 1581823258.
  11. ^ Stiles, T.J. (2002). Jesse James: Last Rebel of the Civil War. Knopf Publishing. pp. 61–2, 84–91. {{cite book}}: Text "ISBN 0375405836" ignored (help)
  12. ^ a b c d e f Settle, William A. (1977). Jesse James Was His Name. University of Nebraska Press. p. 28-35. Retrieved 2008-12-07.
  13. ^ Settle, William A. (1977). Jesse James Was His Name. University of Nebraska Press. p. 140-41. Retrieved 2008-12-07.
  14. ^ Yeatman, Ted P. (2000). Frank and Jesse James: The Story Behind the Legend. Cumberland House Publishing. pp. 48–58, 62–3, 72–5. ISBN 1581823258.
  15. ^ Stiles, T.J. (2002). Jesse James: Last Rebel of the Civil War. Knopf Publishing. pp. 100–11, 121–3, 136–7, 140–1, 150–4. {{cite book}}: Text "ISBN 0375405836" ignored (help)
  16. ^ Parrish, William E. (1965 ASIN: B0014QRLJC). Missouri Under Radical Rule, 1865-1870. University of Missouri Press. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  17. ^ Stiles, T.J. (2002). Jesse James: Last Rebel of the Civil War. Knopf Publishing. pp. 149–67. {{cite book}}: Text "ISBN 0375405836" ignored (help)
  18. ^ "PBS.org Jesse James Bank Robberies". Retrieved February 12, 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dateformat= ignored (help)
  19. ^ a b Stiles, T.J. (2002). Jesse James: Last Rebel of the Civil War. Knopf Publishing. pp. 168–75, 179–87. {{cite book}}: Text "ISBN 0375405836" ignored (help)
  20. ^ a b Yeatman, Ted P. (2000). Frank and Jesse James: The Story Behind the Legend. Cumberland House Publishing. pp. 83–9. ISBN 1581823258.
  21. ^ Stiles, T.J. (2002). Jesse James: Last Rebel of the Civil War. Knopf Publishing. p. 173. {{cite book}}: Text "ISBN 0375405836" ignored (help)
  22. ^ Stiles, T.J. (2002). Jesse James: Last Rebel of the Civil War. Knopf Publishing. p. 238. {{cite book}}: Text "ISBN 0375405836" ignored (help)
  23. ^ "Deputy Sheriff Frank S. Griffin, Ray County Sheriff's Department". Officer Down Memorial Page. Retrieved 2008-10-03.
  24. ^ Stiles, T.J. (2002). Jesse James: Last Rebel of the Civil War. Knopf Publishing. pp. 192–95. {{cite book}}: Text "ISBN 0375405836" ignored (help)
  25. ^ Stiles, T.J. (2002). Jesse James: Last Rebel of the Civil War. Knopf Publishing. pp. 190–206. {{cite book}}: Text "ISBN 0375405836" ignored (help)
  26. ^ Yeatman, Ted P. (2000). Frank and Jesse James: The Story Behind the Legend. Cumberland House Publishing. pp. 91–8. ISBN 1581823258.
  27. ^ a b Settle, William A. (1977). Jesse James Was His Name. University of Nebraska Press. p. 32-42. Retrieved 2008-12-07. Cite error: The named reference "settle32" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  28. ^ a b "Civil lawsuit against Frank & Jesse James". Daviess County Historical Society. 2007-08-30. Retrieved 2008-12-07.
  29. ^ a b Stiles, T.J. (2002). Jesse James: Last Rebel of the Civil War. Knopf Publishing. pp. 207–48. {{cite book}}: Text "ISBN 0375405836" ignored (help)
  30. ^ Stiles, T.J. (2002). Jesse James: Last Rebel of the Civil War. Knopf Publishing. pp. 236–238. {{cite book}}: Text "ISBN 0375405836" ignored (help)
  31. ^ Yeatman, Ted P. (2000). Frank and Jesse James: The Story Behind the Legend. Cumberland House Publishing. pp. 111–20. ISBN 1581823258.
