Filling station
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A filling station, fueling station, gas station, service station, petrol station, Garage (British English), gasbar, petrol pump or petrol bunk (India) is a facility which sells fuel and lubricants for motor vehicles. The most common fuels sold are petroleum (gasoline in U.S. and Canada) or diesel fuel.
Fuel dispensers are used to pump petroleum (gasoline in U.S. and Canada), diesel, CNG, CGH2, HCNG, LPG, LH2, ethanol fuel, biofuels like biodiesel, kerosene, or other types of fuel into vehicles. Fuel dispensers are also known as bowsers (in Australia).[1], petrol pumps (in Commonwealth countries), or gas pumps (in North America).
In recent times, filling stations have also begun to sell butane and have added shops to their primary business; convenience stores are now a familiar sight alongside pumps. With the advent of electric cars and rechargeable battery operated cars, "gas stations" or "filling stations" will soon offer charging docks for these cars. In fact, certain stations in the United States already offer these services. The term "gas station" is mostly used in the United States and Canada, where the fuel is known as "gasoline" or "gas". In some regions of Canada, the term "gas bar" is also frequently used. Elsewhere in the English-speaking world, where the fuel is known as petroleum, the form "petrol station" or "petrol pump" is used. In the United Kingdom and South Africa the single noun garage is still commonly used, even though the petrol station may have no service/maintenance facilities which would justify this description. Similarly, in Australia, the term service station ("servo") describes any petrol station. In Japanese English, it is called a "gasoline stand". In Indian English, it's called a petrol pump or a petrol bunk. In some regions of America, filling stations usually have a mechanic on duty, but this is uncommon in other parts of the world.
Number of petrol stations worldwide
- As of 2007, there were 9,271 petrol stations in the U.K, down from about 18,000 in 1992.[2]
- The USA had 121,446 filling stations ( gas stations ) in 2002 according to the Census. [3]
- In Canada, the number is on the decline to about 14,000.[4]
- In following countries number of stations is rising.[citation needed]
- Turkey - 12,139 petrol stations (2008)
- Mexico - 8,200 PS (2008)
- Nigeria has perhaps 4,700 PS (2007)
- South Africa - around 6,500 PS
- Kenya perhaps has 1,300 PS
- Tanzania - 1,000
- Malawi - 500
History of filling stations
The first places that sold gasoline/petrol were pharmacies, as a side business. In fact, the first gas/petrol station was the city pharmacy in Wiesloch/Germany, where Bertha Benz refilled the tank of the first automobile on its maiden voyage from Mannheim to Pforzheim in 1888.[5]
United States
The increase in automobile ownership after Henry Ford started to sell automobiles that the middle class could afford resulted in a greater demand for filling stations. The world's first purpose built gas station was constructed in St. Louis, Missouri in 1905 at 412 S. Theresa Avenue.[1] The second gas station was constructed in 1907 by Standard Oil of California (now Chevron) in Seattle, Washington. Reighard's gas station in Altoona, Pennsylvania claims that it dates from 1909 and is the oldest existing gas station in the United States. Early on, they were known to motorists as "filling stations". Standard Oil began erecting roadside signs of their logo to advertise their filling stations.
A typical filling station
Most filling stations are built in a similar manner, with most of the fueling installation underground, pump machines in the forecourt and a point of service inside a building. Single or multiple fuel tanks of varying sizes, dependent on the needs of the local market, are usually deployed underground. Local regulations and environmental concerns may require a different method, with some stations storing their fuel in container tanks, entrenched surface tanks or unprotected fuel tanks deployed on the surface. Fuel is usually offloaded direct from a tanker truck into the tanks through a separate valve, located on the filling station's perimeter. Fuel from the tanks travels to the dispenser pumps through a system of underground pipes. For every fuel tank, direct access has to be granted at all times. Most tanks can be accessed through a service canal directly from the forecourt.
Older stations tend to use a separate pipe for every kind of available fuel and for every dispenser. Newer stations may employ a single pipe for every dispenser. This pipe houses a number of smaller pipes for the individual fuel types. Fuel tanks, dispenser and nozzles used to fill individual car tanks employ a vapor recovery systems, which releases the vapors into the atmosphere through a separate system of pipes. The exhausts are placed as high as possible. A vapor recovery system may be employed at the exhaust pipe. This system collects all the vapors, liquifies them and releases them back into the lowest grade fuel tank available.
The forecourt is the part of a filling station where the felling operations are commenced. Fuel dispenser are placed on concrete embankments, as a precautionary measure. Additional elements may be employed, including metal barriers. The area around the fuel dispensers has to have a working and efficient drainage system. As fuel is regularly spilled on the ground, as little of it as possible should penetrate into the soil. Drainage canals in the direct vicinity of the fuel pumps drain all fluids into a waste container.
If a filling station allows customers to pay at the register, the data from the dispensers is transmitted wirelessly to the point of sale, usually inside the filling station's building, and fed directly into the station's cash register operating system. The cash register system gives a limited control over the fuel dispenser, and is usually limited to allowing the clerks to turn the pumps on and off, though the process is usually automatic. A separate system is used to monitor the fuel tank's status and quantities of fuel. With sensors directly in the fuel tank, the data is fed to a terminal in the back room, where it can be downloaded or printed out - a standard and regular procedure for larger chains, as this method has proven to be the most reliable and fail-safe. Sometimes this method is bypassed, with the fuel tank data transmitted directly into an external database.
Types of filling stations
United States and Canada
There are generally two types of filling stations in the US and Canada: premium and discount brands.
Premium brands
Filling stations with premium brands sell well-recognized and often international brands of gasoline, including Exxon and its Esso brand, Citgo, Hess, Chevron, Mobil, Shell, Sinclair, BP and Texaco. Non-international premium brands include Petrobras, Petro-Canada, and Pemex. Premium brand stations accept credit cards, often issue their own company cards (a.k.a. fuel cards) and may charge higher prices. Many of them have fully automated pay-at-the-pump facilities. Premium gas stations tend to be highly visible from highway and freeway exits, utilizing tall signs to display their brand logos.[citation needed]
Discount brands
Discount brands are often smaller, regional chains or independent stations, offering lower prices on gasoline. Most purchase wholesale gasoline from independent suppliers or from the major petroleum companies. Lower-priced gas stations are also found at some supermarkets (Albertsons, Kroger, Giant, Weis Markets, Safeway, Vons, Meijer, Loblows /Real Canadian Superstore (Canada) and Giant Eagle), convenience stores (7-Eleven and Cumberland Farms), discount stores (Wal-Mart) and warehouse clubs (Costco, Sam's Club, and BJ's). At some stations (such as Vons, Costco, BJ's, or Sam's Club), consumers are required to hold a special membership card in order to receive the discounted price, and/or pay only with either the chain's cash card or a credit card issuer exclusive to that chain. Some convenience stores, such as 7-Eleven and Circle K, have co-branded their stations with one of the premium brands.
Filling stations outside the United States/Canada
Some countries have only one brand of petrol station. In Mexico, where the oil industry is state-owned and prices are regulated, the country's main operator of petrol stations is called Pemex. In Malaysia, Shell is the dominant player by number of stations with government owned Petronas coming in second; the operator is also moving overseas with the aim of becoming a multinational brand.
Some companies, such as Shell, use their brand worldwide, however, Chevron uses its inherited brand Caltex in Asia Pacific, Australia and Africa, and its Texaco brand in Europe and Latin America. ExxonMobil uses its Exxon brand in the U.S. but is still known as Esso in the rest of the world. In Brazil, the main operator is Petrobras but Esso, Ipiranga, Texaco and Shell are also big. In the United Kingdom, many companies supply petrol, the two largest being BP and Shell. Several supermarket chains also operate filling stations, such as Asda and Tesco. Indian Oil operates approximately 15,000 petrol stations in India.
Iceland is the only nation in the world that has filling stations dispensing hydrogen fuel for cars powered by fuel cells. It is also the only nation capable of producing hydrogen in adequate quantities at reasonable cost, because Iceland's high level of volcanic activity gives it plentiful geothermal energy.
Payment methods
United States
In small towns and rural areas, gas stations sometimes allow customers to pump gas first and pay afterwards. Due to the higher incidence of crime in large urban areas (especially drive-offs), customers there must generally pay before pumping fuel.
Modern gas stations have pay-at-the-pump capabilities — in most cases credit, debit, ATM cards, fuel cards and fleet cards are accepted. At some stations, cash is also taken at the pump, although customers must collect their change at a cashier window which is often bullet-proof. Occasionally a station will have a pay-at-the-pump-only period per day, when attendants are not present, often at night, and some stations are pay-at-the-pump-only 24 hours a day.