  32. ^ Stiles, T.J. (2002). Jesse James: Last Rebel of the Civil War. Knopf Publishing. pp. 249–58. {{cite book}}: Text "ISBN 0375405836" ignored (help)
  33. ^ Yeatman, Ted P. (2000). Frank and Jesse James: The Story Behind the Legend. Cumberland House Publishing. pp. 128–44. ISBN 1581823258.
  34. ^ Stiles, T.J. (2002). Jesse James: Last Rebel of the Civil War. Knopf Publishing. pp. 272–85. {{cite book}}: Text "ISBN 0375405836" ignored (help)
  35. ^ Settle, William A. (1977). Jesse James Was His Name. University of Nebraska Press. p. 76-84. Retrieved 2008-12-07.
  36. ^ Yeatman, Ted P. (2000). Frank and Jesse James: The Story Behind the Legend. Cumberland House Publishing. pp. 286–305. ISBN 1581823258.
  37. ^ "St. Joseph History - Jesse James". St. Joseph, Missouri. Retrieved 2008-12-07.
  38. ^ Stiles, T.J. (2002). Jesse James: Last Rebel of the Civil War. Knopf Publishing. pp. 324–5. {{cite book}}: Text "ISBN 0375405836" ignored (help)
  39. ^ Yeatman, Ted P. (2000). Frank and Jesse James: The Story Behind the Legend. Cumberland House Publishing. pp. 169–86. ISBN 1581823258.
  40. ^ Stiles, T.J. (2002). Jesse James: Last Rebel of the Civil War. Knopf Publishing. pp. 326–47. {{cite book}}: Text "ISBN 0375405836" ignored (help)
  41. ^ "Skillful Detective Work; Another of he James Gang Captured in Missouri". 1889-03-19. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |= ignored (help)
  42. ^ Yeatman, Ted P. (2000). Frank and Jesse James: The Story Behind the Legend. Cumberland House Publishing. pp. 193–270. ISBN 1581823258.
  43. ^ Stiles, T.J. (2002). Jesse James: Last Rebel of the Civil War. Knopf Publishing. pp. 351–73. {{cite book}}: Text "ISBN 0375405836" ignored (help)
  44. ^ a b c "One more shot at the legend of Jesse James". Los Angeles Times. 2007-09-17. Retrieved 2008-12-07.
  45. ^ "Jesse James Shot Down. Killed By One Of His Confederates Who Claims To Be A Detective". New York Times. 1882-04-04. Retrieved 2008-12-09. A great sensation was erected in this city this morning by the announcement that Jesse James, the notorious bandit and train-robber, had been shot and killed here. The news spread with great rapidity, but most persons received it with doubts until investigation established the fact beyond question.
  46. ^ Stiles, T.J. (2002). Jesse James: Last Rebel of the Civil War. Knopf Publishing. pp. 363–75. {{cite book}}: Text "ISBN 0375405836" ignored (help)
  47. ^ Yeatman, Ted P. (2000). Frank and Jesse James: The Story Behind the Legend. Cumberland House Publishing. pp. 264–9. ISBN 1581823258.
  48. ^ "Jesse James's Murderers. The Ford Brothers Indicted, Plead Guilty, Sentenced To Be Hanged, And Pardoned All In One Day". New York Times. 1882-04-18. Retrieved 2008-12-07.
  49. ^ a b Stiles, T.J. (2002). Jesse James: Last Rebel of the Civil War. Knopf Publishing. pp. 376–81. {{cite book}}: Text "ISBN 0375405836" ignored (help)
  50. ^ Yeatman, Ted P. (2000). Frank and Jesse James: The Story Behind the Legend. Cumberland House Publishing. pp. 270–2. ISBN 1581823258.