Ireland
In the Republic of Ireland, most petrol stations allow for customers to pump fuel before settling the bill. Some petrol stations have pay-at-the-pump facilities.
Canada
In British Columbia, it is now law that you either pre-pay for your fuel or pay at the pump. The law is called "Grant's Law"[6] and is intended to protect the workers from "gas-and-dash" crimes.
United Kingdom
In the UK, the most common fashion is to pump the fuel, then pay in the shop. Some filling stations will allow customers to pay with a Chip and Pin device at the pump, as well as in the store.
Types of service
Filling stations typically offer one of three types of service to their customers: full service, minimum service or self service.
- Full service
- An attendant (gas jockey) operates the pumps, often wipes the windshield, and sometimes checks the vehicle's oil level and tire pressure, then collects payment (and perhaps a small tip).
- Minimum service
- An attendant operates the pumps. This is often required due to legislation that prohibits customers from operating the pumps.
- Self service
- The customer will perform all required service.
United States and Canada
Most filling stations in the United States have offered a choice between full service and self service. Until the 1970s, full service was the norm, and self service was rare.
The first self service station in Canada was located in Winnipeg, Manitoba, in 1949 and was operated by independent Henderson Thriftway Petroleum, run by Bill Henderson. [7] The first self service gas station in the United States was in Omaha, Nebraska, in 1958, run by Sam Rosenbaum.
Today, few stations advertise full service, and those that do usually only provide mini service unless a manager is involved. However, full service stations are more common in wealthy and upscale areas. The cost of full service is usually assessed as a fixed amount per U.S. gallon.
All stations in New Jersey and Oregon, however, offer only full service and mini service; attendants are required to pump gas because customers are barred by statutes in both states from pumping their own gas. New Jersey banned self-service gasoline in 1949 after lobbying by service station owners. Proponents of the ban cite safety and jobs as reasons to keep the ban.[8] Likewise, the Oregon statute banning self-service gasoline lists seventeen different justifications, including the inflammability of gas, the risk of crime from customers leaving their car, the toxic fumes emitted by gasoline, and the jobs created by requiring mini service.[9] In addition, the ban on self-service gasoline is seen as part of Oregonian culture. One commentator noted, “The joke is when babies are born in Oregon, the doctor slaps their bottom, ‘No self-serve and no sales tax’ [. . .] It’s as much a cultural issue as an economic issue. It’s a way of life.”[10] In 1982, Oregon voters rejected a ballot measure sponsored by the service station owners, which would have legalized self-service gas.[11]
The town of Huntington, New York also bans self-service, but for a different reason. The ban went in effect in the early 1970s during a recession. The intent was to save jobs.
The constitutionality of the self-service bans has been disputed. The Oregon statute was brought into court in 1989 by ARCO, and the New Jersey statute was challenged in court in 1950 by a small independent service station, Rein Motors. Both failed. In addition, throughout the rest of the United States, the Americans with Disabilities Act requires that the equivalent of "mini-serve" be provided to any individual displaying a disabled parking placard. Currently, New Jersey governor, Jon Corzine is planning to lift the ban on self serve for New Jersey. He thinks it can lower gas prices, but New Jerseyans argued that it can cause problems, especially unemployment.
In both New Jersey and Oregon, it is legal for customers to pump their own diesel (although not every station permits diesel customers to do so; truck stops typically do). The intent of the Oregon Law is that diesel is not as flammable, and therefore poses less of a hazard to Oregon citizens.[citation needed]
Mini-serve is referred to as "Self Serve" in Canada.
Other goods and services commonly available
Many gas stations also have convenience stores which sell food, beverages, cigarettes, lottery tickets, motor oil, and sometimes auto parts. Prices for these and other items tend to be higher at convenience stores than they would be at a supermarket or discount store. Sometimes, cigarettes are priced higher than normal, or they can be priced at the state minimum at stations such as Hess, Sheetz, Wawa, and Royal Farms.
In some U.S. states, beer, wine, and liquor are sold in gas stations, though this practice varies according to state law (see Alcohol laws of the United States by state). Nevada allows the sale of beer, wine, liquor, and the operation of slot and video poker machines at gas stations 24/7. Missouri also allows the sale of beer, wine, and liquor without limitation at gas stations (see Alcohol laws of Missouri).
Many gas stations also provide squeegees, towels, and toilet facilities for customer use, but a large number of discount gas stations do not provide these amenities. Many gas stations have air compressors with tire gauges and water machines. Some machines are free of charge, while others charge a small fee to use (usually around 75 cents). In many states of the U.S., state law requires that paying customers must be provided with free air compressor service. In most cases, a token provided by the attendant is used in lieu of coins. As late as the 1960s, many service stations in the U.S. provided free maps to customers.
Some gas stations are equipped with car washes. Car washes are sometimes offered free of charge or at a discounted price with a certain amount of gas purchased. Conversely, some car washes operate gas stations to supplement their businesses.
There are a number of gas stations with a fast food outlet inside, such as McDonald's, Jack in the Box, Pizza Hut, Sbarro, Subway, Dunkin Donuts, Taco Bell, or Wendy's. These are usually "express" versions with limited seating and limited menus, though some may be regular-sized and have spacious seating. These larger-sized restaurants are common at truck stops and toll road service plazas. In Canada, it is common to find a small Tim Hortons outlet inside gas stations.
Price at the pump
Fuel prices in North America
The gasoline (petroleum) market in North America is very competitive. Nearly all filling stations in North America advertise their often-changing prices on large signs outside the stations. Some locations have laws requiring such signage.[12]
In the United States and Canada, federal, state/provincial and local sales taxes are usually included in the price, although Petro Canada has started to provide a complete tax breakdown on purchase receipts and it is also posted at the pump. Gas taxes are often intended to fund transportation projects such as the maintenance of existing roads and construction of new ones. However, sometimes the funds are directed to other projects or government expenses.
In the United States, the states of California and Hawaii typically have the highest gasoline prices, while the lowest prices can be found in oil producing states like Oklahoma and Texas. In Canada, prices are typically highest in the provinces of British Columbia and Quebec, and the lowest in the oil-producing province of Alberta. The provinces of Prince Edward Island (PEI), Newfoundland and Labrador, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia have instituted gasoline price regulation. At times, PEI has had the lowest cost of gas in the country but studies have shown that this is due to the provincial sales tax not included in the price.
Price regulation in Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, and Nova Scotia is intended to protect small rural gas stations from low profit margins due to low volume.
Individual gas stations in the United States have little if any control over gasoline prices.[citation needed] The wholesale price of gasoline is determined according to area by oil companies which supply the gasoline, and their prices are largely determined by the world markets for oil. Individual gas stations are unlikely to sell gasoline at a loss, and the margin—typically between 7 and 11 cents a U.S. gallon—that they make from gasoline sales is limited by the fact that the market is highly competitive. A gas station which charges significantly more than the wholesale price will lose customers to other gas stations. Because of this, most gas stations sell higher-margin food products inside their convenience stores.
During holiday weekends, when American road travel is at its peak, gas prices tend to soar and then drop again as the holidays come to a close; this is due to a fluctuation in demand. Boycotts against individual gas stations to protest against perceived high gas prices have largely failed.
Even with oil market fluctuations, prices for gasoline in the United States are among the lowest in the industrialized world; this is principally due to a difference in taxes. While the price of gasoline in Europe is more than twice that in the United States, the price of gas excluding taxes is nearly identical in the two areas. Some Canadians and Mexicans, close to the U.S. border, drive into the United States to purchase cheaper gasoline at gas stations in border communities.
Due to heavy fluctuations of gas price in the United States, some gas stations offered their customers the option to buy and store gas for future uses, such as like the service provided by First Fuel Bank.
In order to save money, some consumers in the United States and Canada inform each other about low and high prices through the use of gasoline price websites. Such websites allow users to share prices advertised at filling stations with each other by posting them to a central server. Consumers then may check the prices listed in their geographic area in order to select the station with the lowest price available at the time.
Fuel prices in Europe
In European Union (EU) member states, petrol (gas) prices are much higher than in North America due to higher fuel excise or taxation, although the base price is also higher than in the U.S. The high fuel prices are unpopular[neutrality is disputed][citation needed] (particularly after inflationary or retail increases), and have led to harsh criticism of taxation policy from some quarters. Occasionally, there are national protests, although in the UK a large-scale protest in the summer of 2000, known as 'The Fuel Crisis', caused wide-scale havoc not only across the UK, but also in some other EU countries. The British government eventually backed down by indefinitely postponing a planned increase in fuel duty. This was partially reversed during December 2006 when Gordon Brown (UK Chancellor of the Exchequer) raised the fuel duty by 1.25 pence per litre.