  51. ^ Settle, William A. (1977). Jesse James Was His Name. University of Nebraska Press. p. 117-36. Retrieved 2008-12-07.
  52. ^ Stiles, T.J. (2002). Jesse James: Last Rebel of the Civil War. Knopf Publishing. pp. 378, 395–95. {{cite book}}: Text "ISBN 0375405836" ignored (help)
  53. ^ Stiles, .
  54. ^ Ries, Judith (1994). Ed O'Kelley: The Man Who Murdered Jesse James' Murderer. Stewart Printing and Publishing Co. ISBN 0-934426-61-9.
  55. ^ Stone, A. C. (2001). "Mitochondrial DNA analysis of the presumptive remains of Jesse James". Journal of Forensic Sciences, 46:173-176. {{cite journal}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |journal= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  56. ^ Slotkin, Richard (1998). Gunfighter Nation: The Myth of the Frontier in Twentieth-Century America. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 128. ISBN 0806130318.
  57. ^ Slotkin, Richard (1998). Gunfighter Nation: The Myth of the Frontier in Twentieth-Century America. University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 134–136. ISBN 0806130318.
  58. ^ Slotkin, Richard (1998). Gunfighter Nation: The Myth of the Frontier in Twentieth-Century America. University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 134–136. ISBN 0806130318.
  59. ^ Slotkin, Richard (1998). Gunfighter Nation: The Myth of the Frontier in Twentieth-Century America. University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 381–382. ISBN 0806130318.
  60. ^ Slotkin, Richard (1998). Gunfighter Nation: The Myth of the Frontier in Twentieth-Century America. University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 125–55. ISBN 0806130318.
  61. ^ Settle, William A. (1977). Jesse James Was His Name. University of Nebraska Press. p. 149-201. Retrieved 2008-12-07.
  62. ^ "Defeat of Jesse James Days." djjd.org.
  63. ^ "Jersey County Victorian Festival." GreatRiverRoad.com.
  64. ^ "Jesse James Festival." JesseJamesFestival.com.
  65. ^ Fans de Lucky Luke website." fandeluckyluke.com. (in French)
  66. ^ Template:Imdb character
  67. ^ a b "The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford". The Times. Retrieved 2008-12-07. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  68. ^ "Friends of the James Farm"
  69. ^ "St. Joseph History - Jesse James Home", City of St. Joseph, Missouri
  70. ^ "Bank Site." Northfield Historical Society
  71. ^ "Asdee- where Jesse Jame`s ancestors originated-County Kerry, Ireland," 1st Stop County Kerry, accessed 20 Jun 2008

Bibliography

  • Fellman, Michael. Inside War: The Guerrilla Conflict in Missouri onto the American Civil War. Oxford University Press, 1990. ISBN 0195064712.
  • Settle, William A. Jesse James Was His Name, or, Fact and Fiction Concerning the Careers of the Notorious James Brothers of Missouri. University of Nebraska Press, 1977. ISBN 0803258607.
  • Stiles, T. J. Jesse James: Last Rebel of the Civil War. Knopf Publishing, 2002. ISBN 0375405836.
  • Yeatman, Ted P. Frank and Jesse James: The Story Behind the Legend. Cumberland House Publishing, 2000. ISBN 1581823258.

Further reading

  • Dyer, Robert. "Jesse James and the Civil War in Missouri", University of Missouri Press, 1994
  • Hobsbawm, Eric J. Bandits, Pantheon, 1981
  • Koblas, John J. Faithful Unto Death, Northfield Historical Society Press, 2001
  • Thelen, David. Paths of Resistance: Tradition and Dignity in Industrializing Missouri, Oxford University Press, 1986
  • Wellman, Paul I. A Dynasty of Western Outlaws. Doubleday, 1961; 1986.
  • White, Richard. "Outlaw Gangs of the Middle Border: American Social Bandits," Western Historical Quarterly 12, no. 4 (October 1981)
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