In much of Europe, including Britain, France and Germany, filling stations operated by large supermarket and hypermarket outlets usually price fuel more competitively than stand-alone filling stations, especially for buyers willing to use a charge card to pay at the pump. In most of mainland Europe, sales tax is lower on diesel fuel than on petrol (gas), and diesel is accordingly the cheaper fuel: in the UK, however, diesel enjoys no tax advantage and retails at a substantially higher price than petrol (gas).
Fuel prices elsewhere
In other energy-importing countries like Japan, gasoline/petroleum costs are higher than in the United States because of fuel transportation costs or taxes. On the other hand, some of the major oil-producing countries such as the Gulf States, Iran, Iraq, and Venezuela provide subsidized fuel at well below market prices. This practice tends to encourage heavy consumption. Hong Kong has some of the highest pump prices in the world, but most customers are given significant discounts as card members. Also in Western Australia a programme called Fuelwatch means that most WA filling stations have to notify their "tomorrow prices" by 2pm each day. Prices are changed at 6am each morning, and must be held for 24 hours. Each afternoon, the prices for the next day are released to the public and the media, allowing consumers to make a decision whether to fill up today or tomorrow, safe in the knowledge that prices cannot change.
Service stations
In the U.S., a filling station that also offers services such as oil changes and mechanical repairs to automobiles is called a service station. Until the 1970s, the vast majority of gas stations were service stations; now only a minority are. This kind of business provided the name for the U.S. comic strip Gasoline Alley, where a number of the characters worked.
In the UK, a 'service station' refers to much larger facilities, usually attached to motorways (see rest area) or major trunk routes, which provide food outlets, large parking areas, and often other services such as hotels, arcade games, and shops in addition to 24-hour fuel supplies and a higher standard of restrooms. Fuel is typically more expensive from these outlets due to their premium locations. UK service stations do not usually repair automobiles.
In New Zealand, a filling station is often referred to as a service station, garage, or petrol station, even though the filling station may not offer mechanical repairs or assistance with dispensing fuel. Various levels of services are available in New Zealand, including full service, for which assistance in dispensing fuel is offered, as well as offers to check tyre pressure or clean vehicle windscreens. This type of service is becoming uncommon in New Zealand. There is also help service or assisted service, for which customers must request assistance before it is given, and self service, for which no assistance is available.
In the U.S., this arrangement occurs on many toll roads and some interstate freeways and is called an oasis, service plaza, or truck stop. In many cases, these centers might have a food court or cafeteria. In the U.S., Flying J and TA TravelCenters of America are two of the most common full-service chains.[citation needed]
Often, the state government maintains public rest areas directly connected to freeways, but does not rent out space to private businesses. As a result, such areas often provide only minimal services such as restrooms and vending machines.
In turn, private entrepreneurs develop additional facilities, such as restaurants, gas stations, and motels in clusters on private land adjacent to major interchanges. Because these facilities are not directly connected to the freeway, they usually have huge signs on poles several hundred feet high. This way, travelers will be able to spot them several minutes in advance and exit accordingly. Sometimes, the state will also post small official signs (normally blue) indicating what types of gas stations, restaurants, and/or hotels are available at an upcoming exit; businesses may add their logos to these signs for a fee.
Octane
In the United States, all motor vehicle gasoline is unleaded and is available in several grades, which are differentiated by octane rating: 87 (Regular), 89 (Mid-Grade), and 93 (Premium) are typical grades [2]. The maximum octane rating in California is generally 91. Minimum octane levels are often lower in the Mountain States, where regular unleaded can be rated as low as 85 octane.
Fuels in the U.S. are described in terms of their "pump octane", which is the mean of their "RON" (Research Octane Number) and "MON" (Motor Octane Number). Labels on gasoline pumps in the U.S. typically describe this as the "(R+M)/2 Method".
Some nations describe fuels according to the traditional RON or MON ratings, so octane ratings cannot always be compared with the equivalent U.S. rating by the "(R+M)/2 method".
In Canada, the most commonly found octane grades are 87 (regular), 89 (mid grade) and 91 (Premium), using the "(R+M)/2 Method".
In Europe, gasoline is unleaded and available in 95 RON (Eurosuper) and, in nearly all countries, 98 RON (Super Plus) octanes; in some countries, 91 RON octane gasoline is offered as well.[citation needed] Some stations offer 98 RON with lead substitute (often called "Lead-Replacement Petrol, or LRP).
In the UK, the most common petrol grade (and lowest octane generally available) is 'Premium' 95 RON unleaded. 'Super' is widely available at 97 RON and some large brands offer 98 - 99 RON fuel as a premium product costing up to 10% more than standard 'premium' fuel (for example Shell V-Power, BP Ultimate or Tesco 99). Leaded fuel is not widely available. A 102-octane fuel is available in the UK at a limited number of BP stations (for a far higher price than other fuels), for racers and car enthusiasts.
In Australia, gasoline is unleaded, and available in 91, 95, 98 and 100 Octanes (names of various gasolines differ from brand to brand), fuel additives for use in leaded cars are available at most gas stations.
In New Zealand, petrol is unleaded, and most commonly available in 91 RON ("Regular") and 95 RON ("Premium"). 98 RON is available at selected BP ("Ultimate") and Mobil ("Synergy 8000") service stations instead of the standard 95 RON. 96 RON was replaced by 95 RON, and subsequently abolished in 2006. Leaded fuel was abolished in 1996.
In China, the most commonly found octane grade is RON 91 (regular), 93 (mid grade) and 97 (premium). Almost all of the fuel has been unleaded since 2000. In some premium gas stations in large cities, such as Petrol China and SinoPec, RON 98 gas is sold for racing cars.
Differences in fuel dispensers
In Europe, the customer selects one of several color-coded nozzles depending on the type of fuel required. The filler pipe of unleaded fuel is smaller than the one for leaded (substitute) ones. The tank filler opening has a corresponding diameter. This is to prevent filling the tank with the wrong fuel. Leaded fuel damages the catalytic converter. In some European countries, leaded fuel is no longer generally available, or LRP (lead replacement petrol) may be the only such fuel available.
In most stations in the USA and Canada, the pump often has a single nozzle and the customer selects the desired octane grade by pushing a button. Some pumps require the customer to pick up the nozzle first, then lift a lever underneath it. Others are designed so that lifting the nozzle automatically releases a switch. Some newer stations now have separate nozzles for different types of fuel. Where diesel fuel is provided, it is usually dispensed from a separate nozzle even if the various grades of gasoline share the same nozzle.
Motorists occasionally pump gasoline into a diesel car by accident. The converse is almost impossible because diesel pumps have a large nozzle with a diameter of 15⁄16 inch (23.8 mm) which does not fit the 13⁄16-inch (20.6 mm) filler, and the nozzles are protected by a lock mechanism or a lift-able flap. However, it is possible and does happen occasionally. Diesel in a gasoline engine however — while creating large amounts of smoke — does not normally cause permanent damage if it is drained once the mistake is realized. However even a liter of gas added to the tank of a modern diesel car can cause irreversible damage to the injection pump and other components through a lack of lubrication. In some cases, the car has to be scrapped because the cost of repairs exceeds its value. The issue is not clear-cut as older diesels using completely mechanical injection can tolerate some gasoline — which has historically been used to "thin" diesel fuel in winter.
Risk of accidental ignition
| This article needs additional citations for verification. (December 2006) |
It is prohibited[citation needed] to use open flames and, in some places, mobile phones on the forecourt of a gas station because of the risk of igniting gasoline vapor. In the U.S. the fire marshal is responsible for regulations at the gas pump. Most localities ban smoking, open flames and running engines. Since the increased occurrence of static-related fires many stations now have warnings about leaving the refueling point.
Automobiles can build up static charges by driving on dry pavements. However many tire compounds contain enough carbon black to provide an electrical ground and thus are safer. New "high mileage" tires use more silica and can increase the buildup of static. A driver who does not discharge static by contacting a conductive part of the automobile will carry it to the insulated handle of the nozzle and the static potential will eventually be discharged when this purposely grounded arrangement is put into contact with the metallic filler neck of the vehicle. Ordinarily, vapor concentrations in the area of this filling operation are below the lower explosive limit (LEL) of the product being dispensed, so the static discharge causes no problem. The problem with ungrounded gas cans results from a combination of vehicular static charge, the potential between the container and the vehicle, and the loose fit between the grounded nozzle and the gas can. This last condition causes a rich vapor concentration in the ullage (the unfilled volume) of the gas can, and a discharge from the can to the grounded hanging hardware (the nozzle, hose, swivels and break-a-ways) can thus occur at a most inopportune point. The Petroleum Equipment Institute has recorded incidents of static-related ignition at refueling sites since early 2000. [3]
Although urban legends persist that a faulty mobile phone can cause sparks or a build-up of static electricity in the user, this has not been duplicated under any controlled condition. Nevertheless, super-cautious mobile phone manufacturers and gas stations ask users to switch off their phones. One suggested origin of this myth is that the scare was started by gas station companies themselves because with some older model fuel pumps the cell phone signal would interfere with the fuel counter causing it to give a lower reading, and thus users could get some gas for free. One is more likely to get a spark from wearing nylon clothing than from a mobile phone, to say nothing of the sparks that can occur in faulty car wiring or troubled starting and ignition systems. Fortunately most fueling is done in the open air, and there is not often an explosive concentration of vapors present. An episode of the popular television show MythBusters failed to prove the validity of the myth that static electricity from a cellular phone is sufficient to ignite nearby gasoline vapors. [4]
The National Fire Protection Association does most of the research and code writing to address the potential for explosions of gasoline vapor. The customer fueling area, up to 18 inches (46 cm) above the surface, normally does not have explosive concentrations of vapors, but may from time to time. Above this height, where most fuel filler necks are located, there is no expectation of an explosive concentration of gasoline vapor in normal operating conditions.
Decommissioning
After a filling station shuts down and the underground tanks are removed, the area must often be left vacant for a number of years in order for the fuel contaminants to wash out of the soil.[citation needed]
See also
- Gasoline usage and pricing
- Biofuels
- Convenience store
- Gas pump
- Gasoline
- Highway oasis
- Hydrogen station
- List of automotive fuel brands
- Petro-free filling station.
- Petroleum:
- Autogas (LPG)
References
- ^ Mark Gwynn (2005). "When people become words" (PDF). Ozwords. Australian National Dictionary Centre.
But one doesn't have to be an Australian to enter the Australian lexicon — take bowser 'petrol pump' (in Australia), which is named after a company established by U.S. inventor and entrepreneur S.F. Bowser (died 1938).
{{cite magazine}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - ^ http://www.ukpia.com/industry_information/marketing_and_retailing.aspx
- ^ http://www.census.gov/econ/census02/data/us/US000_44.HTM#N447
- ^ http://www.bivinteractive.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=232&Itemid=32
- ^ "Bertha Benz Memorial Route"
- ^ http://www.cbc.ca/canada/british-columbia/story/2006/10/04/grants-law.html
- ^ Winnipeg Free Press. "P is for Pump". Retrieved 2008-09-01.
- ^ Genovese, Peter (2004), "Full-service gas stations", in Lurie, Maxine N.; Mappen, Marc (eds.), Encyclopedia of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, p. 295, ISBN 0813533252.
- ^ ORS 480.315. "Chapter 480". Oregon Revised Statutes, 2007 edition. Legislative Counsel Committee of the Oregon Legislative Assembly. Retrieved 2008-06-24.
- ^ Chen, David W. (April 28, 2006). "New Jersey May Drop Ban on Self-Service Gas Stations". New York Times. Retrieved 2008-06-24.
- ^ Ballot Measure 4 of 1982 was titled “Permits Self-Service Dispensing of Motor Vehicle Fuel at Retail” and failed with 440,824 votes in favor and 597,970 against. "Initiative, Referendum and Recall: 1980-1987". Oregon Blue Book. 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-24.
- ^ Belson, Ken (2008-07-15). "A Shortage at the Pump: Not of Gas, but of 4s". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-07-15.
- John A. Jakle, Keith A. Sculle. The Gas Station in America (Creating the North American Landscape). Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press. 1994. ISBN 0801847230.
- Daniel I. Vieyra. "Fill ’Er Up": An Architectural History of America’s Gas Stations. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., 1979. ISBN 0026220008.
External links
- Template:Dmoz
- Gas-Pumping Robot at HowStuffWorks
- Energy Policy: How Gas Stations Price Gas at HowStuffWorks
- NPN Station Count (USA 1996-2006)
- An interview with architectural historian Jim Draeger about the history of filling stations from Wisconsin Public Television
- Petroleum Equipment Institute
- Petrol station cost structure
- Gasoline Signs — Signs and logos of gas stations in the United States
- British Petrol Stations — Design & branding history of filling stations in Great Britain
- U.S. Department of Energy's Gas Price Watch Hotline — A U.S. government site to report alleged gas price gouging in the United States
- Report: Economics of the Nova Scotia Gasoline Market
- Stop Static